Research and Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science (RRJoPS) is a print and eJournal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers in all areas of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The Journal Intends to publish all recent advancements in the field of Pharmaceutics. Focus and Scope Covers Basic pharmaceutical sciences Pharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics Pharmaceutical Engineering Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Pharmaceutical Analysis Biopharmaceutics Pharmacodynamics Protein-Peptide chemistry Pharmaceutical technology Pharmaceutical Toxicology Pharmaceutical validation techniques Pharmacotherapy Pharmacogenomics Quality Control Drug and Pro-drug design

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JSS college of Pharmacy, JSS
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Georgia Institute of Technology,
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CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical
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Prof. Basawaraj S Patil
RMES college of pharmacy,
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Ashish Runthala
Birla Institute of Technology & Science,
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Dr. Gopalakrishna Pillai
Professor, Dept.Pharm.Sci Sullivan
University College of Pharmacy,
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Bahareh Honarparvar
Pharmaceutical sciences at college
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Hendrik Gerhardus Kruger
School of Chemistry,
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Durban School of Chemistry,
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Yakub Esmail Kadernani
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Port Elizabeth, Nelson Mandela
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Ruchi Chawla
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Indian Institute of Technology (BHU),
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Ms. Siripan Phattanarudee
Department of Pharmacy Practice,
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8. Editorial Board
Yohei Kawasaki
Department of Drug Evaluation
and Informatics,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Shizuoka, Japan
NomaChina Kubashe
Pharmacy Department,
Faculty of Health Sciences at the Nelson
Mandela Metropolitan University

9. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 7 Issue 3] of our Journal of Research &
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10. 1. Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Assay of Diethylcarbamazine Citrate in Pharmaceuticals using
Permanganate as Oxidant
Nagib A.S. Qarah, K. Basavaiah 1
2. Colloidosomes: An Inherent Rigid Vesicle with Controlled Drug Distribution
Vivek P. Chavda, Moinuddin M. Soniwala, Jayant R. Chavda 12
3. Alcoholic and Aqueous Extract of Eucaluyptus Globules Posses Antimicrobial Activity and
Antifungal Property Confined only to Alcoholic Extract
Pushpaveni C., Rekha S., Iswar Hazarika, Vineeth Chandy 26
4. Factors Affecting Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care at Jimma University Specialized Hospital,
South West Ethiopia
Gebremichael Tesfay, Shibiru Tesema, Eliyas Kadi Abafita 30
5. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay of Nateglinide and its Stability Study
K. Basavaiah, N. Rajendraprasad, K.B. Vinay 41
ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science

11. RRJoPS (2016) 1-11 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
ISSN: 2229-7006(online)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Assay of
Diethylcarbamazine Citrate in Pharmaceuticals using
Permanganate as Oxidant
Nagib A.S. Qarah, K. Basavaiah*
Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Two titrimetric and one spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of
diethylcarbamazine citrate in bulk drug and dosage forms using permanganate as an
oxidimetric agent. In method A, the drug solution in H2SO4 is titrated directly at 80°C to a
pink end-point. DEC was treated with a measured excess of standard permanganate in H2SO4
medium, and after a contact time of 5 min, the residual oxidant back titrated with ammonium
ferrous sulphate to a colorless end-point (method B). Spectrophotometry is based on the
measurement of the unreacted permanganate at 550 nm after the reaction between DEC and
permanganate in H2SO4 medium is ensured to be complete (method C). In all methods, the
amount of permanganate reacted was related to the amount/concentration of DEC.
Experimental variables associated with the assay were carefully examined and optimized for
better performance characteristics. Both the titrimetric methods are applicable over 1–10 mg
range and the reaction follows 1:3 and 1:4 (DEC:KMnO4) stoichiometry in direct and indirect
methods, respectively. In spectrophotometry, Beer's law is obeyed in the inverse manner, and
linearity is observed in the range 2.5–30 µg ml-1
with a molar absorptivity value of
8.03×103
l mol-1
cm-1
. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were
calculated to be 0.12 and 0.35 µg ml-1
, respectively. The methods were validated for precision
and accuracy, robustness and ruggedness and selectivity. The methods were applied to the
determination of DEC in tablets and suspension with satisfactory results. The accuracy of the
methods was also assessed by recovery study via standard-addition procedure.
Keywords: Diethylcarbamazine citrate, assay, titrimetry, spectrophotometry, permanganate,
pharmaceuticals
INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organization (WHO) has
called for an effort to eliminate lymphatic
filariasis (LF) around the world [1]. A
nematode worm (Wuchereria bancrofti) is the
cause of 90% of lymphatic filariasis cases
globally. Mosquito bites transmit larval
nematodes (microfilariae) present in the blood
stream of infected persons, and although the
adult nematodes are resistant to medical
treatment, human transmission in endemic
regions can be stopped by administering drugs,
such as Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) (Figure 1),
that kill the microfilariae. DEC has had a long
history of safe use in mass drug administration
(MDA) LF eradication programs [2–4], and so
far, W. bancrofti do not appear to have
developed resistance to DEC [5, 6]. A course
of treatment of 6 mg/kg per day of DEC citrate
for 12 days (daily dose around 300 mg) can
significantly reduce the microfilariae count in
an infected person. However, in regions where
the disease is endemic, yearly drug
administration to infected individuals must be
continued over the adult worm lifetime of 4–
6 years to eradicate the disease. As an
alternative to pill-based MDA, DEC can be
administered to local populations in the form
of medicated cooking salt, with DEC citrate
present at 0.2–0.4% w/w, which corresponds
to a daily dose of 20–40 mg DEC citrate.
Local production and distribution of medicated
salt fortified with DEC has proved to be a
particularly effective method [7, 8] for
eradicating LF from endemic regions [9, 10].
In view of its pharmaceutical importance,
considerable work has been done for its

12. RRJoPS (2016) 12-25 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
ISSN: 2229-7006(online)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Colloidosomes: An Inherent Rigid Vesicle with
Controlled Drug Distribution
Vivek P. Chavda*, Moinuddin M. Soniwala, Jayant R. Chavda
Department of Pharmaceutics, B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Colloidosomes are hollow capsules whose shell is composed of closely packed uniform
colloidal particles. To date, colloidosomes have been fabricated using colloidal assembly at
liquid-liquid interfaces. This system also solves the problem of insolubility, instability, rapid
degradation and widely used in specialized areas like protein delivery, gene delivery, targeting
to brain, tumour targeting, etc. In the series of vascular systems, colloidosome is the advanced
tool in drug delivery. Colloidosomes have a great, encapsulation efficacy with a wide control
over size, permeability, mechanical strength and compatibility. Moreover, the release of larger
encapsulated materials from such traditional colloidosomes relies on external triggers such
as, changes in osmotic pressure or mechanical forces to crush or break open the capsule; this
precludes precise control of the release response. These limitations highlight the need for a
flexible technique to fabricate colloidosomes that enables both, control of the permeability to
small species and a high degree of sensitivity to a release trigger. The types, properties,
fabrication techniques, characterization and recent works on colloidosomes are compiled in
this work.
Keywords: Colloidosomes, core materials, emulsion droplets, fused colloidal particles,
microcapsules
INTRODUCTION
Delivery systems are designed to protect an
incorporated drug from the environment
during delivery and to provide a controlled
release. The goal may be either to deliver a
drug locally to specific sites in the body or to
prepare a drug carrier system that acts as a
reservoir at the site of injection over a certain
time period [1].
In recent years, a growing number of potential
drugs, peptides and protein drugs have been
discovered. Unfortunately, protein drugs are
subjected to numerous chemical and physical
instability mechanisms and rapid enzymatic
degradation, while drug molecule has
solubility and permeability issues; therefore,
they often show low bioavailabilities and have
short in vivo half-lives, thus necessitating
parenteral delivery [2]. To sustain therapeutic
effects, these drugs have to be administered by
infusion or via frequent injections. It is
obvious that there is an urgent need for
suitable delivery systems capable of
preserving protein stability and improving
administration frequencies, and thus lessening
the strain on patients. Particulate drug carriers
that have been investigated for this purpose
are: oil/water (o/w) emulsions, liposomes,
microparticles, and nanoparticles based on
synthetic polymers or natural macromolecules
[3]. Use of synthetic materials, however, often
goes along with biocompatibility problems,
residual solvents, and detrimental effects on
the incorporated drug during the
manufacturing procedure or during polymer
degradation after application [4].
Therefore, alternative carrier substances have
been investigated in recent years. Among
them, lipidic materials have garnered growing
attention. Successful drug or protein
incorporation and delivery has been reported
for liposomes [5], multivesicular liposome
preparations [6], cubic phase gels [7], hollow
lipid microparticles [8], hollow lipid
microcylinders [9], microparticles [10], and
solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for intravenous
applications [11].

13. RRJoPS (2016) 26-29 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
ISSN: 2229-7006(online)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Alcoholic and Aqueous Extract of Eucalyptus globulus
Posses Antimicrobial Activity and Antifungal Property
Confined only to Alcoholic Extract
Pushpaveni C.1
, Rekha S.2
, Iswar Hazarika1,
*, Vineeth Chandy2
1
Department of Pharmacology, T. John College of Pharmacy, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Road,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutical, T. John College of Pharmacy, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Road,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Alcoholic and aqueous extract of leaves of Eucalyptus globulus was studied for in vitro for its
antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The study was done against gram-positive bacteria
(Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa) and fungus (Candida albicans). The evaluation was done by determining its
inhibition zone. Result demonstrated that alcoholic extract has broad spectrum antibacterial
and antifungal activity on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and fungus,
whereas the aqueous extract has only broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Our study
confirms the antibacterial and antifungal property of E. globules.
Keywords: Eucalyptus globules, anti-bacterial, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin
INTRODUCTION
Resistances of microorganism towards
conventional antimicrobial agents are a serious
problem worldwide. This necessitates the
search of a novel chemical agent which can
substitute the conventional antimicrobial
agents.
Eucalyptus globules (Family: Myrtaceae) is a
tall and evergreen tree native to Australia and
Tasmania but successfully introduced
worldwide including India [1–4]. It is one such
plant which symbolizes all that is wondrous in
nature because, the whole plant has been used
as traditional medicine for household remedy
against various human ailments from
antiquity. Although, it is native to Australia,
its therapeutic effect have been introduced and
integrated into traditional system of medicine
of India, China and Greco-Europe. In India, it
is described in Ayurveda for more than 1250
preparations containing eucalyptus oil [5].
Many amongst these preparations have been
successfully used in various infectious
conditions. Eucalyptus oils have a history of
wide application including pharmaceutical use.
Moreover, report suggests that it has
antibacterial effect but proper scientific
evidence is missing. Hence, the aim of our
study was to investigate the antimicrobial
activity of Eucalyptus globules extracts on
some microbial stains.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Materials
The fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus were
collected on October 2014 from the local areas
of Bangalore, India. The sample was
authenticated in the research and development
laboratory of Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd.,
Bangalore of Karnataka State, India, by
comparing the sample with authentic sample.
A voucher specimen has been preserved at the
laboratory for further reference. The collected
fresh leaves of E. globulus were air dried over
a period of two weeks and the air-dried leaves
were grinded into powder.
Extract Preparation
Alcoholic Extract
About 50 g of dried plant material were
extracted with 200 ml of solvent (in the ratio
of 9:1 ml distilled methanol: water
respectively). The leaves were completely

14. RRJoPS (2016) 30-40 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 30
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
ISSN: 2229-7006(online)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Factors Affecting Implementation of Pharmaceutical
Care at Jimma University Specialized Hospital,
South West Ethiopia
Gebremichael Tesfay, Shibiru Tesema, Eliyas Kadi Abafita*
School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Ethiopia
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of medicine therapy for the purpose of a
definite outcome that improves a patient’s quality of life. It is a necessary element of
healthcare and the concept implies the active participation of the patient in medicine therapy
decisions and, the cooperation of healthcare providers across disciplines. This study was
conducted to explore factors that affect the implementation of pharmaceutical care at Jimma
University Specialized Hospital (JUSH). A prospective cross-sectional study with semi-
structured self-administered questionnaire was conducted and complete survey technique was
used for pharmacists working at JUSH and pharmacy post-graduate students. Fifty nine
questionnaires were retrieved from the respondents that make the response rate around
89.39%. Significantly more than half of the respondents (69.49%) were male and slightly
more than half (55.93%) were able enough to communicate through both Amharic and Afan
Oromo. Lack of space and inappropriate layout within the pharmacy was found to be the
strongest challenging factor for pharmaceutical care implementation at JUSH with 50.85 and
33.89% strongly agree and agree, respectively. Even though, the feasibility of pharmaceutical
care in Ethiopia health system has been assured in previous studies, it is not well implemented
at JUSH yet and is found in its early stage. Lack of space, trained personnel and time were
identified in this study as inhibiting factors and therefore, enough and appropriate space and,
sufficient pharmacists should be employed and freed to a greater extent from performing
routine tasks which could be delegated with supervision to train supportive personnel, thereby
expanding professional pharmacy service.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical care, Implementation, Barrier, Jimma University Specialized
Hospital
INTRODUCTION
Pharmaceutical Care (PC) is widely
understood as "the direct, responsible
provision of medication-related care to achieve
definite outcomes intended to improve the
patient's quality of life”. The principal
elements of PC are that it is medication
related; it is care that is directly provided to
the patient by pharmacist in collaboration with
the patients and healthcare professionals [1].
This role requires pharmacists to apply a
higher level of drug knowledge, clinical skill,
and independent judgment to their work which
involves designing, implementing and
monitoring a therapeutic plan. The care
provided is to produce definite outcomes;
these outcomes are intended to improve the
patient’s quality of life; and the pharmacists
who practice PC have accepted personal
responsibility for their patients’ outcomes.
These therapeutic outcomes are: cure of a
disease, elimination or reduction of a patient’s
symptoms, arresting or slowing a disease
process or symptoms [2, 3].
Most of the literatures available on the
evaluation of PCSs, and identified numerous
barriers that impede its implementation were
conducted in developed countries [4, 5].
Despite the fact that the clinical, economic and
humanistic viability of PC is even more
essential in resource limiting settings, there is
a lack of information in relation the
implementation, and its challenges, of PCSs in
developing (particularly in Africa) countries
and its value too [7, 8]. Although PC concept

15. RRJoPS (2016) 41-52 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 41
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
ISSN: 2229-7006(online)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay of
Nateglinide and its Stability Study
K. Basavaiah1,
*, N. Rajendraprasad2
, K.B. Vinay3
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
2
PG Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, B.N. Road, Mysuru,
Karnataka, India
3
Jubilant Generics Ltd., Nanjanagudu, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Nateglinide (NTG) is a D-phenylalanine derivative used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes
mellitus. An accurate, sensitive and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic
(HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of NTG in
pharmaceutical samples. The drug was eluted from Inertsil ODS 3V (150×4.6 mm; 5 µm
particle size) column at 30°C with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer of pH 3.3
and methanol (70:30 v/v). The flow rate was 1 mlmin-1
and the UV detector was set at 210 nm
to monitor the effluent. The retention behaviour of NTG as a function of mobile phase pH,
composition and flowrate was investigated. Quantification was achieved by the measurement
of mean peak area and the calibration curve was linear (r=0.9998) over the concentration
range, 1–300 µg.ml-1
. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), calculated as per
ICH guidelines, were 0.1 and 0.3 µg.ml-1
, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precisions
expressed as RSD were <1% and the corresponding accuracies were better than 1.2% (RE).
The method was also validated for robustness, ruggedness and selectivity. The method was
applied to the determination of NTG in commercial tablets and the results agreed well with
the label claim and those obtained by the reference method. Accuracy was also assessed by
recovery test via standard-addition procedure. As part of degradation study, drug was
subjected to forced degradation via acid- and base- hydrolysis, oxidation, thermolysis and
photolysis, and the results revealed that the drug was degraded completely under oxidative
stress condition and partly under base-induced stress condition. The drug remained intact
when subjected to other stress conditions.
Keywords: Nateglinide, determination, HPLC, pharmaceuticals, stress-testing
INTRODUCTION
Nateglinide (NTG), chemically known as [N-
(trans-4-isopropylcyclohexyl carbonyl)-D-
phenylalanine] (Figure 1) [1], is a D-
phenylalanine derivative lacking either a
sulphonylurea or benzamido moiety and is a
novel oral meal-time glucose regulator and has
been approved for the treatment of diabetes
mellitus [2, 3]. This meglitinide derivative
works by stimulating the pancreas to release
insulin by closing the ATP-dependent
potassium channels.
The resulting influx of calcium induces insulin
secretion. It is rapidly and completely
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and
peak plasma concentration reaches at 0.5–
1.0 h. It is metabolized by cytochrome P-450
system to inactive metabolite and eliminated
with half-life of 1.4 h [4].
Fig. 1: Structure of NTG.
The medicinal value of NTG has prompted
many researchers to develop methods for its
determination in body fluids as a part of

16. ISSN 2229-7006 (Online)(RRJoPS)
Research & Reviews
A Journal of
Pharmaceutical Science
September–December 2016
conducted
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Energy Science/ /
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