Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.

1. Ali Jasim, National AerospaceUniversity “Kharkiv Aviation
Institute”, PostgraduateStudent
Yuri Shepetov, National Aerospace University “Kharkiv
Aviation Institute”, Associate Professor, Candidate of
Science
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected
PV System under Partially Shaded Conditions Using Boost Converter
Abstract: Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the
maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC).This performs
in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the
photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar
panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking
method (MPPT) is required. The objective of this work to study the
performance analysis of grid connected solar PV system under partial
shading condition (PSC) by using different methods (hybrid methods) is
promising, including one of the indirect methods short circuit current, which
utilizes duty cycle scope to track the global maximum when the PV array
operates under PSC with one of the direct methods incremental inductance.
Simulation results showing the performance of modified algorithm are
presented with the help of MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: Photovoltaic system, maximum power point tracking (MPPT),
Power control, Partial shading condition (PSC), Matlab/Simulink.
1. Introduction
Solar photovoltaic (SPV) power generation is a stand out amongst the
most important headings in the field of new energy improvement. In SPV

2. power generation system, the operating point has extensive effect on the
conversionefficiencyof PV systems,and hence the explorationon maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm has been one of the hot issues
constantly.
In SPV power generation system, high voltage and power output is
required, so PV array with numerous PV modules in series or parallel
connection is generally embraced in the most of systems. Modeling and
simulation studies recommend that power-voltage (P-V) curve is likely to
introduce numerous peaks under PSC (Partially Shaded Conditions) if
multiple PV modules are in series association [6-7]. The energy system
consideredhere is PV based energy system.The power generated from the
photovoltaic system is DC power and must be synchronized with grid by
interfacing power control, taking into consideration the ultimate goal to use
energy of photovoltaic to maximum extent MPPT is also incorporated in it
[10].
The MPPT tracks the optimal point at which maximum energy can be
extricated from the panel. For working the PV at maximum power the
conductance coordinating forthe PV panel is done by varying the duty cycle
of DC to DC converter associated with it [3].The inverter utilized in the power
control where at first the power is regulated utilizing a DC to DC converter
and then the DC power is inverted and it is synchronized to grid utilizing the
Phase Locked Loop (PLL)[10, 11].
2. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING UNDER PARTIALLY
SHADED CONDITIONS
There is several factors that influence the PV output power including
partial shading,formationof the PV arrays, temperature,and solar insolation.
Generally, the PV arrays get shadowed completelyor partially, in which the
P-V characteristic get more complexwith multi-local MPPs [6-9].

3. A MPPT technique is implemented with the use of a boost DC-DC
converter in the following sections under partial shading conditions. The PV
array is connected to a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in order to
optimize the DC output power of the PV array by varying the operating
voltage of the PV array [3]. The DC power then is converted to AC power
using an inverter before transported to the utility grid. The DC-DC converter
serves as an impedance matching device in which by varying the duty ratio
(PWM) maximum power transfer from PV array to the grid is achieved [10-
11]. Under partial shading conditions multiple local maxima will appear on
the power-voltage characteristics of solar PV system in that only one will be
global maximum power point.
Solar array has been simulated in MATLAB to investigate the
characteristic curves subject to varied shading circumstances. Five solar
module are connected inseries to form apanel and each opencircuit voltage
of the solar module multiple by gain two, as it appears in Figure 1. Each
module exposed to five light sources for full radiation having an open circuit
voltage VOC= 48.65 V and shortcircuit current Isc = 1.729 A.The combination
of each modules for full radiation to form a solar array of maximum power
392.6W at Vm =236 V and Im=1.67. In this model, for simulating partial
shading effect, it is considered each PV module has a bypass diode
connected in parallel itself as shown in Figure 1, if there is no bypass diode
across the module, there is a chance of avalanche breakdown causing hot
spots on the solar cell and results the damage of solar cell. For a standard
irradiance condition i.e.1000 W/m2
the solar cell produces rated power. The
irradiance value can be changed manually and the variation corresponding
to irradiance variation can be observed. When the irradiance value
decreases, the voltage and current level of solar array reduces hence the
power output from the array reduces considerably.
Photovoltaic cells, usually considered to have the same characteristics,
are arranged together in series and parallel to form arrays. Cells connected

4. in parallel increase the current and cells connected in series provide greater
output voltages [2,3,5]. The equivalent circuit of PV array under partial
shading conditions(PSC)can be describedas illustrated in Figure 1.
Voc
s +-
-
+
s
Fcn 2
D2
C
D1
Isc
E
E
0.001736*G- 0.0057
Fcn1
0.0105*G+13.675
+VIN
-VIN
2
A=5*1000
B=5*500
C=5*1000
D=3*1000+600+400
G
G
G
G
G
A1=1000 w/m2
A2=1000 w/m2
A3=1000 w/m2
A4=1000 w/m2
A5=1000 w/m2
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
=1000 w/m2
=1000 w/m2
=1000 w/m2
G
G
G
G
=1000 w/m2
=1000 w/m2
=600 w/m2
G
G
G
G
G
=1000 w/m2
=600 w/m2
=500 w/m2
=400 w/m2
+
-
i
V
X
I-V
Characteristics
P-V
Characteristics
IVP
To Workspace
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D4
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
Rs
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
E
D3
Voc
s +-
-
+
s
Fcn 2
D2
C
D1
Isc
E
E
0.001736*G- 0.0057
Fcn1
0.0105*G+13.675 2
Rs
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
E
D3
Voc
s +-
-
+
s
Fcn 2
D2
C
D1
Isc
E
E
0.001736*G- 0.0057
Fcn1
0.0105*G+13.675 2
Rs
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
E
D3
Voc
s +-
-
+
s
Fcn 2
D2
C
D1
Isc
E
E
0.001736*G- 0.0057
Fcn1
0.0105*G+13.675 2
Rs
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
E
D3
Voc
s +-
-
+
s
Fcn 2
D2
C
D1
Isc
E
E
0.001736*G- 0.0057
Fcn1
0.0105*G+13.675 2
Rs
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
E
D3
=500 w/m2
B1
=500 w/m2
B2
=500 w/m2
B3
=500 w/m2
B4
=500 w/m2
B5
=1000 w/m2
C4
=1000 w/m2
C5
=1000 w/m2
D3
=400 w/m2
D5
G
E=2*1000+600+500+400
=1000 w/m2
Fig. 1:simulation diagram for of PV array under partial shading
conditions (PSC).
3. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The single phase grid connected to PV system transfers power
generation from the PV into utility grid through a power control. The power
control consist of two stages the first stage is the DC-DC boost converter,
which will raise the relatively low solar voltage to a level suitable voltage for
the DC link and the second stage is the DC to AC converter, the inverter is
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with current control by the grid side,which

5. will inject to the single phase grid [10-11]. The system formation of the grid
connected photovoltaic system, is shown below in Figure 2.
DC-AC Inverter
+
DC-DC Conveter
Grid
Hybrid MPPT
Algorithm
Gate
+
PWM
Current Sensor
CurrentSensor
VoltageSensor
CurrentSensor
VoltageSensor
Voltage Sensor
Current Sensor
Voltage Sensor
Power control
Fig. 2: General block diagram of configuration of grid connected
photovoltaic system.
3.1. PV GENERATOR MODEL AND PV ARRAY
A photovoltaic cell is a PN junction that can absorb photons in the light
to produce electric power by photovoltaic effect. The generated power
depends onthe radiation level of the daylight, temperature, and the terminal
voltage of PV-cell [1-5]. The equivalent circuit of PV module as Eq. (1) can
be describedas illustrated in Figure 3 [6].
Fig. 3: Single-diode mathematical model of a photovoltaic array.
Ish
RP
Rs
V
+
I
-
NP
NS
NS
NP
NS
NP
(NPISC)
IphNP

6. The characteristic of PV module is a non-linear characteristic which
depends onthe reverse saturation current of the diode inparallel to the photo
current source.The photon current is produced because of the photovoltaic
action. The PV cells are grouped in larger units called PV modules which are
further interconnected in a parallel-series configurationto form PV arrays [1-
5].
Where the output Panel current and voltage, are represented as I, (A)
and V, (V). The current source Iph, (A) represents the cell photocurrent and
IS is the saturation current (A). The series and shunt resistances of the cell,
(Ω) are represented as RS and RP. NS and NP number of the series and
parallel cell. PN junction ideality factor is represented as A, Boltzmann
constant KB (1.38×10-23
), (J/K), q stands for electron charge and PV cell
temperature T in Kelvin.
Usually the value of RP is very large and that of RS is very small. The
proposed structure of PV simulation modelis represented inFigure 4.
Voc
s +-
-
+
s
Fcn 2
D2
C
D1
Isc
E
E
+
-
+
-
i
V
Illumination
(G)
1
2
I
V
0.001736*G- 0.0057
Fcn1
0.0105*G+13.675 2
Rs
NS
NP
Rp
NS
NP
Fig. 4: Model of solar panel with Ns series cell and Np parallel cells.
𝐼 = 𝑁𝑝 𝐼 𝑝ℎ − 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑆 ∙ [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (
𝑞(𝑉 + 𝐼 ∙
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑝
𝑅 𝑠)
𝐴𝐾 𝐵 𝑇
) − 1] −
(𝑉 + 𝐼 ∙
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑝
𝑅 𝑠)
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑝
𝑅 𝑝
(1)

7. Where Fcn1, Fcn2 represents the linear equations between short circuit
current (ISC) & illumination (G) and between open circuit voltage (VOC) &
illumination (G) respectively. D1, D2 are represents Diode1 and Diode 2.
3.2. HYBRID METHODS MPPT (PROPOSEDMETHOD)
In the case that differentMPPs exist because of the partial shading, the
ordinary strategies of MPPT methods may converge to local MPPs rather
than the GPmax. This is because in these methods the global and local
peaks can't be recognized [6-9].The local MPPs and GPmaxshow the same
characteristic, derivative of power with respectto voltage is zero (dP/dV= 0)
[1],in this manner the MPP controller is not ready to recognize the real MPP
and consequentlyextracted powerof the PV system decreases significantly.
A few tests on the PV array utilizing Matlab/Simulink has been satisfied
to acceptfulfillment condition that permit us to know whether there is partially
shading.
It has been obtained some results in conclusion of simulations; when
irradiation varies as uniform on the entire PV array, the difference between
the proportionof powers (P1/P2)and proportioncurrents (I1/I2)are very slight;
the proportion of current is calculated by the ratio of the previous measured
the current of the PV array Ipv(k-1) to the present measured current of the
PV array Ipv (k) and the proportionof poweris calculated by ratio of previous
the power of the PV power P(k-1) to the present power of the PV array P(k)
[1,9]. However,under PSC,the mentioned differencedramaticallyvaries, not
stable. If variation of the current and the power of the PV array are observed,
it allows detecting when PSC occurs [9].
(P(k)/P(k − 1)) − (Ipv(k) /Ipv(k − 1)) > 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (2)
In order to explain this, the characteristic of the PV array model is
examined in the simulation environment for in cases of PSC and uniform

8. insolation. For this study, the model consists of five PV modules connected
in serial. The total output power of the PV array can be expressedsimplyas
in Eq. (3).
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐸 (3)
In case of under uniform insolation A=5*1000,each PV module produced
the same power and the total output of power can be calculated as in Eq. (7)
since the every module's voltage is approximately the same value.
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐴 ∙ 𝐼 𝑃𝑉 (4)
Substitute Eq. (4) by Eq. (3) can be expressedsimplyas in Eq. (5),
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐴 ∙ 𝐼 𝑃𝑉 + 𝑉𝑚 𝐵 ∙ 𝐼 𝑃𝑉 + 𝑉𝑚 𝐶 ∙ 𝐼 𝑃𝑉 + ⋯+ 𝑉𝑚 𝐸 ∙ 𝐼 𝑃𝑉 (5)
𝑉𝑚 𝐴 ≅ 𝑉𝑚 𝐵 ≅ 𝑉𝑚 𝐶 ≅ 𝑉𝑚 𝐷 ≅ 𝑉𝑚 𝐸 (6)
𝑃𝑇 = 5 ∙ 𝑃𝑚 (7)
In case A=5*1000, the PV current at the MPP (IMPP) produced by the
shaded module can be characterized as in Eq. (8), where SF is Shading
Factor, which is rate of the light of the shaded module to fully irradiation of
the module,The degree of shading may differdepending on the intensity of
filtering the daylight. This variety is modelled by a shading factor. A shading
factor of one means that shadowing objectfilters out all available irradiance.
As opposedto this, a shading factor of zero means that there is no shading
absolutely [6-9]. The current at the maximum power point tracking (IMPPT)
roughly linearly related to with short circuit current (ISC) of the PV array [1-4].
Where, K is a proportionality constant [1-4]. It has been simulated
considering that ISC of PV module changes with the shading factorrelatively
and supposed that cells of every module are working under the same
irradiance.

9. In this status every module has same voltage value, hence the PV array
power can be computed as in (9).
𝐼 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑀𝑃𝑃 = 𝐾 ∙ 𝐼𝑆𝐶 , 𝐼 𝑃𝑉𝐵
= 𝐼 𝑀𝑃𝑃 𝐵
= 𝑆𝐹 ∙ 𝐾 ∙ 𝐼𝑆𝐶 (8)
𝑃 𝑇 𝐵
= 𝑆𝐹 ∙ 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝐹 ∙ 5 ∙ 𝑃𝑚 (9)
The Proposed MPPT algorithm in this paper, incremental conductance
(IncCond) method with direct control is chosen as the key calculation and
indirect method shortcircuit current [1,3,4].Accordingly,this paperproposed
intelligent algorithm that is equipped for tracking GPmax under PSC. The
flowchart of the algorithm is appeared in Fig. (5).
DV = V(k) - V(k-1)
DI/DV=-I/V
YesNo
DV=0
Yes
YesNo
RETURN
Yes
NoYes
DI=0
NoNo
Scanning of D in range 0 ..0.6
For each D calculate P and
store
Find global Pmax and
Coorespond Dmax
Dref =Dmax
Measure VPV(k) , IPV(k)
Calculate P(k)=VPV(k) . IPV(k)
P(k-1)=VPV(k-1) . IPV(k-1)
DI = I(k) - I(k-1)
P(k) , P(k-1)
Yes
No
DDDref =Dref -DDDref =Dref +
DI/DV=-I/V
DDDref =Dref +
Updata
VPV(k-1)=V(k),IPV(k-1)=IPV(k),P(k-1)=P(k)
DI>0
STAR
No
>Dtotal
Partially shading
P(k)/P(k-1)-IPV(k)/IPV(k-1)
Figure 5. Flowchart for the proposed MPPT control algorithm.

10. This method can identifythe unoriginal-MPP. Scanning progress starts
as soon as this function satisfies. In this checking procedure we record the
all MPPs and duty cycle (D) all through all the operating points by changing
duty cycle.
3.3. SIMULATIONRESULTS
To confirm the proposed technique, simulations are performed for the
PV array contains five series modules as shownFigure (1) also, it is exposed
different insolation conditions as appeared in Table 1. To test operation of
the proposed technique, state of changing irradiation of was modeled as
appeared in Table 1, and temperature of 25 °C has beenmaintained in these
analyses.
Table 1: Test operation of the proposed technique under different
irradiation
Irradiance
(W/m2)
Irradiance
(W/m2)
Irradiance
(W/m2)
Irradiance
(W/m2)
Irradiance
(W/m2)
Module A
5*1000
Module B
5*500
Module C
5*1000
Module D
3*1000+600+
400
Module E
2*1000+600+
500+400
1000 500 1000 1000 1000
1000 500 1000 1000 1000
1000 500 1000 1000 600
1000 500 1000 600 500
1000 500 1000 400 400
As indicated by Table 1 firstly all modules were exposed under fully
uniform irradiation of 1000 w/m2
in module A. Secondly, the level of
irradiation is uniformly changed as a 500 w/m2
in module B. Thirdly,
irradiation changes again back to 1000 W/m2
in module C. Fourthly, the PV
array is partially covered in such a manner that three modules under
irradiation of 1000 W/m2
and the other two modules are exposed under

11. irradiation of 600 W/m2
and 400W/m2
, respectively in module D. Fifthly, the
PV array is partially covered in such a manner that two modules under
irradiation of 1000 w/m2
and the other three modules are exposed under
irradiation of 600 W/m2
, 500 W/m2
and 400 W/m2
respectivelyin module E.
Simulation of the P-V curve Fig.6 (a) and I-V curve Fig.6 (b) of PV
module under PSC are represented in Figure 6.
For partial shading conditions at module D=3*1000+600+400 there are
two local maximum power points and a global maximum power point. The
local maximum points are located at (1 A, 179.93 W), (0.6 A, 132 W) while
the global Pmax is located at (1.72 A, 228.2 W). Also for partial shading
conditionsat module E=2*1000+600+500+400there are two local maximum
power points and a globalmaximum power point. The local maximum points
are located at (0.96 A, 131.14 W),(0.56 A, 117.6 W)while the global Pmax is
located at (1.66 A, 159.1 W). The results of the equation are organized in
Table 2 as indicated by the estimations values of power and current which
are obtained from Fig. (5).
Voltage , (V)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Power,(W)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
C1=5*1000
C2=5*500
C3=5*1000
C4=3*1000+600+400
C5=2*1000+600+500+400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Voltage , (V)
Current,(A)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
C1=5*1000
C2=5*500
C3=5*1000
C4=3*1000+600+400
C5=2*1000+600+500+400
(a) (b)
Fig. 5: Simulation of P-V curve a) & I-V curve b) of PV module under
partial shading conditions (PSC).
The PV array operates at module D and module E at the local peak
(179.93 W) and (131.14 W) respectivelydue to IncCond Method when PSC
has occurred.In case of without IncCond method,the PV array may operate
at module D and module E, at the operating points of 132 W and 117.6 W

12. according to Figure 1. Since Eq. (2) is satisfies for the mentioned two
situations, scanning period starts to find global Pmax. Owing to scanning
approach, the operating point at module D moves to 228.2 W and the
operating point at module E moves to 159.1 W. The difference betweenthe
real global maximum and perceived local maximum at module D and at
module E are 48.3 W and 28 W respectively,this is a very significantloss for
the PV array.
Table 2: Outcome of the proposed algorithm.
Power (W) IPV (A) Proportion value Difference
∆total
Con.1 Con.2 Con.1 Con.2 P1/P2 I1/I2 P1/P2- I1/I2
392.6 144 1.66 0.8 2.73 2.1 0.63
392.6 179.93 1.66 1 2.18 1.66 0.52
392.6 132 1.66 0.6 2.97 2.77 0.2
392.6 131.14 1.66 0.96 2.99 1.73 1.26
392.6 117.6 1.66 0.56 3.34 2.96 0.38
Under partial shading conditions (PSC), output power of PV unit is
strongly depended from the value of the duty cycle, there is corresponded
certain value of duty cycle which provides maximum output power Figure 7.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400C1=5*1000
C2=5*500
C3=5*1000
C4=3*1000+600+400
C5=2*1000+600+500+400
Duty Cycle
Pout,(w)
Fig. 7: Output power as function from duty cycle under partial shading
conditions (PSC).

13. Conclusion
For the presentintroduces study, boost converter is utilized as the dc-
dc interface forMPP tracking observe in conjunction with PWM(pulse width
modulation) and universal bridge,which convert the solar dc power into high
quality ac power for into the grid. The proposed technique for tracking
maximum power point of photovoltaic arrays that has better performance
even under partial shading condition than the conventional tracking
algorithms. To accept the execution of the proposed algorithm, simulations
concentrates on have been performed. The outcomes have demonstrated
that the proposed approach has a capacity tracking MPPs accurately under
partial shading conditions.
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