This document discusses various topics related to earthquake engineering including: - Causes of earthquakes such as fault movement in the earth's crust. - Measurements of earthquakes including intensity scales and magnitude scales. - Why damage occurs during earthquakes due to inertial forces on structures. - Structural dynamics principles for evaluating how structures will respond to earthquake forces. - Code requirements for designing structures to resist earthquake forces and have sufficient ductility.

1. EARTHQUAKES ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Dr. Ahmed Tarabia
Third year Civil-2015

2. TOPICS
 WHAT ARE EARTHQUAKES
 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES
 MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHQUAKES
 WHY DAMAGE OCCURS
 STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
 CODE EARTHQUAKE FORCES
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

3. CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKE FAULT SOURCES
 Faults are abrupt changes in the rock structure
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

4. Some faults types and movements
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

5. Earthquake Distribution
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

6. WHAT ARE EARTRHQUAKES
Energy release in a geological fault
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

7. EARTHQUAKES CHARACTERISTICS
 Focal depth.
 Distance from the focus of the quake.
 Duration.
 Peak Ground acceleration.
 Amount of released energy.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

8. MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHQUAKES
 1- Intensity (Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale)
 based on the amount of damage
 Scale has 12 levels.
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9. Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

10. MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHQUAKES
 2- MAGNITUDE
 RICHTER MAGNITUDE
 Measures the amplitude of earthquake waves.
 Scale from 1-10
 Each number is 10 times the amplitude of the number below
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

11. Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

12. Seismic zones
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

13. EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE SOURCES
 1. by inertial forces generated by severe ground
shaking.
F=mass * acceleration ( SECOND NEWTON LAW)
 2. by earthquake induced fires.
 3. by changes in the physical properties of soils
 (e.g. consolidation, settling, and liquefaction).
 4. seismic sea waves (tsunamis) or fluid.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

14. STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

15. FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD
‫األساسي‬ ‫ألموجي‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫زمن‬
k
m
T  2 seconds
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

16. )75.0(
1 )(. tt HCT 
systemsotherforC
framesresistingmomentconcreteforC
t
t


05.0
075.0
.foundationtheofsurfacetopthefrom
measuredbuildingstheofheightTotal:Ht
1-‫الموجي‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫حساب‬1T‫التقريبية‬ ‫المعادلة‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫اتجاه‬ ‫لكل‬:
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

17. Structural systems
 LATERAL LOAD RESISTING STSTEM
‫النظام‬ ‫تقييم‬‫االنشائي‬‫على‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫الزالزل‬ ‫ألحمال‬ ‫المقاوم‬:
‫نظام‬‫االنشائي‬‫ل‬‫الرأسية‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫نقل‬.
‫نظام‬‫االنشائي‬‫ل‬‫الجانبية‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫مقاومة‬.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

18.  LATERAL LOAD RESISTING STSTEM
 BEARING WALLS SYSTEMS.
 BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS.
 SPACE FRAME MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME SYSTEM
 DUAL SYSTEM.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

19. BEARING WALLS SYSTEMS.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

20. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

21. SPACE FRAME MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME SYSTEM
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

22. DUAL SYSTEM.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

23. ‫الزالزل‬ ‫أحمال‬ ‫لمقاومة‬ ‫الخرسانية‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫اسس‬
‫الزالزل‬ ‫لمقاومة‬ ‫الخرسانية‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫يوفر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬:
•‫تحقق‬‫من‬ ‫كافى‬ ‫قدر‬‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬‫و‬ ‫امتصاص‬‫الطاقة‬ ‫تشتيت‬.
•‫تحقق‬‫الكافية‬ ‫الممطولية‬‫اال‬ ‫التفاصيل‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للمنشأ‬‫ال‬ ‫نشايية‬‫موضحة‬‫ب‬‫ال‬‫كود‬.
•‫تسمح‬‫فى‬ ‫الالخطية‬ ‫بالتشكالت‬‫بعض‬‫المناطق‬.
•‫أن‬‫يسبق‬‫االنهيار‬‫المطيل‬‫االنحناء‬ ‫عزم‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الناتج‬،‫عن‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫القصف‬ ‫االنهيار‬
‫التماسك‬ ‫او‬ ‫القص‬ ‫تأثير‬Bond failure.)‫مفاجئ‬ ‫انهيار‬(.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

24. Ductile behaviourBrittle behaviour
Ductile Behaviour
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

25. Elastic and plastic Behaviour
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

26. R
F
F
R
E
b
y
m





R:Reduction factor or
Response Modification factor
Nonlinear
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

27. Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

28. CODE FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT
 A- NON COLLAPSE REQUIREMENT
 The structure shall be designed and constructed to withstand the
design seismic action without local or general collapse, thus
retaining its structural integrity and a residual load bearing
capacity after the seismic event.
‫كل‬ ‫للزلزال‬ ‫رجوع‬ ‫زمن‬475‫سنة‬
‫التصدعات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫احتمال‬‫االنشايية‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫لبعض‬‫انهيار‬ ‫بدون‬
‫للمنشأ‬ ‫كامل‬.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

29. CODE FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT
 B- DAMAGE LIMITATION REQUIREMENT
 The structure shall be designed and constructed to withstand a
seismic action having a larger probability of occurrence than the
design seismic action, without the occurrence of damage
‫كل‬ ‫للزلزال‬ ‫رجوع‬ ‫زمن‬95‫سنة‬.
‫حدوث‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫احتمال‬‫أي‬‫التصدعات‬.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

30. ‫لألحمال‬ ‫المصري‬ ‫الكود‬
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

31. FACTORS AFFECTING LATERAL LOADS
DUE TO EARTHQUAKE:
1- Zone and place of the building.
2- Lateral load resisting system.
3- Soil beneath foundations.
4- Usage of the buildings.
5- Plan and elevation configuration of the building.
(Height-Distribution of columns and shear walls- Mass
distribution -Shape of the buildings)
6- Fundamental period.
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

32. Horizontal design spectrum
( Acceleration : period)
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

33. Fb
)( 1TSmassF db 
(TSmassF db 
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34. Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

35. ‫المباني‬ ‫علي‬ ‫الزالزل‬ ‫أحمال‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫خطوات‬
‫المكافئ‬ ‫االستاتيكي‬ ‫الحمل‬ ‫طريقة‬:
Equivalent static load method
‫الطريقة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫شروط‬:
•‫تقريبا‬ ‫التماثل‬
•‫االستمرارية‬ ‫و‬ ‫االنتظام‬.
•‫عن‬ ‫الزمنية‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫تزيد‬ ‫ال‬:
smalleriswhich
onds
T
T c
sec0.2
4
1 
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

36. ‫االستمرارية‬
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

37. ‫ا‬‫الكتل‬ ‫توزيع‬ ‫و‬ ‫الرأسي‬ ‫النتظام‬
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

38. ‫عدم‬‫ا‬‫األفقي‬ ‫المسقط‬ ‫في‬ ‫النتظام‬
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

39. g
W
TSF db .).( 1 
‫ملحوظة‬:
‫أقصي‬ ‫حمل‬ ‫هو‬ ‫المحسوب‬ ‫الحمل‬ ‫هذا‬(Ultimate load )
‫األساسية‬ ‫القص‬ ‫قوة‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫يتم‬Fb‫للمبني‬ ‫أساسي‬ ‫اتجاه‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫االساسات‬ ‫ظهر‬ ‫منسوب‬ ‫عند‬:
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

40. )75.0(
1 )(. tt HCT 
systemsotherforC
framesresistingmomentconcreteforC
t
t


05.0
075.0
.foundationtheofsurfacetopthefrom
measuredbuildingstheofheightTotal:Ht
1-‫الموجي‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫حساب‬1T‫التقريبية‬ ‫المعادلة‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫اتجاه‬ ‫لكل‬:
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

41. 2-‫األهمية‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫تحديد‬Iγ
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

42. 3-‫التربة‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫تحديد‬:
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

43. - 4‫التربة‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫التربة‬ ‫بنوع‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫ثوابت‬ ‫تحديد‬.
(‫التربة‬‫الزلزالية‬ ‫والعجلة‬ ‫المواجات‬ ‫خواص‬ ‫تغير‬)
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

44. - 5‫التخفيض‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫و‬ ‫االنشائي‬ ‫النظام‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫تحديد‬R
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

45. 6-‫نوع‬ ‫المستخدم‬ ‫التجاوب‬ ‫طيف‬ ‫منحني‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫تحديد‬1‫نوع‬ ‫أو‬2
‫االول‬ ‫النوع‬:‫الجمهورية‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫يستخدم‬.
‫الثاني‬ ‫النوع‬:‫للبحر‬ ‫الشمالي‬ ‫الساحل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫المطلة‬ ‫للمناطق‬ ‫يستخدم‬
‫بورسعيد‬ ‫و‬ ‫مطروح‬ ‫مرسي‬ ‫و‬ ‫االسكندية‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫و‬ ‫المتوسط‬(‫انظر‬
‫الكود‬ ‫بملحق‬ ‫الجدول‬)
‫ملحوظة‬:‫الطيفي‬ ‫االحداثي‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫الساحلية‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬
‫ثم‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫و‬ ‫األول‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫باستخدام‬‫اختيار‬ ‫يتم‬‫األكبر‬ ‫القيمة‬‫و‬
‫الحساب‬ ‫في‬ ‫استخدامها‬
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

46. T
B
T
C T
D
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

47. 7-‫للمنطقة‬ ‫التصمية‬ ‫األرضية‬ ‫العجلة‬ ‫حساب‬ga:
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

48. 8-‫التصميمي‬ ‫الطيف‬ ‫احداثي‬ ‫حساب‬)1(TdS‫طول‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫عند‬
‫موجي‬،1T‫المعادالت‬ ‫من‬‫اآلتية‬
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

49. 9-‫للمبني‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫الزلزالي‬ ‫الوزن‬ ‫حساب‬:
...... . LLIELD WWW 
‫األدوار‬ ‫بجميع‬ ‫الميتة‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫مجموع‬WD.L.
‫األدوار‬ ‫بجميع‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫األحمال‬ ‫مجموع‬WL.L
00.1
50.0
25.0
..
..
..



IE
IE
IE


 ‫السكنية‬ ‫للمباني‬
.
‫العامة‬ ‫للمباني‬
‫األساسي‬ ‫والمخازن‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫خزانات‬ ‫و‬ ‫الصوامع‬`
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

50. 10-‫التصحيح‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫حساب‬
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

51. 11-‫االساسية‬ ‫القص‬ ‫قوه‬ ‫توزيع‬bF‫دور‬ ‫كل‬ ‫منسوب‬ ‫عند‬
‫الرأسي‬ ‫التوزيع‬:
b
n
Jj
ii
i F
Wz
Wz
F











 ,1
g
W
TSF db .).( 1 
Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering

52. Third year Civil- Earthquake Engineering