5. PARETO CHART
A Pareto chart, also called a Pareto distribution diagram, is a vertical bar
graph in which values are plotted in decreasing order of relative
frequency from left to right. Pareto charts are extremely useful for
analyzing what problems need attention first because the taller bars on
the chart, which represent frequency, clearly illustrate which variables
have the greatest cumulative effect on a given system.
In 1906, Pareto noted that 20% of the population in Italy owned 80% of
the property. He proposed that this ratio could be found many places in
the physical world and theorized it might be a natural law, where 80% of
the outcomes are determined by 20% of the inputs.
7. CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS
Cause and Effect Analysis was devised by professor Kaoru Ishikawa, a
pioneer of quality management, in the 1960s. The technique was then
published in his 1990 book, "Introduction to Quality Control."
The diagrams that you create with Cause and Effect Analysis are known
as Ishikawa Diagrams or Fishbone Diagrams (because a completed
diagram can look like the skeleton of a fish).
Cause and Effect Analysis was originally developed as a quality control
tool, but you can use the technique just as well in other ways. For
instance, you can use it to:
Discover the root cause of a problem.
Uncover bottlenecks in your processes.
Identify where and why a process isn't working.
9. RUN CHART
A run chart, also known as a run-sequence
plot is a graph that displays observed data in
a time sequence. Often, the data displayed
represent some aspect of the output or
performance of a manufacturing or other
business process.
10. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE)
WHAT IF ANALYSIS
In general usage, design of experiments (DOE) or experimental
design is the design of any information-gathering exercises where
variation is present, whether under the full control of the
experimenter or not. However, in statistics, these terms are
usually used for controlled experiments. Formal planned
experimentation is often used in evaluating physical
objects, chemical formulations, structures, components, and
materials. Other types of study, and their design, are discussed in
the articles on opinion polls and statistical surveys (which are
types of observational study), natural experiments and quasi-
experiments (for example, quasi-experimental design).
See Experiment for the distinction between these types of
experiments or studies.
