Its provides information about nutrition situation in India and its solution. Bio-fortification in the context of horticultural crops and its methods . Global initiatives and Future Challenges associated with bio-fortification.

2. Speaker
Mahida Archanaben Vasharambhai
3rd Semester M.Sc. (Horticulture) Fruit Science
ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry
Reg. no. 2020216015
Major Guide
Dr. Y. N. Tandel
Assistant Professor(Fruit Science)
Department of Fruit Science
ACHF, NAU
Co-Guide
Dr. V. K. Parmar
Associate Professor
Department of Horticulture
N. M. College of Agriculture, NAU

3. 3
Nutrition Situation
Advantages
Global impact on bio fortification
Programmes
Target Countries and Crops Released
Methods of biofortification
Review of literature
Conclusion
Micronutrients are so important, why?
Future challenges
What is bio-fortification ?
What is bio-fortified crops?
How it differs from fortification?

8. DLHS-2, 2002-04
• 45% U5 underweight
•56% Initiate Complementary
feeding - 6-9 months ***
• 24% Get adequate Proteins
& Calories*
• 80% Anaemic (6-35 m)
• 56% HHs use Iodized salt
• 56% Vit A supplement**
NFHS 2005-2006
* NNMB (ICMR)
** DLHS – 2008
***CES, Unicef - 2009
8
Nutrition Situation in Gujarat

9. Micronutrients are so important, why?
• Deficiency affect blindness, birth defects, mental health, and child survival.
• Vitamin A & Zinc important for immune system -deficiency increases mortality
• Lack of vitamin A can lead to blindness
• Iron needed for physical & cognitive development
• Zinc deficiency causes stunting in children
• Women and young children most affected
• 1 out of 3 people in developing countries suffers
• More than 40% children under five are stunted while an estimated 44 % of the same age
group are at risk of zinc deficiency
6

10. Deficiency Symptoms

11. What is bio-fortification ?
• Greek word “bios” means “life” and Latin word “fortificare” means “make
strong”.
• The process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved
through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern
biotechnology.
8

12. What is bio-fortified crops?
• Most often means increased content of essential micronutrients (minerals and
vitamins)
• Developed through plant breeding (incl. genetic engineering) , agronomic practices
• Biofortified crops released in 27 countries
• 8 in Africa, 4 in Asia, 5 in LAC
• In-testing in 43 countries
• 26 in Africa, 8 in Asia, 9 in LAC
9

13. How it differs from fortification?
Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods
more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they
arebeing processed.
Biofortified
beans rich in
iron
Iodine
fortified
Salt
10

14. Biofortification differs ordinary fortification

15. 15
Commercially available fortified foods

16. Sources Fruits Content Vegetables Content
Vitamin A Mango 4800 IU/100g Mustard leaves 4370 IU/100mg
Vitamin B1 Cashew 630mg/100g Chillies 0.55mg/100g
Vitamin B2 Beal 1191mg/100g Fenugreek Leaves 0.31mg/100g
Vitamin C Barbados cherry 1000-4000mg/100g Drumstick Leaves 220 mg/100g
Carbohydrates Apricot 72.81% Tapioca 38.1%
Protein Cashew 21.20% Pea 7.2 g/100g
Fiber Guava 6.90% Amaranthus 1.0%
Calcium Litchi 0.21% Agathi 1130mg/100g
Phosphorus Cashew 0.45% Kaintha 0.11%
Iron Karonda 39.1% Agathi 83.9%
Richness of Fruits and Vegetables
Basic Horticulture Jitendra Singh13

17. What are the advantages of biofortification?
• Capitalizes the regular daily intake of food staples. Implicitly targets low-income
households
• After the one-time investment to develop fortified seeds, recurrent costs are low; and
fortified seeds shared internationally
• Once in place, the biofortified crop system is highly sustainable
• Fortified seed not incur a yield penalty. May have important indirect effects in
increasing farm productivity by helping plants resist to disease and other
environmental stresses
• To overcome the mal-nutritions in human beings
• Increment of nutritional quality in daily diets
• Improvement of plant or crop quality and increment of variability in germplasm
14

18. The Second Global Biofortification Conference may recommend to the
UN that a Year between 2018 and 2020 may be observed as the International Year of
Biofortified and Underutilized Crops. This will be an important step in meeting the
Zero Hunger Challenge by 2025, since biofortified crops help to address simultaneously
under-and malnutrition.
• To celebrate the International Year of Family Farming an Asia-Pacific Conference
was held at MSSRF, Chennai on August, 2014. One of the major objectives of
the conference is the launch of Zero Hunger Programme in India.
• Biofortified varieties selected by breeding and selection e.g. Iron Cowpea
and zinc rich rice
• Genetically biofortified crops like Golden Rice and iron rich rice.
Biofortification and Zero Hunger Challenge
2nd Global Conference on Biofortification Kigali, Rwanda, 1 April 201415

19. • Harvest Plus and its partners work in 58 districts across the country to promote the
availability, adoption, and consumption of zinc rice.
• The goal is that 1.4 million farming households will be growing zinc rice by 2018
• A programme in India, started way back in the 1970s by Dr Ramalingaswami of
ICMR, administering large amounts (mega dose) of vitamin A every six months to
children, has been found serving in helping them come out of “night blindness.”
• ICN2 Second International Conference on Nutrition with theme “better nutrition
better lives” is shows global awareness towards biofortification.
Global impact on bio fortification
16

20. 1. Balwadi nutrition programme
2. Special nutrition programme
3. Integrated child development service(ICDS) scheme
4. Wheat-based nutrition programme
5. Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls
6. National nutritional anemia prophylaxis programme
7. Weekly Iron and Folic acid supplementation programme for adolescents
8. National prophylaxis programme against nutritional blindness due to vitamin A
deficiency
9. Mid-day meal programme
10.Chiranjivi Yojana
11.Akshaya Patra
12.Annapurna Scheme
13.Antyodaya Anna Yojna
14.1974-WHO launched “Expended Programme Of Immunization” (EPI)
Government programmes
17

21. Akshaya Patra

22. Biofortified target crops and countries-release schedule
crop Nutrient Targeted country Leading institutions year
Banana
/Plantain
Provitamin A
Carotenoids
Carotenoids,Iron
Nigeria, Ivory
Coast, Cameroon,
Burundi, DR Congo
Uganda
IITA, Bioversity
Queensland University
of Technology, NARO
2019
Bean Iron (Zinc) Rwanda, DR Congo CIAT, RAB, INERA 2012
Cassava Carotenoids
Provitamin A
Iron
DR Congo Nigeria
Brazil Nigeria,
Kenya
CIAT
Donald Danforth Plant
Science Center
2017
Cowpea Iron, Zinc India, Brazil G.B. Pant University 2008
potato Iron Rwanda, Ethiopia CIP U
Pumpkin Provitamin A
Carotenoids
Brazil Embrapa 2015
Sweet potato Provitamin A
Carotenoids
Uganda
Mozambique
Brazil
China
CIP, NACCRI
Embrapa
Institute of Sweet
Potato, CAAS
2007
2002
2009
2010
Division of Horticulture, Institute of Agriculture,
Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal Prasad et al. (2015)19

23. Target Countries and Crops
More than 2 million farming households reached by Harvest Plus.
Crops released are high-yielding with climate smart traits.

24. Methods of Biofortification
Biofortification
Agronomical
biofortification
Conventional
breeding
Special methods
• Agronomic practices such as the application of fertilizers to increase zinc and
selenium content of plants grown on soils low in such minerals.
• Conventional plant-breeding e.g. increase zinc in wheat, rice, maize; iron in beans
and pearl millet; and pro-vitamin A in sweet potato and maize;
• Genetic modification e.g. increase β-carotene in rice and reduce phytic acid in
cereals. 21

25. Sr.no Agronomical
biofortification
Conventional breeding Transgenic approaches
Advantages
simple; inexpensive;
rapid Enhancement
Uses intrinsic properties
of Crop.
rapid; unconstrained by gene
pool; targeted expression in
edible organs; applicable
directly to elite Cultivars.
disadvantages
Only works with
minerals, very
dependent on crop and
cultivar; not possible
to target edible organs.
depends on existing
gene pool; takes a long
time; traits might need
to be introgressed from
wild relatives; possible
intellectual property
constraints.
regulatory landscape; political
and socioeconomic issues
relevant to transgenic
plants; possible intellectual
property constraints.
Comparison of existing practices
22

26. Review of literature

27. Banana

28. Variety Name Country of
Origin
Genome-Sub
group
Fruit Ripening
Stage
Total
Carotenoid
Content (FW)
Apantu Ghana AAB-Plantain Unripe
Ripe
46.83 ppm
100.71 ppm
Bira Papua New
Guinea
AAB-Pacific
plantain
Unripe
Ripe
43.42 ppm
106.38 ppm
Pelipita Philippines ABB-Plantain Unripe
Ripe
25.35 ppm
17.44 ppm
To‘o Papua New
Guinea
AA-Dessert Unripe
Ripe
5.60 ppm
77.69 ppm
A=Acuminata, AA= Diploid Acuminata, AAA=Triploid Acuminata, B=Balbisiana, BB=Diploid Balbisiana
Bioversity International – Uganda Ekesa (2013)
Table 1:Biofortification in Banana
23

29. Conventional Banana Vitamin A banana
24

30. •Genetic engineering technique enables development of disease resistance as well as
nutritional quality improvement. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is
developing iron biofortified banana for nutritional quality improvement.
•The other parameters of this genetically engineered banana plant include incorporation
of Vitamin A and fungal and viral disease resistance which is undertaken in other
Institutes participating in Department of Biotechnology (DBT) project on transgenic
bananas.
•Genetically Modified (GM) bananas under development by Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre (BARC) would be available to general public only after completion of trial and
Government’s approval.
Press Information Bureau
Government of India
Department of Atomic Energy
5-August-2015Zee News 25

31. Tomato

32. Iodine biofortification in tomato
Martina et al. (2011)Plant Lab, Italy 26

33. Brinjal

34. Sr.no Parameteters NSRP -1 GJB-3(C) GOB-1(C)
1 Total Phenol (%) 2.07 2.11 2.19
2 Vitamin C (mg/100g of edible portion) 2.90 2.90 2.5
3 Total Soluble Sugar (%) 3.09 3.00 2.88
4 β-carotene (mg/100g) 0.77 0.72 0.67
5 Crude fiber (%) 1.42 1.42 1.44
6 Glycoalkaloids(%) 0.162 0.175 0.173
7 Anthocyanin(mg/100g) 475.3 390.1 419.9
Table 2:Biofortification in brinjal
27
Annual Report on Vegetable improvement
Dept.of Vegetable Science ,ACHF , Navsari Anonymous (2016a)

35. Cauliflower

36. Cauliflower : Pusa Betakesari
Year of
identification
: 2015-16
Characteristics : •This is the first ever indigenously
bred bio-fortified beta carotene (800
– 1000 µg/100 g) rich cauliflower
variety, an attempt to tackle beta
carotene deficiency related
malnutrition problem in India.
•Its curds are orange coloured,
compact and very attractive with
semi-self-blanching growth habit.
•It is suitable for September –
January growing period.
•Average marketable curd weight is
about 1.250 kg with an approximate
marketable yield of 42.0 – 46.0 t/ha.
54th Convocation, IARI - 2016 28 Anonymous (2016b)

37. Cabbage

38. Kinner Red
Anthocynanin rich cultivar Kinner Red developed by Dr YS Parmar
University of Horticulture and Forestry.
Recent advances in improvement of Vegetable Crops
Department of Vegetable
Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Solan , Himachal Pradesh
(17th February to 8th March, 2016)
29

39. Onion

40. Varieties Treatments
Control 20 mg Se 50 mg Se
mg Se kg-1
Summit 0.07 ± 0.06a 2.95 ± 0.48a 6.11 ± 1.98a
Hytec 0.04 ± 0.02a 2.66 ± 1.15a 7.46 ± 1.60a
Red Baron 0.05 ± 0.02a 2.65 ± 1.19a 8.31 ± 4.86a
Table 3:Biofortification of Se in onion
Adhikari (2012)
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (IPM)
Norwegian University of Life Sciences 30

41. Lettuce

42. Table 4:Effect of soil fertilization and foliar application of
iodine in Lettuce cv. Melodion
Combination Iodine (mg I /kg d.w)
Control 12.1
Soil Fertilization 0.5 kg I /ha 15.7
Soil Fertilization 1 kg I /ha 19.9
Soil Fertilization 2 kg I /ha 18.4
Foliar application 0.02 kg I /ha 8.5
Foliar application 0.2 kg I /ha 16.7
Foliar application2 kg I /ha 54.3
Test F *
Smolen et al. (2011)University of Agriculture in Krakow 31

43. Sweet Potato

44. Variety Color Source DM
(%)
Mean β-
carotene
mg/100 g fresh
wt
Source of
roots
assayed
Kala Deep yellow Local landrace from
Uganda
37 183 to 1592 Uganda
Karoti Dar Orange Local landrace from
Tanzania
31 to 36 2490 to 10281 Tanzania
Resisto Deep orange American variety 25 to 33 3140 to 17530 Mozambique
Simama Deep yellow Improved variety from
Tanzania
42 73 Tanzania
SPK 004 –
Kakamega
Orange Kenyan improved
variety
23 to 42 800 to 13336 Tanzania,
Uganda
Tainung Deep Orange CIP-introduced 24 to 34 10570 to 17326 Mozambique
Zapallo Deep orange Tanzania/Uganda 20 1526 Tanzania
Table 5:Biofortification in sweet potato
CIP programm report Anonymous (2015)32

45. Sr. No. Parameters Bhukanti Gouri(C) Local (C)
1 Dry matter(%) 27 30 24
2 Total sugar(%) 2.3 2.6 2.5
3 Starch (%) 16.8 22.3 12.7
4 Beta carotene
(mg/100g)
7.4 1.1 1.3
Bhukanti
Table 6: Endorcement of orange flesh Sweet Potato Bhukanti
Anonymous (2016)33AGRESCO Report , NAU, Navsari

46. Potato

47. •Initial screening of germplasm accessions found ranges of 11-30 ppm
iron and 8-25 ppm zinc in existing potato varieties.
•CIP, Peru developed iron and zinc fortified variety of potato by selection
and breeding. i.e RL-12 which has lower phenolic compound,hence
better absorption of iron in human body.
CIP, Peru Bonierbale et al. (2007)
Biofortification of Potato
34

48. Cassava

49. Variety
Name
Origin Total
Carotenoid
Content (FW)*
Pro vitamin A
Content (FW)*
Fresh
Root Yield
DM
I011661 IITA (Nigeria) 9.4 ppm 7.6 ppm 34.9 t/ha 30%
Butamu
(Check)
IITA
(DRC)/INERA
4.4 ppm 3.9 ppm 35.0 t/ha 35%
Pro vitamin A content is approximately 80% of Total Carotenoid Content (fresh weight – FW)
measured with spectrophotometer.
Table 7:Biofortification in Cassava
The 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification Kigali, Rwanda. Bidiaka (2008)
35

50. Cowpea

51. Variety Name Release Year Iron Content Zinc Content Av. Yield(Kg/ha)
Pant Lobia-1 2008 82 ppm Fe 40 ppm Zn 1500
Pant Lobia-2 2010 100 ppm Fe 37 ppm Zn 1500
Pant Lobia-3 2013 67 ppm Fe 38 ppm Zn 1500
Pant Lobia-4 2014 51 ppm Fe 36 ppm Zn 1700
Buksora local _ 26 ppm Fe 30 ppm Zn 800Kg/ha
Table 8:Biofortification in cowpea
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Singh et al.(2011)36

52. Pant Lobia-2Pant Lobia-1
In Harvest Plus Phase II, cowpea research conduced at G.B. Pant University
of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. It focused on the introduction and
further improvement of recently developed photo-insensitive and heat-tolerant “60-day
cowpea "varieties by IITA. Two early-maturing high-iron and zinc cowpea varieties,
Pant Lobia-1 and Pant Lobia-2, were released by the Uttarakhand Government in 2008
and 2010, respectively.
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Singh et al.(2011)37

53. Common Bean

54. A new “super food” for Colombia
•On June 9th, 2016, two biofortified varieties of iron + zinc beans were released in Colombia in
Barichara, Santander.
•The release of these biofortified bean varieties BIO-101 and BIO-107 with high content of iron
(83 ppm) and zinc (44 ppm)
•It is the first time biofortified beans have been released in the Andean zone of Colombia, with
the departmental governments of Santander
CIAT , Colombia Palmer & Beebe (2016)38

55. Lentils

56. Variety Name Iron Content Zinc Content
India – Released in 2012
L4704 85 ppm 74 ppm
Nepal - Released in 2013
ILL 7723 43 ppm 61.5 ppm
Bangladesh – Released in 2013
Barimasur-7 41 ppm NA
Sarker ( 2009)ICARDA
Table 9:Biofortification in Lentils
39

57. Rice

58. Lal KadaNAUR-1
GNR-4
Fe- 91.37, Zn-21.63
Fe- 88.84, Zn-18.98Fe- 56.67, Zn-7.44
40

60. Achievement at DRR through conventional
breeding approach
•short bold grains, semi
dwarf with high yield
potential (>4.5 t ha-1)
• medium duration
•with high iron (31.2 ppm)
zinc (40 ppm) in brown
• possessing good quality
•characters, viz, good head
rice recovery (67.5%),
•intermediate alkali
spreading value (5.01),
amylose content (24.05%)
and mild aroma
Fe 10.3 & Zn 10.8 ppm Fe 24.9 & Zn 30.5 ppm
Fe 31.2 & Zn 40.0 ppm
42

61. Biofortification is a cost-effective, feasible means of
reaching populations who may have limited availability and access to diverse diets,
supplements, or commercially fortified foods. Because biofortification combines
increased micronutrient content with preferred agronomic, quality, and market traits,
biofortified varieties match or outperform the usual varieties that farmers grow and
consume. Marketed surpluses of biofortified crops make their way into retail outlets in
both rural and urban areas, reaching additional populations who may be likely to suffer
from micronutrient deficiency. A one-time investment in plant breeding yields
micronutrient-rich varieties for farmers to grow for years to come, and the same
varieties can be evaluated in other target geographies with similar agroecological
conditions, thus multiplying the benefit of the initial investment. Biofortification is one
solution among many that are needed to solve the complex problem of micronutrient
deficiency, and it complements existing interventions.While the right mix of
interventions is country, we can scaling up the use of biofortified crops has the potential
to benefit millions of people.
Conclusion
43

62. •Consumer preference
•Production of crops for human nutrition with increased iron concentration.
•Promoting large-scale prospective studies on assessing the effects of nutrient
enhancement in major crops in relieving malnutrition and other associated health
problems
•Improving the efficiency with which minerals are mobilized in the soil
•Enhancing the mineral uptake efficiency of the important crops
•Expanding the understanding of mineral accumulation and the transport within the
plant body
Future challenges
44

63. Hope these small steps bring smile on
undernourished small faces
Thank
You