AKM PPT C5 K M TECHNOLOGIES

CHAPTER V
TECHNOLOGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
• Management of Knowledge and Knowledge workers involves a
number of different tools and practices.
• Agriculture knowledge has been coded with the help of ICT or
embedding it in the rules and procedures of the organization.
According to Blackler, 1995 who create communicate and apply the
following technologies as per the requirements.
1. Codification Technology
2. Personalization Technology
3. Digital Technology
4. Multimedia Technology
5. Collaborative Technology

TECHNOLOGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
1. CODIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
 Hansed et al (1999) who argue that there are basically two
technologies for managing knowledge.
 The codification approach to knowledge and used readily by
anyone in the company.
 The codification approach to knowledge demands well-trained
people who are able to exploit databases and communication
systems.
 Invest heavily in ICT – connect people with reusable knowledge.
 Hire new college graduates who are well-suited to the reuse of
knowledge and the implementation of solutions.
 Train people in groups and through computer-based distance
learning
 Reward people for using and contributing to document databases.

1. CODIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
Internal – External
 This dimension describes an organization’s primary
source of knowledge.
 Internal Knowledge is knowledge readily available within
the organization such as Individual Knowledge (Heads of
Employees) Knowledge embedded in behaviors,
procedures, software and equipment as well as codified
knowledge (in documents, data bases and on-line
repositories)
 External Knowledge can be acquired from outside the
organization ( Publications, Universities, Govt. Agencies,
Professional Assn. Personal relations, Companies,
Vendors, Knowledge brokers and inter-organizational
alliances.

2. Personalization Technology
 Personalization Knowledge is closely tied to the
person who developed it and is shared mainly
through direct person-to-person contacts.
 One can able to creatively develop and apply
knowledge to unique business problems.
 Both KM and HRM to the competitive strategy of the
organization, a useful corrective to the idea that the
management of creating massive ICT data bases.
 Invest moderately in ICT to facilitate conversations
and exchange of tacit knowledge
 Hire MBAs who like problem-solving and can tolerate
ambiguity
 Train people through one-to-one mentoring.
 Reward people for directly sharing knowledge with
others.

3. Digital Technologies and Agricultural Information
 Contemporary Challenges facing agricultural information
parallel those facing agricultural research and practice.
 Agriculture today must feed a growing population in a world
of static or shrinking natural resources and increasing social
and environmental constraints.
 Agricultural Information professionals similarly must
support agriculture by managing and improving access to a
proliferating and increasingly complex array of information
resources in a climate of shrinking resources and expanding
constraints.
 Both fields have access to powerful resources and
technologies.
 Informatics for agriculture development requires
coordinated inter-sectoral approach and application of
appropriate information technology.

• Evaluation of Quality and Quantity of these resources
is required.
• Design and Development of agricultural resources
information system using state-of-the-art IT tools, to
facilitate agricultural planning and development.
 Data warehousing (Data Bases & Model Bases)
 Expert Systems & Knowledge Bases
 Networking (Internet, Intranet and Extranet)
 Geographical Information System (GIS)
 Application of Remote Sensing Data
 Multi-media Information System
 Decision Technology System
 E-Commerce & E-Governance and
 Digital Library/ Virtual Library

• Digital preservation, processing and managing of
agricultural information involves a number of
issues and problems.
• Preservation of information in archives or by
conversion to other digital formats.
• Agricultural research and information is the rapid
growth of technology whether biotechnology (BT)
or information technology (IT) which also influence
agricultural information management.
• Technological advances create new challenges and
often require new skills and infrastructure.

• Agriculture practice and research are becoming
increasingly interdisciplinary while serving widely
diverse populations.
• Agricultural Information experiences a high level of
diversity format technology, audiences and services.
• Central models and metaphors of a profession helps
information professionals.
• Provides insight into the thought process of users,
which leads to better understanding of their
information needs.
• Abstractly offers fresh perspectives on the profession
and practices.

4. Multimedia Technology in Agriculture Extension
• Agriculture is the mainstay of the state economy and it is the role to
Govt. to motivate & instruct the farmers about the new
developments in Agriculture.
• Govt. has set up various organizations viz., Universities, ATVET
Colleges, FTC, FSS, PAs etc.
• Ag Extn is aimed at promoting agricultural development by
providing information production technologies and their adoption.
• The Directorate of Extension (DoE) is a national agency that
implements specific programs and activities.
• Ag Extn is the responsibility of the State Dept of Agriculture (SDAs),
State Ag Univ (SAUs) and Ag Research Stations.
• Extn Mangt Unit of the Directorate operate the Central Sector
scheme “Strengthening of Agricultural Extension Services” which
includes NGOs in the extension network.

COMPUTER AIDED LEARNING PROGRAM

ICT AN UMBRELLA PROGRAM
ELECTRONIC DISPLAY BOARD

• World Bank aided National Agricultural Technology
Project (NATP)
• National Institute of Agricultural Extension
Management (MANAGE)
• DOE extends information support through the Central
Sector Scheme on “Information Support/Management
Information Systems”
• Development Agents (DAs) are the most important
source in transmitting technology to users (Sharma,
2003)
• Radio, Television, publications, demonstrations, tele-
conferencing and Internet Technology
• Internet plays a major role in the transfer of high-tech
agriculture technologies from global market to
farmer’s field.

• Only 12% of farmers use this Internet technology, 77.3%
of the farmers are using traditional technology like radio,
11.3% news papers( Cecchini, 2002).
• Quick dissemination of technological from the
Agricultural Research System to the farmers in the field
of reporting of farmers’ feed back to the research
system.
• Farmer’s needs are much more diversified and the
knowledge required to address them is beyond the
capacity of the grass root level functionaries.
• Linkages among Extension, Research, marketing
networks and farmers limits the ability of research and
extension to contribute to agricultural development.
• Use of vernacular press, radio, and television for
reaching farmers are being augmented with state-of-the-
art communication technologies such as Internet and
Satellite communication.
•

 Connectivity will facilitate two-way
communication among the all the stakeholders in
the Research-Extension-Marketing Farmers loop.
 Information Technology and connectivity, other
forms of audio and visual communication like
Satellite Communication (SATCOM)
 Cyber Extension at National and International
Information Networks, Internet, Expert Systems,
Multimedia Learning Systems and Computer Based
Training Systems to improve information access to
the Farmers.

Report from FAO of UN
 Most developing countries are rushing to join the Internet
Age.
 Policies to improve information and Information
Communication and Technologies are fragmented in many
countries and the capacity to implement them is weak.
 Wrong assumption to access to the Internet, technologically
deterministic approach to the modern systems.
 Existing Information Networks are replaced with modern
systems.
 Risk of losing farmers rich, vital, experiential knowledge of
agriculture, much of circulates in local informal networks.
 CD ROM, Internet based database contains farmer-based
information on 200 crops and 150 countries including the
images of 1800 pests, diseases and weeds.

Report from FAO of UN
o National Innovations Foundation (NIF) in India has
been established to build linkages between excellence
in formal scientific systems and informal knowledge
systems, FAO, 1996.
Food net in Uganda
o Agricultural Research and Extension has undoubtedly
contributed profoundly to development as
demonstrated by the Green Revolution but the
combination of a reduction in public research budgets,
a globalizing market and the information explosion
has created a more complex knowledge landscape.
o National Institute of Agricultural Extension
Management (MANAGE) in India, and National
Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) in Uganda.

Guidelines for Converting Tacit to Explicit Knowledge
 Conduct informal meetings, rather than formal meetings
bcos an informal situation relaxes the tension of formal
relationships between consultants and organizational
structure.
Implement the use of metaphor, analogy and narrative in
order to express the consultants’ tacit knowledge.
Translate the expressed tacit knowledge by association
with reward system in exchange of energy and time.
 Implement the “loose” or “network” organizational
structures. The loose organizational structures can
become a hierarchical structure when a project comes in
and become loose again when the project is completed.

Guidelines for Converting Tacit to Explicit Knowledge
 Introduce reward systems to encourage tacit-to-explicit
knowledge conversion by inclusion in the skill evaluation
process that should be conducted once or twice per year.
 Utilize groupware applications (ie.Lotus Notes) and e-mail
technology (ie Microsoft Outlook) to store the expressed
tacit knowledge. Consultants should be encouraged to
access and use the “lessons learnt” that are kept in the
database.

5. Collaborative Technologies
Internet/Intranet
 Installing an intranet is often the first activity of
knowledge program.
It makes it easy for users to access “any
information, anywhere and at any time”
Booz Allen and Hamilton’s Knowledge online is an
intranet that provides a wealth of information
(Eg.best practice, industry trends, database of
experts)
 Active information management by knowledge
editors (subject experts and librarians) the
information remains well structured and relevant.

INTRANET WITH IN THE ORGANIZATION

INTERNET PROVIDES INCOMPATIABLE PLATFORM INDEPENDENCE

 Internet today is more than simply Web Information
pages includes email discussion lists, multimedia
presentations and Web conferencing (like Bulleting
Board)
Groupware and Lotus Notes
 Intranets are converging provide databases,
different levels of security.
 Remote access by mobile workers.
 Thomas Miller & Co. London based manager of
insurance mutual companies, access their
“Organization Memory” as well as current news
feeds in the areas of interest and multiple “views”

Videoconferencing
 Development of Desk Top Videoconferencing makes it
practicable for dispersed knowledge workers to have a
face-to-face conversation over a telecommunication link.
 Desktop videoconferencing has helped to achieve better
communication and higher level of trust.
 Many problems at off-shore oil fields can now be solved
without resorting to jumping into the next available
helicopter as was formerly the case.
 Benefits the technologies, asynchronous as well as
synchronous communications access to the most current
information, recording of information, access to expertise
etc.

Videoconferencing
 Subject Matter Experts as part of their
Knowledge-sharing role by abstractors who has
skilled oriented jobs.
 Organizational memory, the editing process makes
the knowledge available in a more understandable
format.
 Due attention to people and organizational
processes – the elements of “soft Infrastructures”

Human Dimension
Leadership by example
 Bob Buckman when CEO of Buckman Laboratories actively
participated in computer forums to help sales people on the
front-line.
Knowledge Sharing Events
 Bring people together in exhibition and workshop settings,
that they can share their expertise. Knowledge net
workings.
Embedding Learning into Every Day Processes
 Reflection time at meetings and writing down feelings and
experiences in learning diaries.
 Semi-structured process involving a wide range of
participants.
 “Lessons Learned” Learning codified as knowledge base.

Active Moderation of Online Discussions
 Databases are limited in usefulness because they do not
have critical mass, contributors, sometimes unwittingly,
discourage dialogue.
Reward Systems
 Many companies do not reward people for sharing
information.
 Management Consultancies contributes their knowledge
on the basis of salary review.
 Electronic communities are well known on the Internet, in
the form of newsgroup, discussion list, etc.

The more you know about agriculture
the better off you will be!!!

AKM PPT C5 K M TECHNOLOGIES

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