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CHAPTER 14:
DEVELOPING PRICING
STRATEGIES AND
PROGRAMS
I. Consumer Psychology and Pricing
II. Steps in Setting Price
III. Learning what Price Adaptation is all about.
IV. Promotional Pricing Tactics
V. Differentiated Pricing
VI. Increasing Prices
VII. Brand Leader Responses To Competitive Price
Cuts
Outline
How do consumers process & evaluate
prices?
process
evaluate
prices
CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY and
PRICING
 REFERENCE PRICES
 PRICE-QUALITY INFERENCES
 PRICE ENDINGS
 PRICE CUES
 CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY provides opportunities
to examine issues such as what factors are most
important…
 when people decide to purchase a particular item
 how customers determine the value of a service
 and whether or not marketing promotions can
convince a reluctant consumer to try a new product
for the 1st time.
 PRICING is the process of determining what a
company will receive in exchange for its products
Definition of Terms
REFERENCE PRICES
Last Price Paid
Fair price
Lower-bound
Typical Price
They may also refer to:
Usual Discounted PriceCompetitor’s Price
Expected Future Price
REFERENCE PRICES
 are prices that buyers carry in their minds and
refer to when looking at a given product.
 is one component of psychological pricing –
sellers consider the psychology of prices & not
simply the economics.
 is a strategy in which a product is sold at
a price just below its main competing brand.
Price-Quality Inferences
 Use price as an indicator of price
 E.g. Waiting list, limited editions, etc.
PRICE CUES
 Strategies……..
 Ending with 9 or .99
 Discounts
 “Best Deal”
 When to use…
 Customers purchase item infrequently
 Customers are new
 Product designs vary over time
 Prices vary seasonally
 Quality or sizes vary across stores
Setting the Price
1 Select the price objective
2 Determine demand
3 Estimate costs
4 Analyze competitor price mix
5 Select pricing method
6 Select final price
1. Selecting the Pricing
Objective
Survival
Maximum
current profit
Maximum
market share
Maximum market skimming Product-quality leadership
2. Determine Demand
Price Elasticity
of Demand
Estimating
Demand
Curves
Price
Sensitivity
Customers are likely to be less sensitive to price
changes when:
product is more distinctive less aware of substitutes
cannot easily compare the
quality of substitutes
expenditure is a
smaller part of buyer’s
total income
Customers are likely to be less sensitive to price
changes when:
Part of the cost is paid
by another party
used with previously purchased
assets
small compared to the total cost of the
end product
Estimating Demand Curves
 Statistical Analysis
 Forecasting
 Price experiments
 25% off or 25% more
 Surveys
Price Elasticity of Demand
 Changes in price affect consumer demand:
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th
ed.
3. Estimate Cost
Fixed Cost Variable Cost
process
output
The sum of variable and fixed cost for
any given level of production is the
total cost
As production accumulates
average cost decreases
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
Activity Based Costing
Target Costing
determine target
price and desired
function
given product’s appeal
and competitor’s price
Then: Target Selling Price = $ 9.90
Less Profit Margin = $ 3.40
Target Cost = $ P 6.50
4. Analyze Competitor Price Mix
 Identify nearest price competitors
 Take competitor’s features and prices into account
 Make decision to charge more, the same or less
than competitors
 Monitor competitors’ reaction to your pricing
strategy
Different pricing methods can be
used in varying situations
Markup pricing
Target-return pricing
Perceived-value pricing
Value pricing
Going-rate pricing
Auction-type pricing
 Variable cost per unit $10.00
 Fixed Cost $ 300,000.00
 Expected Unit Sales 50,000 units
 Unit cost= variable cost + fixed cost
 unit sales
 = $10.00+ $ 300,000.00
50,000
 = $16.00
 Desired Mark Up= 20%
 Selling Price= Unit Cost = $16.00 = $20
 (1- desired return) (1-0.20)
Markup Pricing is just adding a
standard mark-up to the product’s
cost.
Target-return pricing is used by
companies who need to make a
fair return on investment
 Desired ROI = 20% or € 200,000
 Target-return on price
 = unit cost + desired return x investment capital
 unit sales
 = $16.00 + 0.20 x $1,000,000.00 = $20.00
 50,000
Break-even analysis is used to
determine target return price and
break-even volume
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
 $ 90,000 tractor’s price = competitor’s price
 $ 7,000 superior durability
 $ 6,000 superior reliability
 $ 5,000 superior service
 $ 2,000 longer warranty
 $ 110,000 superior value
 - 10,000 discount
 $ 100,000 final price
Perceived Value Pricing
The internet and Auction type
pricing:
English auctions
Dutch auctions
Sealed-bid auctions
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
 Geographical Pricing
Price Adaptation Strategy
Discounts and Allowances
Prompt payment discount
Volume discount
Seasonal Discount
Promotional Pricing
Loss-leader Pricing
Special-event pricing
Low-interest financing
Profits Before and After a Price
Increase
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
1. Maintaining price
2. Maintaining price and adding value
3. Reducing price
4. Increasing price and improving quality
5. Launching a low-price fighter line
Respond to Low-Cost rival by:
I. Select the Price Objective
 Survival
 Maximum current profit
 Maximum market share
 Maximum market skimming
 Product – quality leadership
II. DETERMINE DEMAND
 Price sensitivity
 Estimating demand curves
 Price elasticity of demand
III. ESTIMATE COSTS
 Types of Costs
 Accumulated Production
 Activity – based Cost Accounting
 Target Costing
V. SELECT PRICING METHOD
 Mark up Pricing
 Target-return pricing
 Perceived-value pricing
 Value pricing
 Going-rate pricing
 Auction-type pricing
VI. SELECT THE FINAL PRICE
 Impact of other marketing
activities
 Company pricing policies
 Gain-and-risk sharing pricing
 Impact of price on other parties
PRICE-ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
GEOGRAPHICAL PRICING
DISCOUNTS / ALLOWANCES
PROMOTIONAL PRICING
DIFFERENTIATED PRICING
PRICE-ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
COUNTERTRADE
 Barter
 Compensation deal
 Buyback arrangement
 Offset
PRICE-ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
DISCOUNTS / ALLOWANCES
 Cash Discount
 Quantity Discount
 Functional Discount
 Seasonal Discount
 Allowance
PROMOTIONAL PRICING
TACTICS
 Loss-leader pricing
 Special-event pricing
 Low-interest financing
 Longer payment terms
 Warranties & service contracts
 Cash Rebates
 Psychological discounting
DIFFERENTIATED PRICING &
PRICE DISCRIMINATION
 Customer-segment pricing
 Product-form pricing
 Image pricing
 Channel pricing
 Location pricing
 Time pricing
 Yield pricing
INCREASING PRICES
 Delayed quotation pricing
 Escalator clauses
 Unbundling
 Reduction of discounts
BRAND LEADER RESPONSES
TO COMPETITIVE PRICE
CUTS
 Maintain price
 Maintain price & add value
 Reduce price
 Increase price & improve quality
Launch a low-price fighter line
OUTLINE:
1. Follows six pricing procedures
2. Selects a pricing structure that reflects
various situations
3. Chooses what price adaptation strategy to
use
4. Examine the effect of price changes
5. Responds to competitors price challenge
When setting effective pricing policy a company
Price is the only element in the
marketing mix that produces
revenue;
the others produce cost.
Consumers use common price references.
Last Price Paid
Fair price
Lower-bound
Typical Price
They may also refer to:
Usual Discounted PriceCompetitor’s Price
Expected Future Price
Companies follow 6 steps when
setting prices.
1 Select the price objective
2 Determine demand
3 Estimate costs
4 Analyze competitor price mix
5 Select pricing method
6 Select final price
In selecting price objectives,
companies must look at
Survival Maximum
current profit
Maximum
market share
Maximum market skimming Product-quality leadership
Demand can be determined by
examining:
Price Elasticity
of Demand
Estimating
Demand
Curves
Price
Sensitivity
Changes in price affect consumer
demand:
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
Customers are likely to be less sensitive to
price changes when:
product is more distinctive less aware of substitutes
cannot easily compare the
quality of substitutes
expenditure is a
smaller part of
buyer’s total income
Customers are likely to be less sensitive to
price changes when:
Part of the cost is paid
by another party
used with previously
purchased assets
small compared to the total cost
of the end product
Customers are likely to be less sensitive to
price changes when:
assumed to have high quality
and prestige
cannot store the product
Costs can either be fixed or
variable
Fixed Cost Variable Cost
process
output
The sum of variable and fixed
cost for any given level of
production is the total cost
As production accumulates
average cost decreases
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
To arrive at target cost, first
determine target
price and desired
function
given product’s appeal
and competitor’s price
Then: Target Selling Price = $ 9.90
Less Profit Margin = $ 3.40
Target Cost = $ P 6.50
Different pricing methods can
be used in varying situations
Markup pricing
Target-return pricing
Perceived-value pricing
Value pricing
Going-rate pricing
Auction-type pricing
Markup Pricing is just adding a
standard mark-up to the
product’s cost. Variable cost per unit $10.00
 Fixed Cost $ 300,000.00
 Expected Unit Sales 50,000 units
 Unit cost= variable cost + fixed cost
 unit sales
 = $10.00+ $ 300,000.00
50,000
 = $16.00
 Desired Mark Up= 20%
 Selling Price= Unit Cost = $16.00 = $20
 (1- desired return) (1-0.20)
Target-return pricing is used
by companies who need to
make a fair return on
investment Desired ROI = 20% or € 200,000
 Target-return on price
 = unit cost + desired return x investment capital
 unit sales
 = $16.00 + 0.20 x $1,000,000.00 = $20.00
 50,000
Break-even analysis is used to
determine target return price
and break-even volume
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
Perceived Value Pricing
 $ 90,000 tractor’s price = competitor’s price
 $ 7,000 superior durability
 $ 6,000 superior reliability
 $ 5,000 superior service
 $ 2,000 longer warranty
 $ 110,000 superior value
 - 10,000 discount
 $ 100,000 final price
The internet and Auction type
pricing:
English auctions
Dutch auctions
Sealed-bid auctions
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
Price Adaptation Strategy
 Geographical Pricing
Discounts and Allowances
Prompt payment discount
Volume discount
Seasonal Discount
Promotional Pricing
Loss-leader Pricing
Special-event pricing
Low-interest financing
Profits Before and After a Price
Increase
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
Respond to Low-Cost rival by:
1. Maintaining price
2. Maintaining price and adding value
3. Reducing price
4. Increasing price and improving quality
5. Launching a low-price fighter line
In summary:
Price is the only element in the marketing
mix that produces revenue
Competitor’s can also offer
attractive prices
Price objectives
Deliver value to customers
Maximize market share
Survival and Profit
consumer psychology
Sensitivity to price
changes
Products Cost (Variable/Fixed)
Durability, reliability, excellent service
CHAPTER 14
DEVELOPING PRICING
STRATEGIES AND
PROGRAMS
Donna Sia
May 11, 2012

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Chapter 14 - Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs

  • 2. I. Consumer Psychology and Pricing II. Steps in Setting Price III. Learning what Price Adaptation is all about. IV. Promotional Pricing Tactics V. Differentiated Pricing VI. Increasing Prices VII. Brand Leader Responses To Competitive Price Cuts Outline
  • 3. How do consumers process & evaluate prices? process evaluate prices
  • 4. CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY and PRICING  REFERENCE PRICES  PRICE-QUALITY INFERENCES  PRICE ENDINGS  PRICE CUES
  • 5.  CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY provides opportunities to examine issues such as what factors are most important…  when people decide to purchase a particular item  how customers determine the value of a service  and whether or not marketing promotions can convince a reluctant consumer to try a new product for the 1st time.  PRICING is the process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its products Definition of Terms
  • 6. REFERENCE PRICES Last Price Paid Fair price Lower-bound Typical Price
  • 7. They may also refer to: Usual Discounted PriceCompetitor’s Price Expected Future Price
  • 8. REFERENCE PRICES  are prices that buyers carry in their minds and refer to when looking at a given product.  is one component of psychological pricing – sellers consider the psychology of prices & not simply the economics.  is a strategy in which a product is sold at a price just below its main competing brand.
  • 9. Price-Quality Inferences  Use price as an indicator of price  E.g. Waiting list, limited editions, etc.
  • 10. PRICE CUES  Strategies……..  Ending with 9 or .99  Discounts  “Best Deal”  When to use…  Customers purchase item infrequently  Customers are new  Product designs vary over time  Prices vary seasonally  Quality or sizes vary across stores
  • 11. Setting the Price 1 Select the price objective 2 Determine demand 3 Estimate costs 4 Analyze competitor price mix 5 Select pricing method 6 Select final price
  • 12. 1. Selecting the Pricing Objective Survival Maximum current profit Maximum market share Maximum market skimming Product-quality leadership
  • 13. 2. Determine Demand Price Elasticity of Demand Estimating Demand Curves Price Sensitivity
  • 14. Customers are likely to be less sensitive to price changes when: product is more distinctive less aware of substitutes cannot easily compare the quality of substitutes expenditure is a smaller part of buyer’s total income
  • 15. Customers are likely to be less sensitive to price changes when: Part of the cost is paid by another party used with previously purchased assets small compared to the total cost of the end product
  • 16. Estimating Demand Curves  Statistical Analysis  Forecasting  Price experiments  25% off or 25% more  Surveys
  • 17. Price Elasticity of Demand  Changes in price affect consumer demand: Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 18. 3. Estimate Cost Fixed Cost Variable Cost process output
  • 19. The sum of variable and fixed cost for any given level of production is the total cost
  • 20. As production accumulates average cost decreases Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 22. Target Costing determine target price and desired function given product’s appeal and competitor’s price Then: Target Selling Price = $ 9.90 Less Profit Margin = $ 3.40 Target Cost = $ P 6.50
  • 23. 4. Analyze Competitor Price Mix  Identify nearest price competitors  Take competitor’s features and prices into account  Make decision to charge more, the same or less than competitors  Monitor competitors’ reaction to your pricing strategy
  • 24.
  • 25. Different pricing methods can be used in varying situations Markup pricing Target-return pricing Perceived-value pricing Value pricing Going-rate pricing Auction-type pricing
  • 26.  Variable cost per unit $10.00  Fixed Cost $ 300,000.00  Expected Unit Sales 50,000 units  Unit cost= variable cost + fixed cost  unit sales  = $10.00+ $ 300,000.00 50,000  = $16.00  Desired Mark Up= 20%  Selling Price= Unit Cost = $16.00 = $20  (1- desired return) (1-0.20) Markup Pricing is just adding a standard mark-up to the product’s cost.
  • 27. Target-return pricing is used by companies who need to make a fair return on investment  Desired ROI = 20% or € 200,000  Target-return on price  = unit cost + desired return x investment capital  unit sales  = $16.00 + 0.20 x $1,000,000.00 = $20.00  50,000
  • 28. Break-even analysis is used to determine target return price and break-even volume Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 29.  $ 90,000 tractor’s price = competitor’s price  $ 7,000 superior durability  $ 6,000 superior reliability  $ 5,000 superior service  $ 2,000 longer warranty  $ 110,000 superior value  - 10,000 discount  $ 100,000 final price Perceived Value Pricing
  • 30. The internet and Auction type pricing: English auctions Dutch auctions Sealed-bid auctions Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 31.  Geographical Pricing Price Adaptation Strategy
  • 32. Discounts and Allowances Prompt payment discount Volume discount Seasonal Discount
  • 34. Profits Before and After a Price Increase Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 35. 1. Maintaining price 2. Maintaining price and adding value 3. Reducing price 4. Increasing price and improving quality 5. Launching a low-price fighter line Respond to Low-Cost rival by:
  • 36. I. Select the Price Objective  Survival  Maximum current profit  Maximum market share  Maximum market skimming  Product – quality leadership
  • 37. II. DETERMINE DEMAND  Price sensitivity  Estimating demand curves  Price elasticity of demand
  • 38. III. ESTIMATE COSTS  Types of Costs  Accumulated Production  Activity – based Cost Accounting  Target Costing
  • 39. V. SELECT PRICING METHOD  Mark up Pricing  Target-return pricing  Perceived-value pricing  Value pricing  Going-rate pricing  Auction-type pricing
  • 40. VI. SELECT THE FINAL PRICE  Impact of other marketing activities  Company pricing policies  Gain-and-risk sharing pricing  Impact of price on other parties
  • 41. PRICE-ADAPTATION STRATEGIES GEOGRAPHICAL PRICING DISCOUNTS / ALLOWANCES PROMOTIONAL PRICING DIFFERENTIATED PRICING
  • 42. PRICE-ADAPTATION STRATEGIES COUNTERTRADE  Barter  Compensation deal  Buyback arrangement  Offset
  • 43. PRICE-ADAPTATION STRATEGIES DISCOUNTS / ALLOWANCES  Cash Discount  Quantity Discount  Functional Discount  Seasonal Discount  Allowance
  • 44. PROMOTIONAL PRICING TACTICS  Loss-leader pricing  Special-event pricing  Low-interest financing  Longer payment terms  Warranties & service contracts  Cash Rebates  Psychological discounting
  • 45. DIFFERENTIATED PRICING & PRICE DISCRIMINATION  Customer-segment pricing  Product-form pricing  Image pricing  Channel pricing  Location pricing  Time pricing  Yield pricing
  • 46. INCREASING PRICES  Delayed quotation pricing  Escalator clauses  Unbundling  Reduction of discounts
  • 47. BRAND LEADER RESPONSES TO COMPETITIVE PRICE CUTS  Maintain price  Maintain price & add value  Reduce price  Increase price & improve quality Launch a low-price fighter line
  • 48. OUTLINE: 1. Follows six pricing procedures 2. Selects a pricing structure that reflects various situations 3. Chooses what price adaptation strategy to use 4. Examine the effect of price changes 5. Responds to competitors price challenge When setting effective pricing policy a company
  • 49. Price is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue; the others produce cost.
  • 50. Consumers use common price references. Last Price Paid Fair price Lower-bound Typical Price
  • 51. They may also refer to: Usual Discounted PriceCompetitor’s Price Expected Future Price
  • 52. Companies follow 6 steps when setting prices. 1 Select the price objective 2 Determine demand 3 Estimate costs 4 Analyze competitor price mix 5 Select pricing method 6 Select final price
  • 53. In selecting price objectives, companies must look at Survival Maximum current profit Maximum market share Maximum market skimming Product-quality leadership
  • 54. Demand can be determined by examining: Price Elasticity of Demand Estimating Demand Curves Price Sensitivity
  • 55. Changes in price affect consumer demand: Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 56. Customers are likely to be less sensitive to price changes when: product is more distinctive less aware of substitutes cannot easily compare the quality of substitutes expenditure is a smaller part of buyer’s total income
  • 57. Customers are likely to be less sensitive to price changes when: Part of the cost is paid by another party used with previously purchased assets small compared to the total cost of the end product
  • 58. Customers are likely to be less sensitive to price changes when: assumed to have high quality and prestige cannot store the product
  • 59. Costs can either be fixed or variable Fixed Cost Variable Cost process output
  • 60. The sum of variable and fixed cost for any given level of production is the total cost
  • 61. As production accumulates average cost decreases Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 62. To arrive at target cost, first determine target price and desired function given product’s appeal and competitor’s price Then: Target Selling Price = $ 9.90 Less Profit Margin = $ 3.40 Target Cost = $ P 6.50
  • 63. Different pricing methods can be used in varying situations Markup pricing Target-return pricing Perceived-value pricing Value pricing Going-rate pricing Auction-type pricing
  • 64. Markup Pricing is just adding a standard mark-up to the product’s cost. Variable cost per unit $10.00  Fixed Cost $ 300,000.00  Expected Unit Sales 50,000 units  Unit cost= variable cost + fixed cost  unit sales  = $10.00+ $ 300,000.00 50,000  = $16.00  Desired Mark Up= 20%  Selling Price= Unit Cost = $16.00 = $20  (1- desired return) (1-0.20)
  • 65. Target-return pricing is used by companies who need to make a fair return on investment Desired ROI = 20% or € 200,000  Target-return on price  = unit cost + desired return x investment capital  unit sales  = $16.00 + 0.20 x $1,000,000.00 = $20.00  50,000
  • 66. Break-even analysis is used to determine target return price and break-even volume Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 67. Perceived Value Pricing  $ 90,000 tractor’s price = competitor’s price  $ 7,000 superior durability  $ 6,000 superior reliability  $ 5,000 superior service  $ 2,000 longer warranty  $ 110,000 superior value  - 10,000 discount  $ 100,000 final price
  • 68. The internet and Auction type pricing: English auctions Dutch auctions Sealed-bid auctions Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 69. Price Adaptation Strategy  Geographical Pricing
  • 70. Discounts and Allowances Prompt payment discount Volume discount Seasonal Discount
  • 72. Profits Before and After a Price Increase Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
  • 73. Respond to Low-Cost rival by: 1. Maintaining price 2. Maintaining price and adding value 3. Reducing price 4. Increasing price and improving quality 5. Launching a low-price fighter line
  • 74. In summary: Price is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue Competitor’s can also offer attractive prices Price objectives Deliver value to customers Maximize market share Survival and Profit consumer psychology Sensitivity to price changes Products Cost (Variable/Fixed) Durability, reliability, excellent service
  • 75. CHAPTER 14 DEVELOPING PRICING STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS Donna Sia May 11, 2012

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Fixed Cost or overhead cost are costs that do not vary with production level or sales revenue. Variable cost vary directly with level of production.
  2. Total cost consist of the sum of the fixed and variable costs for any given level of production.
  3. It refers to the gain a company experiences in producing a product over a period of time. Workers learn shortcuts, materials flow more smoothly, and procurement costs fall. The result is that average cost falls with accumulated production experience. This decline in the average cost with accumulated production experience is called the experience curve or learning curve. Average cost is the cost per unit at a level of production given total cost http://design-marketing-dictionary.blogspot.com/2009/09/accumulated-production.html
  4. Also used for season items, specialty items, slower-moving items, items with high storage and handling cost, demand-inelastic (drugs)
  5. The firm determines the price that would yield its target rate of return on investment (ROI). Example 15 % to 20% ROI -does not consider other scenarios- if item will not sell at 50,000 -manufacturers should consider different prices and their impact on sales volume -Find ways to decrease fixed costs and variable costs to lower break even volume
  6. There is always a segment of buyers who care only about the price Deliver more value than the competitor and demonstrate this to prospective buyers
  7. Fixed Cost or overhead cost are costs that do not vary with production level or sales revenue. Variable cost vary directly with level of production.
  8. Total cost consist of the sum of the fixed and variable costs for any given level of production.
  9. It refers to the gain a company experiences in producing a product over a period of time. Workers learn shortcuts, materials flow more smoothly, and procurement costs fall. The result is that average cost falls with accumulated production experience. This decline in the average cost with accumulated production experience is called the experience curve or learning curve. Average cost is the cost per unit at a level of production given total cost http://design-marketing-dictionary.blogspot.com/2009/09/accumulated-production.html
  10. Also used for season items, specialty items, slower-moving items, items with high storage and handling cost, demand-inelastic (drugs)
  11. The firm determines the price that would yield its target rate of return on investment (ROI). Example 15 % to 20% ROI -does not consider other scenarios- if item will not sell at 50,000 -manufacturers should consider different prices and their impact on sales volume -Find ways to decrease fixed costs and variable costs to lower break even volume
  12. There is always a segment of buyers who care only about the price Deliver more value than the competitor and demonstrate this to prospective buyers