1. Atef A. Shahin, Ph.D
Wheat Disease Research DepartmentWheat Disease Research Department
Plant Pathology Research InstitutePlant Pathology Research Institute
ARC, EgyptARC, Egypt
Email: a.a.shahin@hotmail.comEmail: a.a.shahin@hotmail.com
““ Rusts never sleep "Rusts never sleep "

2. - In 2010 African countries spent more than 12.5
billion US$ to import of 32 million tons of
wheat.
- Demand for wheat in Africa is growing faster
than for any other food crop. This will be a major
challenge particularly in cities, where urban
population growth is forecasted to increase by
300% by 2050.
- Major biotic and abiotic constraints of wheat
production in Africa related to climate change.

4. reminds us of the words of the late Nobel Prize
winner, Norman Borlaug that
"rusts never sleep""rusts never sleep"

5. Country /Year Crop losses Millions $
USA 2000-07
2010
6.5 million tones
2.2 millions tones $US 30 Washington State
Australia 2003-2006 AU$ 30-90
China 1950
64, 90,02
14.4 million tones
More than 20 million
Turkey 1992
1996
2000
2009-10
26.5% (Gereck > 1 m ha)
1.2 million tones
3% Gerek 79
568
53
10
Iran 1992-94
2007 and 09
2010
2.5 milliom tones
2 million ha
650.000 ha spray
258
?
?
Syria 2010 Cham 8 (80% yield loss) 80% of Area
Ethiopia 2010 $US 3.2 in fungicide
application in Ethiopia
Impact of Stripe Rust Epidemics Worldwide
During the last decades, several yellow rust epidemics in most of the
wheat-growing areas

6. Wheat rusts and loose smut are the major diseases of wheat in Egypt.
Also, powdery mildew became more dangerous at recent years. So
wheat diseases section aims to control these diseases throughout
identification of virulent races, evaluation of breeding materials for
resistance varieties and fungicides efficacies.
1. 1947 (Giza 144)
2. 1986 (Sakha 8)
3. 1995 (Gemmeiza-1 and
Giza163).
4. 1997 (Sakha 69).
Several epidemics of wheat yellow rust have been reported
in Egypt causing significant crop losses

7. Stripe rust caused by Puccinia
striiformis f. sp. tritici is widely
distributed and dangerous. It
affects wheat crop through
damaging its respiratory system,
kills foliar parts, makes growth
of plant stunted, most
importantly reduces grain yield
by shriveling grain, reducing
weight and affecting its quality.
Stripe rustStripe rust
Also known as Yellow rust
Puccinia striiformis Westend. [teleomorph]
Uredo glumarum J.C. Schmidt [anamorph]

8. High yielding new cultivars
1. Miser1
2. Miser 2
3. Gemmeiza-10
4. Sids-12
Wheat is one of the most important food
crops allover the world and essential in
Egypt. The national production of such
crop reached to 8 million tons in 2010
obtained from an acreage of 3 million
feddans the annual consumption
reached to 2/3, consequently the
balance amount is imported from high
wheat production countries.
To fill the gap between consumption
and production through both vertical
and horizontal extension via increasing
the productivity of acreage unit through
high yielding varieties and controlling
diseases.

9. The main objectives of the present investigation
were to determine the components of slow-
rusting in 20 Egyptian wheat cultivars and Little
Club as a standard susceptible one against
virulent isolates of stripe rust under greenhouse
and field conditions to be exploited in the
promising lines in the breeding program of wheat
for rust resistance.
The ObjectivesThe Objectives

10. Studied area:Studied area:
The studied area is located in
North Delta region, Kafrelsheikh (31°
08 North and 30° 56 East). Climatic
condition of the studied area is
typically arid Mediterranean climate.
 Regular field surveys were
annually conducted across wheat
growing area in Egypt, especially in
area considered source the inoculum
i.e. Northern governorate of Egypt
i.e. Kafrelsheikh.
Field surveys and isolate collections

11.  One infected fields in
Kafrelsheikh governorate ,
registration data and collection
of samples infected.
Annual survey (Commercial
fields and Egyptian Wheat Trap
Rust Nursery).
 Data of collection location,
cultivar, severity, collector and
any other relevant information
were recorded for each sample.

12. Twenty cultivars of wheat were used to
study both seedling and adult stage to
stripe rust were compared with the
susceptible hosts
Plants were grown in 10-cm diameter pots
Seedling evaluation wheat accessions
against yellow rust
Inoculated pots were incubated at 10 c in
darkness and 100% relative humidity for
24h. Then transferred to permanent
cabinets at diurnal system.
Seedlings of 10 days old, inoculation was
conducted by spraying of them with mixture
of spores and talcum powder (in 1:4
proportions).

14. seedling infection type in response to wheat stripe rust .
This greenhouse test helps to detect seedling resistance.
This greenhouse test helps to detect seedling resistance.
If a wheat line shows a susceptible response it may either
be susceptible to the disease or carry adult plant
resistance (APR). APR often indicates the presence of
slow rusting genes that can be combined through
breeding to produce materials with durable rust
resistance.
Infection Type (IT) was recorded based on the 0-4 scale with ITs 3
and 4combined as 3 (the most susceptible reaction) in field data.
Generally IT 0-2 areconsidered resistant, 2-3 intermediate, and 3-4
susceptible. Heterogenous reactions of an entry were indicated by
two or more ITs separated by "," for most plants with the first IT
and few plants with the second IT or connected with "-" for entries
containing plants with continuous ITs. Entries with a high IT in the
first note, but a low IT in the second note may indicate that they
have high-temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance.

15. Resistance reaction was recorded
based on McIntosh et al. (1995) using
the scale 0-4,
0 = no visible uredia,
1 = small uredia with necrosis,
2 = small to medium sized uredia with
green islands and surrounded by
necrosis or chlorosis,
3 = medium sized uredia with or
without chlorosis
and 4 = large uredia without
chlorosis). Infection Types (ITs) of 3+
or higher were regarded as
susceptible, whereas ITs of 3 or lower
were regarded as resistant.
Stripe rust (L to R):
IT 0, ; , ;N , 1+ , 2C , 3 , 4

16. Artificial inoculation was carried out
with a mixture of races by spraying
all tested entries and spreader rows
with a mixture of spores and talcum
powder (in 1:20 proportions), two
times after the sun set. Percent
severity was recorded four times,
starting when Morocco reached
30% severity according to the
modified Cobb scale (Peterson et
al., 1948) and reaction based on
(Roelfs et al., 1992).

17. Artificial inoculation was carried out with Sakha
races by spraying all test entries and spreader
rows with mixture of spores and talcum powder
(in 1:20 proportions), two times after the sun set.
Percent severity was recorded four times, starting
when Morocco reached 30% severity according
to the modified Cobb scale (Peterson, 1948) and
reaction based on Roelfs et al. (1992). Coefficient
of Infection (CI) which are calculated by
combination of Disease Severity (DS) and
Infection Type (IT), was used for estimating of
Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
after converting by formula; . Constant values for
infection types were used based on (immune = 0,
R = 0.2, MR = 0.4, M = 0.6, MS = 0.8, S = 1;
Stubbs et al., 1986). Estimation of AUDPC and
rAUDPC was performed as follows (
Milus and Line, 1986):
where, X1, X2 and X3, X4
are the rust intensities
recorded on the first,
second, third and fourth
recording dates. N1 is
interval day between X1,
X2 and N2 is interval day
between X2, X3 and N3 is
interval day between X3
and X4:

18. Coefficient of Infection (CI) which
is calculated by combinations of
Disease Severity (DS) and Infection
Type (IT), was used for estimating
of Area Under Disease Progress
Curve (AUDPC).
 Constant values for infection types
were used based on (immune = 0,
R = 0.2, MR = 0.4, M = 0.6, MS = 0.8,
S = 1; (Stubbs et al., 1986).
Estimation of AUDPC and rAUDPC
was performed according to the
following equation adopted by
(Milus and Line, 1986).

19. Adult plant infection type, seedling reaction and mean comparison for
coefficient of infection, AUDPC and rAUDPC in Egyptian wheat
cultivars to yellow rust
Cultivars
Mean comparison based on Duncan multiple testing*
Seedling
reaction
Adult plant
reaction
Mean of
coefficient of
infection Mean of
AUDPC
Mean of
rAUDPC
Misr1 I-R 1 30 4.46 2
Misr2 R-MR 1.4 42 6.25 3
Giza 167 MS-S 45 460 68.54 4
Giza168 MR-MS 10 72 10.71 3
Sakha61 R 1 30 4.46 3
Sakha93 MS 32 168 25 3
Sakha94 MR-MS 7 78 7.14 3
Gemmeiza5 MS-S 41.5 360 53.57 3
Gemmeiza7 MR-MS 7 96 14.28 3
Gemmeiza10 I-R 1 36 5.35 1+
Gemmeiza11 I-R 1 32 4.76 1+
Sids1 MS-S 23 360 53.57 4
Sids12 R 1.9 52 7.73 3+
Sids13 I-R 1 34 5.05 1+
Shandaweel1 MR 6.4 52 7.73 2+
Beni Sweif1 MS-S 22 228 33.92 4
Beni Sweif4 I-R 1 42 6.25 3
Beni Sweif5 I-R 1 36 5.35 3
Beni Sweif6 MR 6 64 9.25 4
Sohag3 I-R 1 36 5.35 2+
Morocco S 94.55 672 100 4

20. Monthly precipitation, mean temperature and moisture during the growing
seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at Sakha station, Kafrelsheikh.
Months
Temperature °C Precipitation (mm) RH%
2010/2011 2011/2012 2010/2011 2011/2012 2010/2011 2011/2012
November 18.91 17.06 - - 73.63 70.43
December 15.56 13.31 14.60 20.6 72.58 73.56
January 13.50 09.20 20.73 32.48 71.38 68.88
February 15.40 10.47 12.7 32.74 70.50 68.83
March 14.70 13.26 15.35 42.75 69.31 68.47
April 18.21 18.04 11.1 - 66.14 63.53
May 21.60 21.67 - - 58.11 62.87

21. Cultivars
Reaction
2010/2011 2011/2012
Misr1 R R
Misr2 R 5MR
Giza 167 50MS 50S
Giza168 10MR 20MS
Sakha93 40MS 40MS
Sakha94 10MR-MS 10MS
Gemmeiza5 40MS 50S
Gemmeiza7 10MR-MS 10MS
Sids-1 20MS 30S
Sids12 R R
Beni Sweif1 30MS 20S
Beni Sweif4 I-R I-R
Morocco 80S 90S
Adult plant infection type

22. Thousand kernel weight (g.), and their reduction % of different wheat
genotypes in the presence and absence of stripe rust during 2010/2011
and 2011/2012 at Sakha station, Kafrelsheikh.
Cultivars
1000 Kernel weight (g.)
2010/2011 season 2011/2012 season
P I Reduction % P I Reduction%
Misr1 48.80 46.60 4.51 45.20 42.20 6.64
Misr2 42.75 39.60 7.37 40.80 36.80 9.80
Giza167 47.80 41.90 12.3 44.78 39.20 12.5
Giza168 41.46 39.00 5.93 40.48 37.88 6.42
Sakha61 51.79 47.68 7.94 49.42 45.90 7.12
Sakha93 44.11 40.33 8.57 40.20 38.70 3.73
Sakha94 47.43 45.58 3.90 43.96 39.87 9.30
Gemmeiza5 48.32 44.51 7.88 45.71 41.50 9.21
Gemmeiza7 53.90 49.30 8.53 50.87 46.33 8.92
Gemmeiza10 53.30 51.60 3.19 45.30 42.60 5.96
Sids12 50.20 48.80 2.79 48.30 46.30 2.90
Sids13 41.06 38.30 6.72 37.90 35.10 7.39
Shandaweel1 44.60 39.90 10.5 41.50 37.70 9.16
Beni Sweif1 54.73 51.26 6.34 48.54 46.76 3.67
Beni Sweif6 52.60 50.50 3.99 49.20 47.20 4.07
Morocco 43.20 30.40 29.60 39.15 27.90 28.70

23. Misr2
Shandaweel1
Beni Sweif6
Giza 167
Gemmeiza5
Sids1
Beni Sweif1
Sakha93
Misr1
Sakha61
Gemmeiza10
Gemmeiza11
Sids12
Sids13
Beni Sweif4
Beni Sweif5
Sohag3
Giza168
Sakha94
Gemmeiza7

24.  Yield parameters were taken into consideration i.e. 1000
kernel weight (g.) and reduction % in certain yield
components.
 As regarded to the thousand k.w. within
the completely protected plots, the present
data showed slight significance between the
tested entries. Wheat cultivar Beni Sweif-4
was significantly differentiated from the other
entries followed by both Sohag-3 (55.38) Beni
Sweif-1 (54.73) Gemmeiza-7 (54.68),
Gemmeiza-11(51.58) and Sakah61(50.79).
 On the other hand, the highest
reduction (%) was observed in the Sids-
1 cultivar, however, the least value of
reduction was recorded with Sids12 and
Misr1

25. Fig.
(a) Association between rAUDPC and coefficient of
infection for assessment of slow rusting and (b)
association between final disease severity and
coefficient of infection for assessment of slow
rusting
Association between slow rusting
parameters: Field assessment of slow rusting
resistance was evaluated through final disease
severity, rAUDPC and coefficient of infection. CI
is the mostly used parameter for the purpose (Ali
et al., 2008). During in this study, an attempt was
made to elucidate the relationship between these
parameters. Positive relation of coefficient of
infection was found with final disease severity
and rAUDPC with a strong R2
value that was 98
and 91%, respectively (Fig. 1a, b). These results
were agreed with the results of other
researchers (Ali et al., 2008; Sandoval-Islas et al.,
2007). Regarding to good relation of AUDPC with
quantitative resistance components, i.e., latent
period and infection frequency (Sandoval-Islas et
al., 2007), we can use rAUDPC or CI for
measuring slow rusting or partial resistance.

26. CONCLUSION
The results of current study showed that the lines had
diversity regarding resistance reaction, ranging from
immunity to partially resistant lines. Most of the evaluated
lines exhibited better performance under high disease
pressure shown by susceptible check. Resistance of all
categories including immune to partial resistance Giza 168,
Sakha94 and Gemmeiza7) were supposed to be having
genes for varying degrees of slow rusting can be used for
future manipulation in wheat improvement program after
confirmatory studies. However, these lines should be
assessed over years and locations for yellow rust along with
other desirable characters before approval.

29. ‫التستماع‬ ‫لحسن‬ ‫شكرا‬‫التستماع‬ ‫لحسن‬ ‫شكرا‬
Thanks for yourThanks for your
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