It's a presentation on how irrigation can be made automatic using sensors. For its complete report and abstract mail me on darkswagger001@gmail.com

1. Automatic Irrigation System by Sensing Soil
Moisture Content
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2. OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
• INTRODUCTION
• IRRIGATION
• THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
• WORKING PRINCIPLE
• METHODOLOGY AND COMPONENTS
• HARDWARE DESIGN
• SYSTEM TESTING &DESIGN
• ADVANTAGE
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTION
• In a country like India, where the economy is mainly based on
agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic, still we are not
able to make full use of agricultural resources.
• The main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir
water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing
the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the
zones of un-irrigated land.
• At the present era, the farmers have been using irrigation
techniques in India through manual control in which farmers
irrigate the land at the regular intervals. This process sometimes
consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to
which crops get dried.
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4. IRRIGATION
• Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil for
the proper growth of crops.
• It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance
of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and
during periods of inadequate rainfall.
• But over irrigation because of poor distribution uniformly or
management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water
pollution.
• Under irirrigation leads to increased soil salinity with consequent
build up of toxic salts on soil surface in areas with high evaporation.
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5. TYPES OF IRRIGATIONS
• Surface Irrigation
• Sprinkler Irrigation
• Drip Irrigation
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6. OBJECTIVE
• To minimize manual intervention by the farmer.
• To prevent excessive wastage of water
• To provides water for plants according to the crop water requirement
and operates according to the soil moisture condition of the root
zone of plants.
• To reduce the electricity wastage due to the motor
• To save the cost of employing people for watering the crops.
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7. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
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• The basic concept used in this project is that the soil has has
a very high resistance when it is dry and it has a low
resistance when it is wet.
• A water level indicator and a moisture level indicator are
used which will indicate the water level on the tank, when the
water level is low it will start a dc motor and when the water
level is high it will switch off the motor.
• And the moisture level indicator will work as a LED meter
which will indicate the moisture level from low to full.

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LIST OF COMPONENTS
•Microcontroller
•Moisture sensors
•Motor/pump
•Power supply
•Water level Sensor
•Water sprinkler
Microcontroller
Moisture Sensor

9. 9
METHODOLOGYAND COMPONENTS

10. 10
Architecture of the Model

11. 11
Irrigation Algorithms
The logics of the algorithm help to identify whether water is flooding to the field or
whether water is below the minimum level in the tanker. Further, logics and decision
making conditions help soil moisture condition of the soil and it always maintain of
moisture in the field.
Algorithm of the logic

12. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM
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The system consists of Soil Moisture Sensor, a Microcontroller and a Relay
interface board. The irrigation system consists of Lanes through which each
segment of the land is flooded and the flooding is controlled using valves as
shown in the Figure. There is also a motor pump that is used to fill the water
Tanker.
Microco
ntroller
Figure-Prototype of the System.

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 This project uses Arduino Uno to controls the motor.
The Arduino Board is programmed using the
Arduino IDE software.
 The moisture sensor measures the level of moisture
in the soil and sends the signal to the Arduino if
watering is required.
 The motor/water pump supplies water to the
plants until the desired moisture level is reached.
Working(Continue)

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Microcontroller
Brain of the system
 Microcontroller used is ATMEGA328.
 8 bit controller.
 Used for reading the values from the soil moisture.
sensor and controlling the relay to the motor.

15. Relay
 It is an electric switch that use an electromagnet to move the switch
from OFF to ON position instead of a person moving the switch.
 Single pole double throw relay is used
AC Motor
 An electric motor uses electric energy to produce mechanical
energy.
 Electric motors are found in household appliances such as fans,
pool pumps, refrigerator, washing machines etc
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Soil sensors and actuators
Actuator is a device used to convert electrical signal to physical output and vice-
versa.ATmega328 microcontroller was used for decision making process. Predefined
operational conditions were used to operate the system without any failure. Algorithms
were developed logically and it was used for software development of the system. C
programming language was used to write the program in to the microcontroller.
Liquid /water level sensors
Liquid (water) level sensors and motor pump here, unlike the field sensors, the
interaction of tanker level and the motor pump is controlled by using two liquid
sensors i.e. the lower sensor, which indicates insufficient of water and that of the
upper sensor, which indicates full of water in the tanker.

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COST ESTIMATION
Sl.No Components cost
1 Moisture sensor 300
2 Microcontroller 500
3 AC Motor 400
4 Relay 400
5 others 400
Total 2000

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OPPORTUNITIES
 There are huge opportunities in the local market since these types
of automations are not yet penetrated to the villages and rural
markets .
 Agriculture still uses conventional methods for many cases so
that a huge opportunities are still awaiting in rural India.

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System testing and result(Source : Journal of Electrical Engg.)
The system was tested using different soil samples. Below is a table of the results obtained. Table 2 shows
the amount of time the system took to irrigate different soil samples in different initial states. Figure 2 is a
graphical representation of the result.
TABLE 2: Test results on different soils
Soil Sample Soil Type
Initial soil state (%
dryness)
Irrigation time
(seconds)
A Sandy 100 5.0
B Sandy 70 3.0
C Sandy 50 1.5
D Loamy 100 12.0
E Loamy 70 7.5
F Loamy 50 2.0
G Clay 100 15.0
H Clay 70 8.0
I Clay 50 2.5

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Figure:- Graph of the system’s response to soil samples of different conditions

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Result Analysis :
It can be seen from the results obtained that the system
responded linearly with respect to the degree of dryness for the
three soil types. There is a linear relationship between the
degree of soil dryness and the time taken to irrigate the soil. At
50% dryness, irrigation durations were 2.0, 2.0 and 2.5 seconds
for sandy, loamy and clayey soils respectively. While at 70%
dryness, irrigation durations increased to 3.0, 7.5 and 8.0
seconds for sandy, loamy and clayey soils respectively. It is seen
that irrigation in loamy soil generally took longer in loamy soil
than in sandy soil, and clayey soil irrigation took longest.

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Advantage of proposed system over previous models
Less Hardware Involve: This proposed system consist of less
hardware as compared to the previous model hence it is compact as
compared to the previous system.
Cost Efficient: This proposed stem is more cost efficient than the
previous system this claim is made on the fact that the proposed
system does not need the heavy and expensive hardware for
implementation.
Saves Water: Studies show that this type of automated irrigation
system consumes 40-50% less water as compared to the traditional
system.

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Basic Advantages:
 Improves Growth: Ideal growth condition is been provided when small amount of
water is been applied over large amount of time. This smart irrigation system
extends watering time for plants, and provides ideal growth condition.
 Save Time: In this sprinklers moving and setting is not required hence it saves time
and timer delay as per the environmental condition can be added for automatic
watering.
 Adaptable: This smart irrigation system can be adjusted and modified according to
the changing environment. Simpler Method: It is simple to operate it starts by
designing the map of your garden and marking the location of planting. Then the
required distance is been measured for length of plastic tubing so that the desired
area can be reached.

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 This is applicable for only large frames.
 Have limited life after installation due to the detoriation of
the plastic component in a hot, arid climate when exposed
to ultraviolet light.
 New automatic systems are to be introduced to the market which
may have better options.
 cheap complementary products may enter to the market.
Weakness
Threats

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Conclusion and future directions:
As water supplies become scarce and polluted, there is a need to irrigate more
efficiently in order to minimize water use and chemical leaching. Recent advances in
soil water sensoring make the commercial use of this technology possible to
automate irrigation management for vegetable production. However, research
indicates that different sensors types may not perform alike under all conditions.
Reductions in water use range as high as 70% compared to farmer practices with no
negative impact on crop yields. Due to the soil’s natural variability, location and
number of soil water sensors may be crucial and future work should include
optimization of sensor placement. Additional research should also include techniques
to overcome the limitation of requiring a soil specific calibration.

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I am extremely grateful and remain indebted to my guide Prof. Dr.
P.C. Swain of Civil department for being a source of inspiration and for his
constant support. I am thankful to him for his constant constructive criticism
and Invaluable suggestions.
I express my gratitude to Dr. B.B Mukherjee Asst. prof. Civil dept. for
his constant official support encouragement and guidance for my Seminar
work.
I do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge of all the faculty
members for their kinds assistance and co-operations.
Last but not the least, thanks to my friends for their contributions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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References:
[1]. Abdurrahman, M. A., International Journal of Computer and Information Technology (ISSN:
2279 – 0764) Volume 04 – Issue 03, May 2015 .
[2]. Nagarajapandian, M., Prasanth, R., and Selva, G., NTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, INSTRUMENTATION
AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Vol. 3, Issue 1, January 2015
[3]. Allen R. G., Pereira L. S., Raes D, and Smith M. Crop Evapotranspiration - Guidelines for
computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56. Rome, Italy
1998.
[4]. Muthu kumaran, M.B., “Micro controller Based Charge Controller for Photo Voltaic
System”, IEEE Power Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE), pp. 1454-1457, Oct.
2006.
[5]. Ullah, Z.; Burford, B.; Dillip, S.; “Fast intelligent battery charging: neural-fuzzy approach,”
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, Vol. 11, pp. 26-34, June 1996.
[6]. Peatman, J., (1988). Design With Microcontrollers, McGraw-Hill, New York.
[7]. Horowitz, P., (1996) “The Art Programming” Cambridge University Press.

28. Thank you…..
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