Overview of vaccines, types of immunity and immunization introduction, Response of Vaccine In Body, Antigen , Antibody, Composition Of Vaccines, History of Vaccine, Types of Vaccine, Live attenuated vaccine (LAV), Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine), Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen), Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid), Ideal characteristics of vaccine, On the basis of components vaccine are also divided, Immunity, Types of Immunity, Non-specific,Specific Immunity, Difference between Active and Passive Immunity. ,

1. OVERVIEW OF VACCINES,
TYPES OF IMMUNITY AND
IMMUNIZATION
Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
Assistant Professor
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Ms. M. P. Maske
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2. Introduction • The vaccine defined as pharmaceutical suspension or solution of
immunogenic substance or compound that is intended to induce
active immunity.
• The vaccine term is applied to all the agents of active immunisation
and the process is known as vaccination.
• The term vaccine applies to all biological preparations, produced
from living organisms, that enhance immunity against disease
either prevent or treat diseases.
• Vaccine are administered in liquid form by injection, oral, by intra-
nasal routes.
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3. Response of
Vaccine In
Body
• Primary response : During the vaccination, vaccine are injected in
the body, it behaves as a antigen or foreign substance to the body,
so our body work against this substances and produced the
antibodies create a immunity this is known as primary response
against disease.
• Secondary response : After that immunity is developed and stored
in the memory cells of the brain regarding to the previous
infections.
• In future any similar infections are cause then our immune system
give rapid response and fight against disease this is known as
secondary response by producing antibodies.
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4. • Vaccines play a major role in prophylactic and therapeutic role in many
disease.
• Antigen : Antigen are those substances that stimulate the immune
system to produce antibodies (protective body). It behaves like foreign
particles like bacteria, virus for recipient body and cause undesirable
changes, then recipient body protects itself by producing the antibodies.
• Antibody : Antibody is the proteinaceous protective modification
produced by the immune system in response to the presence of the
foreign substances like bacteria, viruses and neutralize their activities.
• It is also called immunoglobulin and each molecule contains four
peptide chains, two small called light chains and two heavy chain/longer
chain (H2L2).
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5. Composition
Of
Vaccines
• Bulk antigen (main component) of vaccine mixed with other
fluids like water, saline, additives or preservatives and
sometimes adjuvants these additional substance known a
excipients.
• Vaccines are usually formulated as liquids, freeze properly.
• Preservatives ensure the sterility of the vaccine.
• They used to prevent contamination of multi-dose containers.
• Sometimes preservatives are added during manufacturing to
prevent microbial contamination.
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6. History of
Vaccine
• Discovery of Immune system :
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) -
Edward was creating the concept of vaccines and
formulated the small pox vaccine.
• After that Louis Pasteur (1878) discovered the
rabies and anthrax vaccine.
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7. Types of Vaccine
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• There are four types of vaccines, categorized by the antigen (inactive microbes, toxins,
surface protein) used in their preparation.

8. 1.Live
attenuated
vaccine
(LAV)
1. Live attenuated vaccine (LAV) :
Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) is prepared by
pathogens (virus or bacteria) which causes the infections or
disease, that have been weakened under laboratory condition.
• Live microorganisms provide continual antigenic stimulation
giving sufficient time for memory cell production.
• Due to their weak activity it cause no or very mild disease.
• Example: Tuberculosis (BCG), Oral polio vaccine (OPV),
Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow fever.
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9. 2.
Inactivate
d vaccine
(Killed
vaccine)
2. Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine) :
Inactivated vaccines are prepared by the method of
killing antigens through the physical or chemical processes.
• These killed organisms cannot cause risk of inducing the
disease and they are also considered more stable than LAV
vaccines.
• Example: Whole cell pertussis, Inactivated polio virus
(IPV).
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10. 3. Subunit
vaccine
(Purified
antigen)
3. Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen) :
Subunit vaccines contains the antigenic parts
( disease causing portion) of antigen.
• Like inactivated vaccine it also not contains the live
components of antigen, it is only contains the antigenic parts
like surface protein, conjugated chemicals, polysaccharide
etc.
• Example: Pertussis, influenza type b Pneumococcal,
Hepatitis B.
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11. 4. Toxoid
vaccine
(Inactivated
Toxoid)
4. Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid) :
Toxoid vaccines are based on the toxin
produced by certain bacteria.
• Released toxin is used to prepare the vaccine and these parts
are necessary to elicit a protective immune response and
produce antibody.
• Example: Tetanus Toxoid (TT), Diphtheria Toxoid.
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12. Ideal
characteristics
of
vaccine
• Not cause any allergic reaction.
• Easily administrable without any harm.
• Easy to store not shows any incompatibility with
storage materials.
• Easily available and low economic value.
• Not cause any disease condition and rapidly produces
antibody effects.
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13. On the
basis of
component
s vaccine
are also
divided
• Monovalent vaccine : A monovalent vaccine contains a single strain of
disease causing specific antigen.
Example: Measles vaccine
• Polyvalent vaccine : It contains two or more strains/serotypes of
disease causing specific antigen.
Example: Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
• Combination vaccine : In combination vaccine many antigen are
combined in the single injection that can prevent different diseases or
that protect against multiple strains of infectious agents causing the
same disease.
Example: Combination vaccine DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis and
Tetanus antigens)
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14. Ms. M. P. Maske
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15. Ms. M. P. Maske
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16. Immunity
• Immunity :
Immunity is define as the ability of immune
system to produce the immune response against the disease
causing organisms like bacteria, virus, fungus, and other
foreign agent.
• The defense mechanism of body may be divided into two
form,
1. Non-specific/Innate/Neutral immunity
2. Specific/Acquired/Adaptive immunity
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17. Immunity
Non-
specific/Innate/Natural
Immunity
Specific
Immunity
Racial
Immunity
Individual
Immunity
Specific/Acquired/A
daptive Immunity
Active
Immunity
Natural Active
Immunity
Artificial
Active
Immunity
Passive
Immunity
Natural
Passive
Immunity
Artificial
Passive
Immunity
Types of Immunity
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18. Non-specific :
• Its present in every individual from birth, affected by genetic
and molecular structure of the gene.
• Species Immunity : This type of immunity found in all
members of species like microbes are pathogenic to humans but
does not infect animals.
Exp: B. anthracis infects humans but not chickens.
• Racial Immunity : In which various races show marked
differences in their resistance to certain infectious diseases.
• Individual Immunity : Its found in different individuals of
same race and species possessing variable resistance against
infection.
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19. Innate
immunity
consists of
four types
of Barriers
1. Physical barriers : They are in the form of skin and mucous
membrane.
• Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry of
the microorganisms.
• Mucus coating of the epithelium lining is also provide the
barrier and also prevents the microbes entering in our body.
• It is present in respiratory, gastrointestinal tracts.
2. Chemical barriers : They are in the form of gastric and
digestive enzymes.
• Tears from eyes – all prevent microbial growth
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20. 3. Cellular barriers :
Certain type of leukocytes (WBC) of our
body like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-
neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of
lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in
tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes.
4. Cytokine barriers :
Virus infected cells secrete proteins
called interferon’s which protect non-infected cells from
further viral infection.
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21. Specific
Immunity :
• It’s the set of responses which the immune system activates
to target specific pathogens.
• Active Immunity : The resistance developed by an
individual after effective contact with an antigen.
• Natural active immunity : Immunity is long lasting.
Exp: Individual recovering from chicken pox infection
acquire natural active immunity against it.
• Artificial active immunity : Involves vaccines this are
preparations of live, killed microorganisms or toxoids.
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22. • Passive Immunity : The immunity performed
antibodies against infective agents or toxins.
Exp : Anti-venom is used in cases of snake bites.
• Natural passive immunity : This is seen when
antibodies are transferred from mother to foetus and
protect till its own immune system develops to function.
• Artificial passive immunity : These chemicals or
agents are introduced in the body through parenteral
route.
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23. Sr. No. Active Immunity Passive Immunity
1 Its developed immunity. Its produced immunity.
2 Slow and long-lasting. Relatively fast and short-lived.
3 A booster dose, if required can be given to
Provide lifelong immunity.
A booster dose does not help in
maintaining immunity for long.
4 Antigen are administered. Antibodies are administered.
5 Given in long term prophylaxis. Given in short term prophylaxis.
6 Prevents a disease and is administered before
infection.
Administered after the subject has been
exposed to an infection.
Difference between Active and Passive Immunity
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24. Ms. M. P. Maske
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Thank You