2. DATA
DEFINITION
facts and statistics collected together for reference or
analysis.
A set of values recorded on one or more observational
units
3. TYPES OF DATA:
Qualitative/ Quantitative data
Discrete/ Continuous data
Primary/ Secondary data
Nominal/ Ordinal data
4. QUALITATIVE DATA
Also called as enumeration data .
It Represents a particular quality or attribute.
They can't be measured.
Expressed as numbers without unit of measurements .
Eg: religion, Sex, Blood group etc.
5. QUANTITATIVE DATA
Also called as measurement data.
These data have a magnitude.
Can be expressed as number with or without unit of
measurement.
Eg: Height in cm, Hb in gm%, BP in mm of Hg, Weight in
kg.
7. DISCRETE / CONTINUOUS DATA:
Discrete data - Here we always get a whole number.
Eg. Number of beds in hospital, Malaria cases
Continuous data :
it can take any value possible to measure or possibility of
getting fractions.
Eg. Hb level, Ht, Wt.
8. PRIMARY/ SECONDARY DATA:
Primary data - Obtained directly from an individual , it
gives precise information
Secondary data - Obtained from outside source ,Eg Data
obtained from hospital records, Census.
9. NOMINAL/ ORDINAL DATA:
Nominal data
the information or data fits into one of the categories,
but the categories cannot be ordered one above
another . E.g. Colour of eyes, Race, Sex.
Ordinal data:
here the categories can be ordered
but the space or class interval between two categories
may not be the same. E.g.. Ranking in the class or exam
10. COLLECTION OF DATA
Collect data carefully and thoroughly.
Units of measurements should be clearly defined.
Record should be correct , complete, clear, sufficiently
concise and arranged in a manner that is easy to
comprehend.
11. COLLECTED DATA SHOULD BE
Accurate (i.e. Measures true value of what is under
study)
Valid( i.e. Measures only what is supposed to measure)
Precise(i.e. Gives adequate details of the measurement)
Reliable(i.e. Should be dependable)
12. SOURCES FOR COLLECTION OF DATA
Census: The First regular census in India was taken in
1881, taken every 10 years.
Defined as “The total process of collecting, compiling
and publishing, demographic, economic and social
data pertaining at a specific time or times, to all
persons in a country or delimited territory.”.
13. 15TH INDIAN CENSUS
The was conducted in two phases,
1st phase - house listing and population enumeration.
House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved
collection of information about all buildings.
Information for National Population Register(NPR)was
also collected in the first phase, which will be used to
issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all
registered Indian residents by Unique Identification
Authority of India (UIDAI).
2nd phase The second population enumeration phase was
conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011.
provisional reports released on 31 March 2011,
14. C M Chandramauli was the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner of India for the 2011
Indian Census. Census data was collected in 16 languages and
The training manual was prepared in 18 languages.
16. The motto of the census was 'Our Census, Our future'.
Spread across 29 states and 7 union territories,
the census covered 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts, 7,935
towns and more than 600,000 villages.
A total of 2.7 million officials visited households in 7,935
towns and 600,000 villages, classifying the population
according to gender, religion, education and occupation.
The cost of the exercise was approximately ₹2,200 crore
This comes to less than $0.50 per person, well below the
estimated world average of $4.60 per person.
Conducted every 10 years
17. Information on castes was included in the census following
demands from several ruling coalition leaders including Lalu
Prasad Yadav, Sharad Yadav and Mulayam Singh Yadav
supported by opposition parties Bharatiya Janata Party, Akali
Dal, Shiv Sena and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
Information on caste was last collected during the British Raj in
1931.
During the early census, people often exaggerated their caste
status to garner social status and it is expected that people
downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government
benefits.
18. REGISTRATION OF VITAL EVENTS
Civil registration System.
In 1873,GOI passed the Births, Deaths and Marriages
Registration Act, but the Act provided only for voluntary
registration.
However the registration system in India tended to be
very unreliable, the data being grossly deficient in
regard to accuracy, timeliness, completeness and
coverage.
19. The Central Births and Deaths Registration Act, was passed by
Govt Of India in 1969, but it came into force on 1st April 1970.
The acts provides the compulsory registration of births and
deaths throughout the country, and compilation of vital
statistics in the states to so as to ensure uniformity and
comparability of data.
Time limit: For events of births-21 days, and for events
of deaths-21 days.
In case of default fine up to Rs 50 can be imposed.
20. SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM(SRS):
Sample Registration System(SRS): Dual record
system,
consisting of continuous enumeration of births and
deaths by an enumerator and independent survey
every 6 months by an investigator-supervisor.
21. NOTIFICATION OF DISEASES:
Valuable source of morbidity
Data such as incidence, prevalence and distribution of
certain specified diseases which are notifiable.
Internationally notifiable diseases: Cholera, Plague and
Yellow fever.
A few others- Louse-borne typhus, Relapsing fever,
Polio, Influenza, Malaria, Rabies and Salmonellosis are
subject to international surveillance.
22. HOSPITAL RECORDS:
Primary and basic source of information about
disease prevalent in the community .
Serious limitation of this data is that it represents
only those individuals who seek medical care
and
we do not know denominator due to lack of
precise boundaries of atchment area of hospital.
24. SURVEYS
Population surveys supplement routinely collected
statistics .
Methods used in data collection in surveys include
health interview, health examination, study of health
records, mailed questionnaire survey.
25. RESEARCH FINDINGS:
Findings of various research or
investigations are helpful for planning and
implementation of health activities in general
26. PRESENTATION OF DATA
Principles of presentation of data:
Data should be arranged in such a way that it will
arouse interest in reader.
The data should be made sufficiently concise without
losing important details.
The data should presented in simple form to enable the
reader to form quick impressions and to draw some
conclusion, directly or indirectly.
Should facilitate further statistical analysis .
It should define the problem and suggest its solution
27. THE TWO BASIC WAYS FOR DATA PRESENTATION ARE
Tabulation
Charts and diagram
28. TABULATION
Can be Simple or Complex depending upon the number
of measurements of single set or multiple sets of items.
Simple table :
29. Frequency distribution table with qualitative data:
Title: Cases of malaria in adults and children
30. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE WITH
QUANTITATIVE DATA:
Fasting blood glucose level in diabetics at the time of
diagnosis
31. CHART AND DIAGRAM
Graphic presentations used to illustrate and clarify
information.
Tables are essential in presentation of scientific
data and diagrams are complementary to
summarize these tables in an easy, attractive and
simple way.
32. VARIOUS CHARTS AND DIAGRAMS
Bar Diagram
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Cumulative frequency curve
Scatter diagram
Line diagram
Pie diagram
33. BAR DIAGRAM
3 types of bar diagram:
Simple
Multiple or compound
Component or proportional
