The document discusses turbochargers and provides details about their operation and advantages/disadvantages. It then summarizes a research case study on the effects of applying thermal barrier coatings to diesel engine components. The study found that coatings reduced emissions, increased exhaust temperatures, and improved efficiency. Specifically, it showed reductions in CO, HC, and particulate emissions of 35-40%, 40%, and 48%, respectively, along with a 10% increase in thermal efficiency.

1. GROUP - 5
(ICE-IA)
Submitted to :- Mr. Rahul V
Deharkar
Case Study on
TURBOCHARGER
SOT,
PDPU,
Gandhinagar
1

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Application
 Case Study
 Research Introduction
 Research Experiment
 Research Conclusion
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3. INTRODUCTION
 A turbocharger is turbine-drive forced induction
device that increases an internal combustion
engine’s efficiency and power output by forcing
extra air into the combustion chamber.
 known as turbo-supercharger. Today, the term
supercharger is a typically applied only to
mechanically driven forced induction devices. The
key difference between turbocharger and
supercharger is that a supercharger is
mechanically driven by the engine often through a
belt connected to the crankshaft, whereas, a
turbocharger is powered by a turbine driven by
the engine exhaust’s gas.3

4.  Forced induction is use in the automotive and
aviation industry to increase engine power and
efficiency.
 A forced induction engine is essentially two
compressors in series. The compression stroke of
the engine is the main compression that every
engine has.
 An additional compressor feeding into the intake
of the engine causes forced induction of air. A
compressor feeding pressure into another greatly
increases the total compression ratio of the entire
system.
 This intake pressure is called boost. This
particularly helps aviation engines, as they need
to operate at higher altitudes with lower air
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5.  A turbocharger relies on the volume and velocity
of exhaust gases to spin (spool) the turbine
wheel, which is a connected to the compressor
wheel via a common shaft.
 The boost pressure made can be regulated by a
system of release valves and electronic
controllers.
 A larger turbo, on the other hand, will provide
improved high-rev performance at the expense of
low-end response. Other common design issues
include limited turbine lifespan, due to the high
exhaust temperatures it must withstand, and the5

6.  The chief benefit of a turbocharger is that it
consumes less power from the engine than a
supercharger; the main drawback is that engine
response suffers greatly because it takes time for
the turbocharger to come up to speed (spool up).
This delay in power delivery is referred to as turbo
lag.
 Any given turbo design is inherently one of
compromise; a smaller turbo will spool quickly
and deliver full boost pressure at low engine
speeds, but boost pressure will suffer at high
engine RPM.
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7. Advantages
 Smaller and lighter than mechanical blower
 Less moving parts
 No drive required from engine
 Can easily deliver the large quantities of air
required
 Increases thermal efficiency
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8. Disadvantages
 Installation
 Cost
 Driving
 System
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9. Applications
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 Petrol-powered cars
 Diesel-powered cars
 Motorcycles
 Trucks
 Aircraft
 Marine and land-based diesel turbochargers

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11. CASE STUDY
 Research paper on “Effects of thermal barrier coating
on a turbocharged diesel engine performance.”
 Abstract: - Thermal barrier ceramic coatings are
successfully used for applications in diesel engines and in
the combustion chamber of gas turbine engines, e.g., for
nozzle guide vanes, turbine blades, cylinder liners and
heads. An experimental investigation into the effects of
ceramic coatings on the performance of a diesel engine
and exhaust emissions was conducted.
 Ceramic coatings can eliminate visible smoke, inhibit the
formation of NOx, reduce CO and particulate emissions,
and improve combustion efficiency. The performance of
the diesel ceramic coating was tested on a hydraulic
engine dynamometer. The coatings are being evaluated for
their ability to control particulate emissions, for emissions
in exhaust gases for smoke, horsepower, speed and fuel
rate. CO and hydrocarbon levels were lower than baseline
levels.11

12. Research Introduction
 One of the development trends for heat engines is
improvement of their energy efficiency. In the case of
internal combustion piston engines, one of the ways to
achieve this aim is engine adiabatization.
 To create suitable conditions for the thermodynamics cycle
in the internal combustion engine, it is essential to
construct the elements of the combustion chamber from
materials of low thermal conductivity.
 It is known that the lifetime of thermal barrier coatings
(TBCs) is limited by two basic failure mechanisms: thermal
expansion mismatch between bond coat and top coat, and
oxidation of the bond coat.
 One of the possible methods to adiabatize an engine is to
cover the surface of the combustion chamber with a TBC.
The thermal insulation thus obtained is supposed to lead,
according to the second law of thermodynamics, to an
improvement in the engine's heat efficiency and a
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13.  The exhaust energy rise that accompanies this can be
used effectively to turbo charge an engine. Higher
temperatures in the combustion chamber can also have a
positive effect in diesel engines, due to the reduction in
delay and hardness of engine operation, although an
increase in the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) may be
expected as well [1].
 The typical thermal efficiency of most commercially
available diesel engines ranges from 38% to 42%.
 Therefore, between 58% and 62% of the energy content of
the fuel is lost in the form of waste heat. Approximately
30% is retained in the exhaust gas and the remainder is
removed by cooling, etc.
 In order to save energy, it is an advantage to protect the
hot parts by a thermally insulating layer. This will reduce
the heat transfer through the engine walls and a greater
part of the energy produced can be utilized, involving an
increased efficiency.13

14.  More than 55% of the energy that is produced during the
combustion process is removed by cooling water/air and
through the exhaust gas.
 Specific material requirements and selection methodology
for the adiabatic engine are somewhat constrained by
specific design and application approaches; however, the
following properties are representative of important
characteristics:
1. insulative properties;
2. high expansion coefficients;
3. high-temperature capability;
4. high strength;
5. fracture toughness;
6. high thermal-shock resistance;
7. low friction and wear characteristics; and
8. Low cost [4].14

15. Research Experiment
 First, this engine was tested as equipped with a
water-cooled intercooler at different speeds and load
conditions without a coating. Then, the surfaces of the
engine's combustion chamber were coated with
ceramic materials.
 The cylinder head and valves were coated with 0.35
mm thickness of CaZrO3 over a 0.15 mm thick NiCrAl
bond coat. The material used on the pistons was
MgZrO3.
 The experimental and computational results show that
a thermal barrier coating greatly affects the
performance parameters of a turbocharged diesel
engine.
 In the work, another aim was to study the effects of
thermal barrier coatings on the performance of a
naturally aspirated engine. For this aim, the engine
was tested as a naturally aspirated engine for both15

16. CONCLUSION
 Exhaust temperatures increase by between 15 and
65°C.
 Volumetric efficiency should drop with the addition of
ceramic insulation as the hotter walls and residual gas
decrease the density of the inducted air (increase of
3%).
 Results of the tests show CO emissions about 35% to
40%, unburned HC emissions 40% and particulate
emissions 48% lower in the coated engine.
 Oxides of nitrogen increase with the increased
temperatures expected in the coated engine.
 The smoke number was lower in the insulated engine
under medium loads, but increased rapidly at high
loads.
 The thermal efficiency increases by 10% in the engine
with TBCs.
 The specific fuel consumption shows a 2% decrease
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17. References
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1. Büyükkaya, E., et al. (2006). "Effects of thermal
barrier coating on gas emissions and performance
of a LHR engine with different injection timings and
valve adjustments." Energy conversion and
management 47(9): 1298-1310.
2. Winkler, M. F. and D. W. Parker (1993). The Role of
Diesel Ceramic Coatings in Reducing Automotive
Emissions and Improving Combustion Efficiency,
SAE Technical Paper.
3. Woods, M. and I. Oda (1982). PSZ ceramics for
adiabatic engine components, SAE Technical Paper.
4. Woods, M. E., et al. (1991). Advances in high
temperature components for the adiabatic engine,
SAE Technical Paper.

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