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Advanced Operating System Lecture Notes
1.
Advanced Operating Systems
Lecture notes Dr. Clifford Neuman University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
2.
Administration
⹠Class e-mail: csci555@usc.edu ⹠Office hours: No office hours today. Dr. Neuman is out of town. ⹠Reading report #1 will be posted by Tuesday ⹠Class Web page http://gost.isi.edu/555 Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
3.
CSci555:
Advanced Operating Systems Lecture 2 â September 1, 2006 Dr. Tatyana Ryutov University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
4.
Outline: Communications Models
âą Communication Models: â General concepts. â Message passing. â Distributed shared memory (DSM). â Remote procedure call (RPC) [Birrel et al.] âȘ Light-weight RPC [Bershad et al.] â DSM case studies âȘ IVY [Li et al.] âȘ Linda [Carriero et al.] Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
5.
Communication Models
âą Support for processes to communicate among themselves. âą Traditional (centralized) OSâs: â Provide local (within single machine) communication support. â Distributed OSâs: must provide support for communication across machine boundaries. âȘ Over LAN or WAN. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
6.
Communication Paradigms
âą 2 paradigms â Message Passing (MP) â Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) âą Message Passing â Processes communicate by sending messages. âą Distributed Shared Memory â Communication through a âvirtual shared memoryâ. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
7.
Message Passing
âą Basic communication primitives: Sending Q â Send message. ... Send â Receive message. Receiving Q Receive ... âą Modes of communication: â Synchronous versus asynchronous. âą Semantics: â Reliable versus unreliable. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
8.
Synchronous Communication
âą Blocking send â Blocks until message is transmitted â Blocks until message acknowledged âą Blocking receive â Waits for message to be received âą Process synchronization. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
9.
Asynchronous Communication
âą Non-blocking send: sending process continues as soon message is queued. âą Blocking or non-blocking receive: â Blocking: âȘ Timeout. âȘ Threads. â Non-blocking: proceeds while waiting for message. âȘ Message is queued upon arrival. âȘ Process needs to poll or be interrupted. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
10.
Reliability of Communication
âą Unreliable communication: â âbest effortâ - send and hope for the best â No ACKs or retransmissions. â Application must provide its own reliability. â Example: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) âȘ Applications using UDP either donât need reliability or build their own (e.g., UNIX NFS and DNS (both UDP and TCP), some audio or video applications) Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
11.
Reliability of Communication
âą Reliable communication: â Different degrees of reliability. â Processes have some guarantee that messages will be delivered. â Example: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) â Reliability mechanisms: âȘ Positive acknowledgments (ACKs). âȘ Negative Acknowledgments (NACKs). â Possible to build reliability atop unreliable service (E2E argument). Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
12.
Distributed Shared Memory
âą Motivated by development of shared- memory multiprocessors which do share memory. âą Abstraction used for sharing data among processes running on machines that do not share memory. âą Processes think they read from and write to a âvirtual shared memoryâ. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
13.
DSM 2
âą Primitives: read and write. âą OS ensures that all processes see all updates. â Happens transparently to processes. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
14.
DSM and MP
âą DSM is an abstraction! â Gives programmers the flavor of a centralized memory system, which is a well-known programming environment. â No need to worry about communication and synchronization. âą But, it is implemented atop MP. â No physically shared memory. â OS takes care of required communication. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
15.
Caching in DSM
âą For performance, DSM caches data locally. â More efficient access (locality). â But, must keep caches consistent. â Caching of pages for of page-based DSM. âą Issues: â Page size. â Consistency mechanism. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
16.
Approaches to DSM
âą Hardware-based: â Multi-processor architectures with processor-memory modules connected by high-speed LAN (E.g., Stanfordâs DASH). â Specialized hardware to handle reads and writes and perform required consistency mechanisms. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
17.
Approaches to DSM
âą Page-based: â Example: IVY. â DSM implemented as region of processorâs virtual memory; occupies same address space range for every participating process. â OS keeps DSM data consistency as part of page fault handling. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
18.
Approaches to DSM
âą Library-based: â Or language-based. â Example: Linda. â Language or language extensions. â Compiler inserts appropriate library calls whenever processes access DSM items. â Library calls access local data and communicate when necessary. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
19.
DSM Case Studies:
IVY âą Environment:âloosely coupledâ multiprocessor. â Memory is physically distributed. â Memory mapping managers (OS kernel): âȘ Map local memories to shared virtual space. âȘ Local memory as cache of shared virtual space. âȘ Memory reference may cause page fault; page retrieved and consistency handled. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
20.
IVY
âą Issues: â Read-only versus writable data. â Locality of reference. â Granularity (1 Kbyte page size). âȘ Bigger pages versus smaller pages. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
21.
IVY
âą Memory coherence strategies: â Page synchronization âȘ Invalidation âȘ Write broadcast â Page ownership âȘ Fixed: page always owned by same processor âȘ Dynamic Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
22.
IVY Page Synchronization
âą Invalidation: â On write fault, invalidate all copies; give faulting process write access; gets copy of page if not already there. â Problem: must update page on reads. âą Write broadcast: â On write fault, fault handler writes to all copies. â Expensive! Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
23.
IVY Memory Coherence
âą Paper discusses approaches to memory coherence in page-based DSM. â Centralized: single manager residing on a single processor managing all pages. â Distributed: multiple managers on multiple processors managing subset of pages. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
24.
DSM Case Studies:
Linda âą Language-based approach to DSM. âą Environment: â Similar to IVY, ie, loosely coupled machines connected via fast broadcast bus. â Instead of shared address space, processes make library calls inserted by compiler when accessing DSM. â Libraries access local data and communicate to maintain consistency. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
25.
Linda
âą DSM: tuple space. âą Basic operations: â out (data): data added to tuple space. â in (data): removes matching data from TS; destructive. â read (data): same as âinâ, but tuple remains in TS (non-destructive). Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
26.
Linda Primitives: Examples
âą out (âPâ, 5, false) : tuple (âPâ, 5, false) added to TS. â âPâ : name â Other components are data values. â Implementation reported on the paper: every node stores complete copy of TS. â out (data) causes data to be broadcast to every node. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
27.
Linda Primitives: Examples
âą in (âPâ, int I, bool b): tuple (âPâ, 5, false) removed from TS. â If matching tuple found locally, local kernel tries to delete tuple on all nodes. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
28.
Remote Procedure Call
⹠Builds on MP. ⹠Main idea: extend traditional (local) procedure call to perform transfer of control and data across network. ⹠Easy to use: analogous to local calls. ⹠But, procedure is executed by a different process, probably on a different machine. ⹠Fits very well with client-server model. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
29.
RPC Mechanism
1. Invoke RPC. 2. Calling process suspends. 3. Parameters passed across network to target machine. 4. Procedure executed remotely. 5. When done, results passed back to caller. 6. Caller resumes execution. Is this synchronous or asynchronous? Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
30.
RPC Advantages
âą Easy to use. âą Well-known mechanism. âą Abstract data type â Client-server model. â Server as collection of exported procedures on some shared resource. â Example: file server. âą Reliable. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
31.
RPC Semantics 1
âą Delivery guarantees. âą âMaybe callâ: â Clients cannot tell for sure whether remote procedure was executed or not due to message loss, server crash, etc. â Usually not acceptable. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
32.
RPC Semantics 2
âą âAt-least-onceâ call: â Remote procedure executed at least once, but maybe more than once. â Retransmissions but no duplicate filtering. â Idempotent operations OK; e.g., reading data that is read-only. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
33.
RPC Semantics 3
âą âAt-most-onceâ call â Most appropriate for non-idempotent operations. â Remote procedure executed 0 or 1 time, ie, exactly once or not at all. â Use of retransmissions and duplicate filtering. â Example: Birrel et al. implementation. âȘ Use of probes to check if server crashed. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
34.
RPC Implementation (Birrel
et al.) Caller Callee User RPC RPC Server User stub runtime Call runtime stub Server packet rcv call call xmit unpk pck args work Result pck return unpk rcv xmit return result result Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
35.
RPC Implementation 2
âą RPC runtime mechanism responsible for retransmissions, acknowledgments. âą Stubs responsible for data packaging and un-packaging; â AKA marshalling and un- marshalling: putting data in form suitable for transmission. Example: Sunâs XDR. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
36.
Binding
âą How to determine where server is? Which procedure to call? â âResource discoveryâ problem âȘ Name service: advertises servers and services. âȘ Example: Birrel et al. uses Grapevine. âą Early versus late binding. â Early: server address and procedure name hard-coded in client. â Late: go to name service. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
37.
Synchronous & Asynchronous
RPC Synchronous Asynchronous Client Server Client Server Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
38.
RPC Performance
âą Sources of overhead â data copying â scheduling and context switch. âą Light-Weight RPC â Shows that most invocations took place on a single machine. â LW-RPC: improve RPC performance for local case. â Optimizes data copying and thread scheduling for local case. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
39.
LW-RPC 1
âą Argument copying â RPC: 4 times â copying between kernel and user space. â LW-RPC: common data area (A-stack) shared by client and server and used to pass parameters and results; access by client or server, one at a time. Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
40.
LW-RPC 2
⹠A-stack avoids copying between kernel and user spaces. ⹠Client and server share the same thread: less context switch (like regular calls). user 4. executes & returns 1. copy args 2. traps A 3. upcall client server kernel Copyright © 1995-2006 Clifford Neuman and Dongho Kim - UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - INFORMATION SCIENCES INSTITUTE
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