Imd world digital_competitiveness_ranking_2018 (3)

IMD WORLD
DIGITAL COMPETITIVENESS
RANKING 2018
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1IMD WORLD DIGITAL COMPETITIVENESS RANKING 2018
Preface
It is with great pleasure that our Center launches the 2nd
edition of its IMD World Digital Competitiveness
Ranking (WDCR).
The introduction of the WDCR last year came as a response to the growing need for decision makers and
practitioners to appreciate and manage digital transformations. The objective of the digital competitiveness
ranking is to assess the extent to which a country adopts and explores digital technologies leading to
transformation in government practices, business models, and society in general. The final ranking incorporates
three factors, which reflect the standing of a country in the dimensions of Knowledge, Technology and Future
Readiness.
Knowledge measures the know-how necessary to discover, understand and build new technologies. These
elements are captured by criteria that measure the availability of talent in a country, the level and quality of
education and training as well as the production of scientific knowledge.
The second factor measures the Technology environment of an economy, i.e. the overall context that enables
the development of digital technologies. It assesses how supportive the regulatory environment is, how
advanced the technological framework is and whether an economy provides capital to invest in technology.
The final factor reflects the Future Readiness of an economy, that is, the level of country preparedness to
exploit digital transformation. This element of preparedness is calculated by taking into consideration how
adaptive a particular economy is, the level of agility exhibited in the country as well as the level of integration
of digital technologies in the economy.
The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking, like all our publications, relies in the support and assistance
we enjoy from many stakeholders. Data and, equally important, insights are offered very generously from our
Partner Institutes, the IMD Alumni community and our Panel of Experts from all the countries. We are most
grateful for their support.
Professor Arturo Bris
Director
IMD World Competitiveness Center
Dr Christos Cabolis
Chief Economist & Head of Operations

IMD WORLD DIGITAL COMPETITIVENESS RANKING 20182
Table of Contents
Preface��1
Partner Institutes��6
User’s Guide to the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking��12
Overall and Breakdown Digital Rankings��12
Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles��13
Regional trends in the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2018��16
Introduction��16
1. Digital Competitiveness Rankings: regional and sub-regional trends��17
Digital insights: Is there a link between productivity and digital competitiveness?��19
2. Digital competitiveness performances at a country level��20
2.1. The top 10 digital-competitive countries��20
2.2. The bottom 10 digital-competitive countries��21
Concluding remarks��23
Appendix��23
World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2018��25
Overall Digital Competitiveness Ranking��26
Methodology in a Nutshell��28
What is the IMD World Digital Competitiveness ranking?��29
The 2018 IMD World Competitiveness Rankings : Selected Breakdowns ��30
Populations greater than 20 million��30
Populations less than 20 million��31
GDP per capita greater than $20,000��32
GDP per capita less than $20,000��33
Europe- Middle East - Africa��34
Asia - Pacific��35
The Americas��35
Knowledge��36
Technology��37
Future Readiness��38
Factor Rankings - 5 years overview��40
Sub-factor Rankings��42
Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles��43
Appendices and Sources��170
Notes and Sources by Criteria��172
Factor I: Knowledge��172
Factor II: Technology��174
Factor III: Future Readiness��176
Index to Criteria��177
The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2018

World Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles
Argentina�� 44
Australia�� 46
Austria�� 48
Belgium�� 50
Brazil�� 52
Bulgaria�� 54
Canada�� 56
Chile�� 58
China�� 60
Colombia�� 62
Croatia�� 64
Cyprus�� 66
Czech Rep�� 68
Denmark�� 70
Estonia�� 72
Finland�� 74
France�� 76
Germany�� 78
Greece�� 80
Hong Kong SAR�� 82
Hungary�� 84
Iceland�� 86
India�� 88
Indonesia�� 90
Ireland�� 92
Israel�� 94
Italy�� 96
Japan�� 98
Jordan�� 100
Kazakhstan�� 102
Korea Rep�� 104
Latvia�� 106
Lithuania��108
Luxembourg�� 110
Malaysia�� 112
Mexico�� 114
Mongolia�� 116
Netherlands�� 118
New Zealand��120
Norway��122
Peru��124
Philippines��126
Poland��128
Portugal��130
Qatar��132
Romania��134
Russia��136
Saudi Arabia��138
Singapore��140
Slovak Rep��142
Slovenia��144
South Africa��146
Spain��148
Sweden��150
Switzerland��152
Taiwan��154
Thailand��156
Turkey��158
UAE��160
Ukraine��162
United Kingdom��164
USA��166
Venezuela��168

The IMD World Competitiveness
Center
For thirty years, the IMD World Competitiveness Center has pioneered research on how
countries and companies compete to lay the foundations for sustainable value creation. The
competitiveness of nations is probably one of the most significant developments in modern
management and IMD is committed to leading the field. The World Competitiveness Center
conducts its mission in cooperation with a network of 55 Partner Institutes worldwide to
provide the government, business and academic communities with the following services:
• Competitiveness Special Reports
• Competitiveness Prognostic Reports
• Workshops/Mega Dives on competitiveness
• IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook
• IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking
• IMD World Talent Ranking
The IMD World Competitiveness Center team:
At IMD Professor Arturo Bris Director of The IMD World Competitiveness Center
Christos Cabolis Chief Economist Head of Operations
José Caballero Senior Economist
Maëlle Desard Marketing Specialist
Madeleine Hediger Data Research and Online Services Specialist
Catherine Jobin Order and Sales Administrator
William Milner Research Projects Associate Manager
Marco Pistis Research Specialist
Maryam Zargari Research Specialist

At KAESCO Jean-François Kaeser
Consulting

We also have the privilege of collaborating with a unique network of Partner Institutes, and other organizations, which
guarantees the relevance of the data gathered.
Contact:
Tel: + 41 21/618 02 51
E-mail : wccinfo@imd.org
Internet: www.imd.org/wcc

Argentina
Economic Development and Institutions Research Program
Faculty of Economic Sciences
Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires
http://www.uca.edu.ar
Australia
CEDA - Committee for Economic Development of Australia,
Melbourne
www.ceda.com.au
Austria
Federation of Austrian Industries, Vienna
Austrian Institute of Economic Research, Vienna
http://www.iv-net.at
Belgium
FEB - Federation of Enterprises in Belgium, Brussels
www.vbo-feb.be
Brazil
Fundação Dom Cabral, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Center
www.fdc.org.br
Bulgaria
Center for the Study of Democracy, Sofia
www.csd.bg
Chile
Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Economía y Negocios
(FEN)
www.fen.uchile.cl
China Mainland
China Institute for Development Planning, Tsinghua
University
http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/
Colombia
National Planning Department, Bogota
www.dnp.gov.co

Dr. Alicia Caballero, Dean
Dr. Marcelo F. Resico, Director
Mr. Santiago Varela, Research Assistant

Jarrod Ball, Chief Economist
Roxanne Punton, Director, External Affairs

Dr. Christian Helmenstein, Chief Economist
Ms. Helena Zwickl
Mr. Michael Oliver

Ms. Carole Dembour, Economist

Carlos Arruda, Professor and Director FDC Innovation and
Entrepreneurship Center
Ana Burcharth, Professor
Luana Lott, Researcher

Mr. Ruslan Stefanov, Director, Economic Program
Ms. Daniela Mineva, Research Fellow, Economic Program
Mr. Martin Vladimirov, Analyst, Economic Program
Dr. Todor Galev, Senior Analyst, Economic Program

Dr. Enrique Manzur, Associate Professor
Dr. Sergio Olavarrieta, Vice Dean
Dr. Pedro Hidalgo, Associate Professor

Prof. Yang Yongheng, Associate Dean of School of Public
Policy Management, Assistant Director of China Institute
for Development Planning
Prof. Wang Youqiang, Executive Director of China Institute
for Development Planning
Dr. Gong Pu, Research Fellow
Mr. Wang Hongshuai, PhD Candidate
Mr. Wu Zebang, Research Assistant
Luis Fernando Mejia, Managing Director The National
Department of Planning
Juan Sebastian Robledo Botero, Director of Innovation and
Business Development
We would like to express our deep appreciation for the contribution of our Partner Institutes, enabling
an extensive coverage of competitiveness in their home countries. The following Institutes and people
supplied data from national sources and helped distribute the survey questionnaires:
Partner Institutes

Croatia
National Competitiveness Council, Zagreb
http://www.konkurentnost.hr/
Cyprus
Economics Research Centre
University of Cyprus, Nicosia
http://ucy.ac.cy/erc/en/
Czech Republic
CERGE-EI, Prague
www.cerge-ei.cz
Denmark
Confederation of Danish Industry (DI)
http://di.dk/English/Pages/English.aspx
Estonia
Estonian Institute of Economic Research, Tallinn
www.ki.ee
Enterprise Estonia, Tallinn
Finland
ETLA, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy,
Helsinki
www.etla.fi
France
Business France, Paris
http://en.businessfrance.fr/
Greece
Federation of Industries of Northern Greece, (FING),
Thessaloniki
Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research (FEIR/
IOBE), Athens
Hong Kong SAR
Hong Kong Trade Development Council
www.hktdc.com
Hungary
ICEG European Center, Budapest
www.icegec.org
National University of Public Service,
Competitiveness and Fiscal Stability Research Group,
Budapest
http://en.uni-nke.hu/
Iceland
Icelandic Chamber of Commerce, Reykjavik
www.chamber.is
Ms. Jadranka Gable, Advisor
Mr. Kresimir Jurlin, PhD, Researcher

Sofronis Clerides, Professor of Economics
Nicoletta Pashourtidou, Assistant Director
Sofia Andreou, Research Officer

Dr. Vilem Semerak
Dr. Lucia Štefánková

Mr. Allan Sorensen

Ms. Marje Josing, Director
Ms. Ingrid Niklus
Mr. Koit Nilson, Researcher
Mr. Tanel Rebane, Director of Development Unit

Markku Kotilainen
Ville Kaitila
Petri Rouvinen

Ms. Sylvie Montout, Economist

Dr. Christos Georgiou, Director, Research and
Documentation Department
Mr. Constantinos Styliaras, Economist, Research and
Documentation Department
Aggelos Tsakanikas, Assistant Professor National Technical
University of Athens - Scientific Advisor
Sophia Stavraki, Research Associate

Mr. Billy Wong, Principal Economist (Greater China)
Ms. Doris Fung, Economist

Ms. Renata Anna Jaksa, Director
Dr. Oliver Kovacs, Research Fellow
Prof. Dr. Magdolna Csath, Research Professor

Mr. Konrad S. Gudjonsson, Chief Economist
Mr. Isak Einar Runarsson, Economic Analyst

India
National Productivity Council, New Delhi
www.npcindia.gov.in
Indonesia
Lembaga Management, Faculty of Economics, University of
Indonesia, Jakarta
http://www.lmfeui.com/index.php
NuPMK Consulting, Jakarta
http://nupmk.co.id/
Ireland
IDA Ireland, Investment and Development Agency, Dublin
www.idaireland.com
Israel
The Federation of Israeli Chambers of Commerce, Tel-Aviv
www.chamber.org.il
Japan
Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc., Tokyo
Research Center for Policy and Economy
www.mri.co.jp
Jordan
Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Amman
http://www.mop.gov.jo/
Kazakhstan
Economic Research Institute, JSC of the Ministry of National
Economy, Astana
www.economy.kz
Korea, Rep.
Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP)
http://www.kiep.go.kr/eng/
Latvia
University of Latvia Centre for European and Transition
Studies, LU CETS, Riga
http://www.lu.lv/cets

Dr. K.P. Sunny, Director Head (Economic Services)
Mr. Rajesh Sund, Deputy Director (Economic Services)
Dr. Rajat Sharma, Deputy Director (Economic Services)
Dr. Toto Pranoto, Managing Director
Dr. Willem Makaliwe, Associate Director of Research
Consulting
Bayuadi Wibowo, Group Head of Research Division
Arza Fadly, Researcher
Adam F Amru, Researcher
Fabio Ray Jordan, Researcher
Ms. Tini Moeis, Managing Director
Mr. Kiki Lekir Daud, Principal Partner
Ms. Devi Hamdani, Client Relation Manager

Ms. Israela Many, Deputy Managing Director
of Economy and Tax
Mr. Aviad Toub, Economist

Dr. Hirotsugu Sakai, Research Director

Mr. Basem Kanan, Director of Policies and Studies
Department
Mrs. Ghada Issa
Mr.Omar Alshriadeh
Mr. Moh’d Al-Asakreh
Mr. Thamer Masarweh

Seitzhan Yerzhanov, Acting Chairman of the Board
Shakharbanu Zhakupova, Deputy Chairman of the Board
Center for Strategic Development:
Bakytgul Khambar, Director
Bayan Abdrakhmanova, Deputy Director
Sholpan Ibraimova, Leading Expert
Natalya Novokshanova, Leading Expert
Aidana Terlikbayeva, Senior Expert
Nauryz Baizakov, Senior Expert

Dr. Heungchong Kim, Senior Research Fellow
Ms. Nayoun Park, Researcher

Mrs. Zane Zeibote

Lithuania
Enterprise Lithuania, Vilnius
www.enterpriselithuania.com
Luxembourg
Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
www.cc.lu
Malaysia
Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC), Petaling Jaya,
Selangor
www.mpc.gov.my
Mexico
Strategic Studies Center for Competitiveness, Saltillo
www.ceec.edu.mx
Mongolia
Economic Policy and Competitiveness Research Center,
Ulaanbaatar
www.ecrc.mn
Netherlands
Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers
(VNO-NCW), The Hague
www.vno-ncw.nl
New Zealand
Kerridge Partners, Auckland
https://www.kerridgepartners.com/
Peru
CENTRUM Católica Graduate Business School, Lima
http://centrum.pucp.edu.pe
Philippines
Asian Institute of Management
Rizalino S. Navarro Policy Center for Competitiveness,
Makati City
http://beta.aim.edu/research-centers/rizalino-s-navarro-
policy-center-competitiveness
Poland
Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw
http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/
Portugal
Porto Business School, University of Porto, Porto
https://www.pbs.up.pt/
Ms. Renata Nedzinskienė, Senior Project Manager

Mr. Marc Wagener, Member of the Managing Board
Mr. Jean-Baptiste Nivet, Economist
Ms. Laure Demezet, Economist
Dato’ Mohd Razali Hussain, Director General
Dato’ Abdul Latif Abu Seman, Deputy Director General
Datin Zainon Bakar, Director Productivity
Competitiveness Development Division

M.C. Carlos Maroto Cabrera, General Director
M.S. Carlos Maroto Espinosa, Project Relationship
Manager

Mr. Boldbaatar Tserenpuntsag, Founder
Mr.Tsagaan Puntsag, Founder
Ms.Lakshmi Boojoo, Director General
Ms.Odonchimeg Ikhbayar, Deputy Director
Mr. Ganbat Chuluun, Research Economist
Ms.Tungalag Erdenebat, Research Economist
Mr. Zolbayar Enkhbaatar, Research Economist
Mr. Otgon-Erdene Khandaa, Research Economist
Ms.Yesunchuluu Khuderchuluu, Research Economist
Ms. Khulan Jamiyandorj, Research Economist

Mr. Thomas Grosfeld
Mr. Tim Zandbergen

Mr. Peter Kerridge, Partner

Mr. Fernando D’Alessio, General Director
Mr. Luis Del Carpio, Center of Competitiveness Director

Jamil Paolo S. Francisco, PhD, Executive Director
Tristan A. Canare, Program Manager and Senior Economist
Emmanuel M. Garcia, Economist
Christopher Ed C. Caboverde, Research Associate

Dr. Bogdan A. Radomski, Associate Professor of Finance
Dr. Marcin Nowakowski, Professor of International Business
and Prorector

Prof. Álvaro Almeida
Prof. Daniel Bessa
Prof. Ramon O’Callaghan

Qatar
Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics,
Department of Environmental and Economic Development
Planning, Doha
www.gsdp.gov.qa
Romania
CIT-IRECSON Center of Technological Information,
Bucharest
www.cit-irecson.ro
Russia
Moscow Business School
http://mbschool.ru/
Saudi Arabia
SAGIA, Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority, Riyadh
https://www.sagia.gov.sa/en/
Singapore
Singapore Business Federation
www.sbf.org.sg/
Economics Division, Ministry of Trade and Industry,
Singapore
www.mti.gov.
Slovak Republic
The F.A Hayek Foundation, Bratislava
www.hayek.skv
Slovenia
Institute for Economic Research, Ljubljana
http://www.ier.si/
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics
http://www.ef.uni-lj.si/en
South Africa
Productivity SA, Midrand
www.productivitysa.co.za
Spain
Spanish Confederation of Employers, Madrid
www.ceoe.es
Taiwan
National Development Council, Taipei
www.ndc.gov.tw
Thailand
Thailand Management Association (TMA), Bangkok
www.tma.or.th
Dr. Issa Ju’ma Ibrahim, economic expert
Mrs. Hissa Alassiry, acting head of Economic Development
Section

Mr. Bogdan Ciocanel, PhD, Director
Mr. Dan Grigore, Economist

Ms. Elina Pechonova

Dr. Eiman AlMutairi, Head of National Competitiveness
Center
Salman M. AlTukhaifi, Manager of Analytical Department
Nawaf M. AlSalloum, Analyst

Ms. Cheryl Kong, Assistant Executive Director

Mr. Martin Lindak, Analyst

Mr. Peter Stanovnik, PhD, Associate Professor
Ms. Sonja Ursic, M.A.
Ms. Mateja Drnovsek, PhD, Full Professor
Mr. Ales Vahcic, PhD, Full Professor

Mr. Mothunye Mothiba, CEO
Dr. Leroi Raputsoane, Chief Economist
Ms. Juliet Sebolelo Mashabela, Economist

Ms. Edita Pereira, Head of Economic Research Unit
Ms. Paloma Blanco, Economic Research Unit

Dr. Chiou, Jiunn-Rong, Deputy Minister
Ms. Wu, Ming Huei, Director of Economic Development
Department
Ms. Lee, Cho-Jin, Senior Economist

Ms. Wanweera Rachdawong, Chief Executive Officer, TMA
Ms. Pornkanok Wipusanawan, Director, TMA Center for
Competitiveness

Turkey
TUSIAD, Turkish Industry and Business Association
Economic Research Department
http://tusiad.org/en/
United Arab Emirates
Federal Competitiveness Statistics Authority (FCSA),
Dubai
Ukraine
International Management Institute (MIM-Kyiv)
www.mim.kiev.ua
Venezuela
National Council to Investment Promotion (CONAPRI)
www.conapri.org
Zümrüt İmamoğlu, Chief Economist
Elçin Tüzel, Expert
İsmet Tosunoğlu, Junior Expert

Dr. Iryna Tykhomyrova, President
Dr. Volodymyr Danko, Professor
Ms. Oksana Kukuruza, External Relations Directorr

Mr. Eduardo Porcarelli, Executive Director
Ms. Litsay Guerrero A, Economic Affairs Investor Services
Manager

The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking
presents the 2018 overall rankings for the 63 economies
covered by the WCY. The rankings are calculated on the
basis of the 50 ranked criteria: 30 Hard and 20 Survey
data. The countries are ranked from the most to the least
digital competitive and the results from the previous
year’s scoreboard (2017) are shown in brackets. The
index value or “score” is also indicated for each country.
The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking
In addition to global digital rankings, other rankings
are provided to show comparisons based on different
perspectives. These digital rankings include countries
split by population size (populations above and below 20
million), by GDP per capita to reflect different peer groups
(above and below $20,000) and three regional rankings
drawn from different geographical areas (Europe-Middle
East-Africa, Asia-Pacific and the Americas).
Selected breakdowns of the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking
The global rankings for each of the Digital
Competitiveness Factors are then shown as individual
ranking tables. Again, the economies are ranked from
the most to the least digital competitive and the previous
year’s rankings (2017) are shown in brackets. Similar to
the Overall Digital Ranking, the values or “scores” are
indicated for each Factor. However, there is only one
economy that has a score of 100 and one economy with
a score of 0 across all four Factors.
Digital Competitiveness Factor Rankings
Overall and Breakdown Digital Rankings
User’s Guide to the IMD World Digital
Competitiveness Ranking

This section presents the overall rankings and the 5-year
trends for each of the three Digital Competitiveness
Factors: Knowledge, Technology and Future Readiness.
Thus, the reader is able to analyze the digital evolution
of an economy over the past few years relative to the
others on a global basis.
Overall Ranking and Digital Competitiveness Factors
A summary of the rankings for all nine sub-factors
is presented for the 63 economies for 2018. It is
possible, at a glance, to determine in what areas of
digital competitiveness an economy excels or has
particular weaknesses and to make comparisons
between countries. These rankings provide a more
detailed examination of specific aspects of the digital
transformation and can be used to, for example, evaluate
the technological framework of a country or support
international investment decisions.
We view the rankings as a tool for managers or policy
makers to use when they analyze the above questions.
Of course, each company must take into consideration
the logic of its own economic sector, economic forecasts
and its own traditions as well as governments should
consider the national identity and value system of their
economy.
Digital Sub-factor Rankings
Digital Competitiveness Country Profiles
Each two page profile analyses the performance of
one of the 63 economies that are included in the IMD
World Digital Competitiveness Ranking. The economies
are presented in alphabetical order. The term economy
signifies an economic entity and does not imply any
political independence.
It is possible, in one glimpse, to evaluate the digital
evolution of each economy over time and its relative
strengths and weaknesses. However, each economy’s
particular situation is influenced by its development
level, political restraints and social value system.
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Argentina 58 58 55 57 55 54 57 53 56 58
Australia 10 9 14 15 13 9 11 16 18 15
Austria 24 26 19 16 15 14 16 12 12 13
Belgium 25 19 18 22 23 26 21 20 22 25
Brazil 55 56 54 55 57 52 55 54 55 62
Bulgaria 53 54 47 45 43 47 45 38 41 41
Canada 8 4 5 9 8 3 3 7 3 3
Chile 34 37 37 40 37 55 53 51 52 47
China Mainland 38 33 35 31 30 27 22 24 23 30
Colombia 49 53 56 58 59 51 52 56 57 57
Croatia 45 46 44 48 44 49 46 45 50 43
Cyprus - - - 53 54 - - - 46 55
Czech Republic 31 31 32 32 33 38 36 34 36 38
Denmark 7 8 8 5 4 8 9 8 8 8
Estonia 23 27 27 26 25 23 30 30 28 29
Finland 4 3 6 4 7 5 7 9 9 9
France 22 20 22 25 26 15 20 21 19 20
Germany 14 17 15 17 18 16 10 10 13 14
Greece 48 40 45 50 53 44 34 46 51 51
Hong Kong SAR 13 14 11 7 11 10 8 6 6 5
Hungary 36 44 42 44 46 42 44 43 48 48
Iceland 27 24 26 23 21 24 33 32 30 28
India 56 50 53 51 48 39 37 39 37 46
Indonesia 57 60 60 59 62 57 60 60 58 61
Ireland 17 25 20 21 20 21 26 25 25 22
Israel 11 10 13 13 12 7 4 5 7 2
Italy 41 36 34 39 41 46 42 40 42 42
Japan 20 23 23 27 22 20 24 23 29 18
Jordan 46 49 48 56 45 60 61 59 61 56
Kazakhstan 35 35 43 38 38 43 41 47 40 35
Korea Rep. 21 18 17 19 14 12 13 15 14 11
Latvia 33 34 33 35 35 33 32 33 34 34
Lithuania 32 28 29 29 29 25 18 18 21 23
Luxembourg 19 16 21 20 24 28 23 29 27 32
Malaysia 15 21 24 24 27 19 25 22 17 17
Mexico 51 48 52 49 51 53 51 52 54 54
Mongolia - 55 57 61 61 - 56 55 59 53
Netherlands 6 6 4 6 9 11 14 13 11 12
New Zealand 18 13 10 14 19 18 15 14 20 21
Norway 9 11 9 10 6 17 17 17 15 16
Peru 59 57 58 62 60 58 58 61 62 60
Philippines 43 45 46 46 56 41 49 50 53 50
Poland 39 38 38 37 36 36 31 27 32 33
Portugal 30 29 31 33 32 31 29 31 31 27
Qatar 28 32 28 28 28 34 39 37 35 37
Romania 54 51 49 54 47 56 50 48 47 45
Russia 42 41 40 42 40 30 27 28 24 24
Saudi Arabia - - - 36 42 - - - 39 40
Singapore 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Slovak Republic 40 43 41 43 50 40 43 41 43 49
Slovenia 37 39 36 34 34 32 28 26 26 26
South Africa 47 47 51 47 49 45 47 49 49 52
Spain 29 30 30 30 31 35 35 36 33 31
Sweden 3 5 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 7
Switzerland 5 7 7 8 5 6 5 3 4 6
Taiwan 16 15 16 12 16 22 19 19 16 19
Thailand 44 42 39 41 39 50 48 42 44 44
Turkey 52 52 50 52 52 59 59 58 60 59
UAE 26 22 25 18 17 37 38 35 38 36
Ukraine 50 59 59 60 58 29 40 44 45 39
United Kingdom 12 12 12 11 10 13 12 11 10 10
USA 2 2 2 3 1 4 6 4 5 4
Venezuela 60 61 61 63 63 48 54 57 63 63
OVERALL Knowledge
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
59 59 56 58 54 46 45 46 49 45 Argentina
12 12 15 15 14 13 8 7 14 11 Australia
27 29 28 28 26 16 19 19 15 14 Austria
29 24 21 24 24 17 15 16 22 23 Belgium
56 55 54 55 55 49 51 49 44 47 Brazil
45 42 38 42 42 59 59 58 57 55 Bulgaria
15 17 14 13 12 12 2 3 8 9 Canada
31 31 34 34 35 32 32 32 33 31 Chile
42 37 39 36 34 48 39 38 34 28 China Mainland
55 56 59 60 60 38 43 44 53 56 Colombia
44 41 43 47 49 47 52 50 56 54 Croatia
- - - 54 56 - - - 54 44 Cyprus
26 26 26 26 31 33 33 34 37 34 Czech Republic
14 13 12 10 10 4 6 6 1 1 Denmark
20 19 17 19 20 22 26 26 26 26 Estonia
2 7 7 4 4 6 4 5 4 8 Finland
19 23 23 22 19 26 21 20 28 27 France
24 25 25 21 21 8 13 14 18 20 Germany
52 51 52 52 51 42 36 36 47 46 Greece
6 5 2 3 6 27 25 27 17 24 Hong Kong SAR
34 39 37 38 40 36 47 45 55 58 Hungary
21 20 22 20 18 29 17 18 21 19 Iceland
57 58 57 59 53 57 53 54 51 48 India
53 57 58 56 59 53 58 60 62 62 Indonesia
22 27 27 25 29 11 12 12 10 13 Ireland
23 22 24 27 25 9 7 9 11 7 Israel
50 46 44 45 41 31 30 29 30 36 Italy
16 21 19 23 23 19 22 23 25 25 Japan
40 49 45 50 48 35 38 37 48 41 Jordan
39 34 42 35 39 34 35 41 38 40 Kazakhstan
18 16 13 17 17 25 24 25 24 17 Korea Rep.
28 32 33 32 32 40 37 39 41 39 Latvia
32 28 29 29 30 37 34 33 31 33 Lithuania
3 2 11 12 15 21 23 24 23 21 Luxembourg
8 14 16 18 22 23 27 28 27 29 Malaysia
46 47 49 48 46 54 54 56 50 50 Mexico
- 54 55 61 62 - 46 52 60 59 Mongolia
13 15 10 9 8 2 1 2 3 4 Netherlands
11 8 6 11 16 24 16 15 20 18 New Zealand
7 3 3 2 2 10 14 13 12 6 Norway
54 52 53 57 57 55 56 55 58 60 Peru
48 50 50 51 58 41 40 40 43 52 Philippines
37 36 36 39 37 50 49 51 39 37 Poland
33 30 35 37 36 30 31 31 35 32 Portugal
30 38 31 31 27 18 28 21 19 16 Qatar
51 45 46 46 44 56 57 57 59 57 Romania
41 44 47 44 43 52 55 53 52 51 Russia
- - - 41 50 - - - 32 38 Saudi Arabia
1 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 6 15 Singapore
35 40 41 43 47 43 44 43 46 53 Slovak Republic
43 43 40 40 38 39 41 35 36 35 Slovenia
49 53 51 53 52 51 48 47 42 43 South Africa
36 35 32 33 33 28 29 30 29 30 Spain
4 9 4 5 5 3 9 8 5 5 Sweden
9 11 9 8 9 7 10 10 13 10 Switzerland
10 4 8 7 11 20 20 22 16 22 Taiwan
38 33 30 30 28 45 50 48 45 49 Thailand
47 48 48 49 45 44 42 42 40 42 Turkey
25 10 20 14 7 15 18 17 7 12 UAE
58 60 60 62 61 58 61 61 61 61 Ukraine
17 18 18 16 13 14 11 11 9 3 United Kingdom
5 6 5 6 3 1 3 1 2 2 USA
60 61 61 63 63 60 60 59 63 63 Venezuela
Future readinessTechnology
Talent
Trainingeducation
Scientificconcentration
Regulatoryframework
Capital
Technologicalframework
Adaptiveattitudes
Businessagility
ITintegration
Argentina 47 63 41 48 48 53 49 37 52 Argentina
Australia 8 32 11 6 18 19 2 28 6 Australia
Austria 12 7 18 24 38 21 25 5 10 Austria
Belgium 17 30 29 17 23 33 19 21 21 Belgium
Brazil 61 57 54 59 56 47 38 52 51 Brazil
Bulgaria 53 42 33 52 50 36 48 59 54 Bulgaria
Canada 7 4 4 11 5 24 15 4 12 Canada
Chile 31 49 61 33 26 41 27 39 38 Chile
China Mainland 18 46 21 26 30 40 23 19 41 China Mainland
Colombia 57 45 57 62 57 55 57 54 48 Colombia
Croatia 59 36 32 55 52 43 37 63 49 Croatia
Cyprus 62 29 52 51 60 49 45 45 46 Cyprus
Czech Republic 29 55 36 44 19 18 34 25 34 Czech Republic
Denmark 6 3 14 8 22 5 5 6 5 Denmark
Estonia 34 17 39 25 21 15 24 29 22 Estonia
Finland 13 9 9 4 9 6 6 22 1 Finland
France 21 33 17 5 25 28 32 36 19 France
Germany 22 19 10 23 16 27 22 20 18 Germany
Greece 50 58 37 47 54 48 50 49 47 Greece
Hong Kong SAR 5 13 5 14 6 11 11 26 25 Hong Kong SAR
Hungary 46 48 51 35 51 46 62 56 36 Hungary
Iceland 37 18 35 18 40 12 18 11 28 Iceland
India 43 59 26 56 3 62 54 33 56 India
Indonesia 51 61 58 57 34 60 61 46 60 Indonesia
Ireland 14 34 24 20 53 13 10 3 24 Ireland
Israel 19 2 2 30 20 20 17 2 4 Israel
Italy 41 56 28 41 49 44 36 32 32 Italy
Japan 36 14 12 40 33 4 13 55 15 Japan
Jordan 39 41 63 43 39 54 58 23 42 Jordan
Kazakhstan 44 6 55 22 59 42 47 43 44 Kazakhstan
Korea Rep. 26 8 7 27 44 2 3 47 20 Korea Rep.
Latvia 28 28 46 31 36 26 52 41 37 Latvia
Lithuania 27 16 31 28 35 22 41 24 31 Lithuania
Luxembourg 33 26 44 9 4 35 29 17 13 Luxembourg
Malaysia 24 10 30 29 12 32 30 15 35 Malaysia
Mexico 52 51 53 45 42 50 40 57 53 Mexico
Mongolia 60 24 60 58 55 61 31 61 62 Mongolia
Netherlands 3 31 16 10 7 14 7 12 7 Netherlands
New Zealand 16 37 15 13 14 25 14 35 17 New Zealand
Norway 20 11 20 1 2 3 8 14 9 Norway
Peru 58 43 62 49 47 59 59 50 59 Peru
Philippines 48 52 50 61 43 52 60 31 57 Philippines
Poland 30 35 38 46 32 37 33 40 40 Poland
Portugal 23 27 34 19 45 39 35 27 30 Portugal
Qatar 15 38 59 32 24 30 16 8 26 Qatar
Romania 45 50 43 39 62 31 46 60 58 Romania
Russia 40 12 23 38 58 38 39 62 43 Russia
Saudi Arabia 38 39 49 50 31 56 43 48 33 Saudi Arabia
Singapore 1 1 19 2 8 1 20 18 3 Singapore
Slovak Republic 56 47 42 60 46 34 51 58 45 Slovak Republic
Slovenia 35 23 25 42 29 45 44 30 29 Slovenia
South Africa 54 54 47 53 27 58 56 38 39 South Africa
Spain 32 40 27 36 37 29 26 44 27 Spain
Sweden 10 5 3 12 10 7 9 10 11 Sweden
Switzerland 2 15 6 15 15 8 12 7 16 Switzerland
Taiwan 25 25 13 21 13 10 28 13 23 Taiwan
Thailand 42 44 45 34 28 23 55 34 55 Thailand
Turkey 49 62 48 37 41 51 42 42 50 Turkey
UAE 4 53 56 3 11 16 21 1 14 UAE
Ukraine 55 22 40 54 61 57 53 53 61 Ukraine
United Kingdom 9 20 8 7 17 17 4 16 2 United Kingdom
USA 11 21 1 16 1 9 1 9 8 USA
Venezuela 63 60 22 63 63 63 63 51 63 Venezuela
Future readinessTechnologyKnowledge

This page shows the overall, factors and sub-
factors ranking performances of the country in 2018,
their 5-years trends and a comparison of between
competitiveness and digital competitiveness rankings.
The following indicators are presented:
Overall Performance: Overall, factors and sub-factors
digital ranking performances of the country in 2018. The
direction of the triangles indicates whether there has
been an improvement or a decline with respect to the
previous year.
Overall Factors – 5 years: The evolution of the
overall and factors digital rankings in the past 5 years.
Competitiveness and Digital Rankings: Comparison of
the country’ performances in the World Competitiveness
Page 1: Digital Competitiveness – Overall and factors trends
Ranking and World Digital Competitiveness Ranking in
the last 5 years.
Peer Group Rankings: Based on geographical region
and population size.
Talent
Trainingeducation
Regulatoryframework
Capital
Adaptiveattitudes
Businessagility
ITintegration
Austria 12 7 18 24 38 21 25 5 10 Austria
Belgium 17 30 29 17 23 33 19 21 21 Belgium
Brazil 61 57 54 59 56 47 38 52 51 Brazil
Canada 7 4 4 11 5 24 15 4 12 Canada
Chile 31 49 61 33 26 41 27 39 38 Chile
Croatia 59 36 32 55 52 43 37 63 49 Croatia
Cyprus 62 29 52 51 60 49 45 45 46 Cyprus
Estonia 34 17 39 25 21 15 24 29 22 Estonia
France 21 33 17 5 25 28 32 36 19 France
Germany 22 19 10 23 16 27 22 20 18 Germany
Greece 50 58 37 47 54 48 50 49 47 Greece
Hungary 46 48 51 35 51 46 62 56 36 Hungary
Iceland 37 18 35 18 40 12 18 11 28 Iceland
India 43 59 26 56 3 62 54 33 56 India
Ireland 14 34 24 20 53 13 10 3 24 Ireland
Israel 19 2 2 30 20 20 17 2 4 Israel
Italy 41 56 28 41 49 44 36 32 32 Italy
Japan 36 14 12 40 33 4 13 55 15 Japan
Jordan 39 41 63 43 39 54 58 23 42 Jordan
Latvia 28 28 46 31 36 26 52 41 37 Latvia
Mexico 52 51 53 45 42 50 40 57 53 Mexico
Norway 20 11 20 1 2 3 8 14 9 Norway
Peru 58 43 62 49 47 59 59 50 59 Peru
Poland 30 35 38 46 32 37 33 40 40 Poland
Qatar 15 38 59 32 24 30 16 8 26 Qatar
Romania 45 50 43 39 62 31 46 60 58 Romania
Russia 40 12 23 38 58 38 39 62 43 Russia
Spain 32 40 27 36 37 29 26 44 27 Spain
Sweden 10 5 3 12 10 7 9 10 11 Sweden
Taiwan 25 25 13 21 13 10 28 13 23 Taiwan
Turkey 49 62 48 37 41 51 42 42 50 Turkey
UAE 4 53 56 3 11 16 21 1 14 UAE
Ukraine 55 22 40 54 61 57 53 53 61 Ukraine
United Kingdom 9 20 8 7 17 17 4 16 2 United Kingdom
USA 11 21 1 16 1 9 1 9 8 USA
Venezuela 63 60 22 63 63 63 63 51 63 Venezuela
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Argentina 58 58 55 57 55 54 57 53 56 58
Australia 10 9 14 15 13 9 11 16 18 15
Austria 24 26 19 16 15 14 16 12 12 13
Belgium 25 19 18 22 23 26 21 20 22 25
Brazil 55 56 54 55 57 52 55 54 55 62
Bulgaria 53 54 47 45 43 47 45 38 41 41
Canada 8 4 5 9 8 3 3 7 3 3
Chile 34 37 37 40 37 55 53 51 52 47
China Mainland 38 33 35 31 30 27 22 24 23 30
Colombia 49 53 56 58 59 51 52 56 57 57
Croatia 45 46 44 48 44 49 46 45 50 43
Cyprus - - - 53 54 - - - 46 55
Czech Republic 31 31 32 32 33 38 36 34 36 38
Denmark 7 8 8 5 4 8 9 8 8 8
Estonia 23 27 27 26 25 23 30 30 28 29
Finland 4 3 6 4 7 5 7 9 9 9
France 22 20 22 25 26 15 20 21 19 20
Germany 14 17 15 17 18 16 10 10 13 14
Greece 48 40 45 50 53 44 34 46 51 51
Hong Kong SAR 13 14 11 7 11 10 8 6 6 5
Hungary 36 44 42 44 46 42 44 43 48 48
Iceland 27 24 26 23 21 24 33 32 30 28
India 56 50 53 51 48 39 37 39 37 46
Indonesia 57 60 60 59 62 57 60 60 58 61
Ireland 17 25 20 21 20 21 26 25 25 22
Israel 11 10 13 13 12 7 4 5 7 2
Italy 41 36 34 39 41 46 42 40 42 42
Japan 20 23 23 27 22 20 24 23 29 18
Jordan 46 49 48 56 45 60 61 59 61 56
Kazakhstan 35 35 43 38 38 43 41 47 40 35
Korea Rep. 21 18 17 19 14 12 13 15 14 11
Latvia 33 34 33 35 35 33 32 33 34 34
Lithuania 32 28 29 29 29 25 18 18 21 23
Luxembourg 19 16 21 20 24 28 23 29 27 32
Malaysia 15 21 24 24 27 19 25 22 17 17
Mexico 51 48 52 49 51 53 51 52 54 54
Mongolia - 55 57 61 61 - 56 55 59 53
Netherlands 6 6 4 6 9 11 14 13 11 12
New Zealand 18 13 10 14 19 18 15 14 20 21
Norway 9 11 9 10 6 17 17 17 15 16
Peru 59 57 58 62 60 58 58 61 62 60
Philippines 43 45 46 46 56 41 49 50 53 50
Poland 39 38 38 37 36 36 31 27 32 33
Portugal 30 29 31 33 32 31 29 31 31 27
Qatar 28 32 28 28 28 34 39 37 35 37
Romania 54 51 49 54 47 56 50 48 47 45
Russia 42 41 40 42 40 30 27 28 24 24
Saudi Arabia - - - 36 42 - - - 39 40
Singapore 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Slovak Republic 40 43 41 43 50 40 43 41 43 49
Slovenia 37 39 36 34 34 32 28 26 26 26
South Africa 47 47 51 47 49 45 47 49 49 52
Spain 29 30 30 30 31 35 35 36 33 31
Sweden 3 5 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 7
Switzerland 5 7 7 8 5 6 5 3 4 6
Taiwan 16 15 16 12 16 22 19 19 16 19
Thailand 44 42 39 41 39 50 48 42 44 44
Turkey 52 52 50 52 52 59 59 58 60 59
UAE 26 22 25 18 17 37 38 35 38 36
Ukraine 50 59 59 60 58 29 40 44 45 39
United Kingdom 12 12 12 11 10 13 12 11 10 10
USA 2 2 2 3 1 4 6 4 5 4
Venezuela 60 61 61 63 63 48 54 57 63 63
OVERALL Knowledge
Overall Ranking
Factor Rankings
Breakdown Rankings

This page shows the country’s performance over time for
each of the nine sub-factors composing the three Digital
Competitiveness Factors (Knowledge, Technology and
Future Readiness) and their 50 criteria rankings for
2018.
Factors Breakdown: shows the 5-years evolution of
the sub-factors rankings composing the three factors of
Knowledge, Technology and Future Readiness.
Strengths and Weaknesses: this section highlights the
economy’s strongest and weakest criteria included in the
World Digital Competitiveness Ranking. The triangles
(►) identify the five top criteria in which the economy
ranks best (strengths – filled triangle) and the five criteria
in which its performance is the worst (weaknesses
– empty triangle) compared to the other countries
included in the WCY sample. The selection of indicators
is determined by the standard deviation values (STD)
of the country for that specific criteria. In other words,
the criteria selected represent the highest STD values
and the lowest STD values among the 50 indicators
Page 2: Factors breakdown Strengths and Weaknesses
composing the World Digital Competitiveness Ranking
and can thus be considered the digital competitive
advantages and disadvantages of the economy.
The full criteria names can be found in the Appendix and
the statistical tables are available for subscribers of the
IMD World Competitiveness Online. Visit our eshop.
It is important to note that what constitutes a strength or
weakness is relative to each economy’s circumstances or
development. Also, the ranking position of a country may
not necessarily improve or decline as a consequence
of its own evolution since it is always relative to the
performance of the other economies. Therefore, an
improvement may not be reflected by a higher ranking
position if other economies have performed better
for the criterion in question. The same can be said for
any declines in performance – the economy’s ranking
position relative to the others may or may not fall,
depending on how the other economies have performed.
For more details, please refer to the section Methodology
– Excluded criteria.
u Overall top strengths
w Overall top weaknesses
Subfactors 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
36 39 38 43 43
56 45 56 57 59
21 21 21 6 26
Talent Rank Rank Rank
Educational assessment PISA - Math - 42 47
International experience 46 59 55
Foreign highly-skilled personnel 36 58 -
Management of cities 57 55 u 2
Digital/Technological skills 32 u 6 -
Net flow of international students 37 55 u 17
Subfactors 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
59 59 56 59 56
28 34 30 28 3
60 61 61 63 62
Regulatory framework Rank Rank Rank
Starting a business 59 u 14 48
w Enforcing contracts 62 37 w 63
Immigration laws 19 35 w 62
Development and app. of technology 35 46 w 63
Scientific research legislation 35 24 57
Intellectual property rights 49 u 1 51
Subfactors 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
60 56 57 59 54
41 37 35 29 33
56 53 54 56 56
Adaptive attitudes Rank Rank Rank
E-Participation 23 27 60
Internet retailing 52 - 34
w Tablet possession 61 37 46
Smartphone possession 58 19 48
Attitudes toward globalization 20 42
Training education Scientific concentration
Talent
IT integration
Business agility IT integration
Scientific concentration
Capital Technological framework
FACTORS BREAKDOWN - STRENGHTS AND WEAKNESSES
INDIA
FUTURE READINESS
TECHNOLOGY
Technological framework
Opportunities and threats E-Government
Innovative firms Public-private partnerships
IT media stock market capitalization Communications technology
Regulatory framework
Capital
KNOWLEDGE
Agility of companies Cyber security
Use of big data and analytics Sofware piracy
Knowledge transfer
Adaptive attitudes
Business agility
Venture capital Internet bandwidth speed
Investment in Telecommunications High-tech exports (%)
Funding for technological development Mobile Broadband subscribers
Banking and financial services Wireless broadband
Investment risk Internet users
Training education
Employee training Total expenditure on RD (%)
Total public expenditure on education Total RD personnel per capita
Higher education achievement Female researchers
Pupil-teacher ratio (tertiary education) RD productivity by publication
Graduates in Sciences Scientific and technical employment
Women with degrees High-tech patent grants
Talent
Trainingeducation
Regulatoryframework
Capital
Adaptiveattitudes
Businessagility
ITintegration
Austria 12 7 18 24 38 21 25 5 10 Austria
Belgium 17 30 29 17 23 33 19 21 21 Belgium
Brazil 61 57 54 59 56 47 38 52 51 Brazil
Canada 7 4 4 11 5 24 15 4 12 Canada
Chile 31 49 61 33 26 41 27 39 38 Chile
Croatia 59 36 32 55 52 43 37 63 49 Croatia
Cyprus 62 29 52 51 60 49 45 45 46 Cyprus
Estonia 34 17 39 25 21 15 24 29 22 Estonia
France 21 33 17 5 25 28 32 36 19 France
Germany 22 19 10 23 16 27 22 20 18 Germany
Greece 50 58 37 47 54 48 50 49 47 Greece
Hungary 46 48 51 35 51 46 62 56 36 Hungary
Iceland 37 18 35 18 40 12 18 11 28 Iceland
India 43 59 26 56 3 62 54 33 56 India
Ireland 14 34 24 20 53 13 10 3 24 Ireland
Israel 19 2 2 30 20 20 17 2 4 Israel
Italy 41 56 28 41 49 44 36 32 32 Italy
Japan 36 14 12 40 33 4 13 55 15 Japan
Jordan 39 41 63 43 39 54 58 23 42 Jordan
Latvia 28 28 46 31 36 26 52 41 37 Latvia
Mexico 52 51 53 45 42 50 40 57 53 Mexico
Norway 20 11 20 1 2 3 8 14 9 Norway
Peru 58 43 62 49 47 59 59 50 59 Peru
Poland 30 35 38 46 32 37 33 40 40 Poland
Qatar 15 38 59 32 24 30 16 8 26 Qatar
Romania 45 50 43 39 62 31 46 60 58 Romania
Russia 40 12 23 38 58 38 39 62 43 Russia
Spain 32 40 27 36 37 29 26 44 27 Spain
Sweden 10 5 3 12 10 7 9 10 11 Sweden
Taiwan 25 25 13 21 13 10 28 13 23 Taiwan
Turkey 49 62 48 37 41 51 42 42 50 Turkey
UAE 4 53 56 3 11 16 21 1 14 UAE
Ukraine 55 22 40 54 61 57 53 53 61 Ukraine
Sub-factor Rankings
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Argentina 58 58 55 57 55 54 57 53 56 58
Australia 10 9 14 15 13 9 11 16 18 15
Austria 24 26 19 16 15 14 16 12 12 13
Belgium 25 19 18 22 23 26 21 20 22 25
Brazil 55 56 54 55 57 52 55 54 55 62
Bulgaria 53 54 47 45 43 47 45 38 41 41
Canada 8 4 5 9 8 3 3 7 3 3
Chile 34 37 37 40 37 55 53 51 52 47
China Mainland 38 33 35 31 30 27 22 24 23 30
Colombia 49 53 56 58 59 51 52 56 57 57
Croatia 45 46 44 48 44 49 46 45 50 43
Cyprus - - - 53 54 - - - 46 55
Czech Republic 31 31 32 32 33 38 36 34 36 38
Denmark 7 8 8 5 4 8 9 8 8 8
Estonia 23 27 27 26 25 23 30 30 28 29
Finland 4 3 6 4 7 5 7 9 9 9
France 22 20 22 25 26 15 20 21 19 20
Germany 14 17 15 17 18 16 10 10 13 14
Greece 48 40 45 50 53 44 34 46 51 51
Hong Kong SAR 13 14 11 7 11 10 8 6 6 5
Hungary 36 44 42 44 46 42 44 43 48 48
Iceland 27 24 26 23 21 24 33 32 30 28
India 56 50 53 51 48 39 37 39 37 46
Indonesia 57 60 60 59 62 57 60 60 58 61
Ireland 17 25 20 21 20 21 26 25 25 22
Israel 11 10 13 13 12 7 4 5 7 2
Italy 41 36 34 39 41 46 42 40 42 42
Japan 20 23 23 27 22 20 24 23 29 18
Jordan 46 49 48 56 45 60 61 59 61 56
Kazakhstan 35 35 43 38 38 43 41 47 40 35
Korea Rep. 21 18 17 19 14 12 13 15 14 11
Latvia 33 34 33 35 35 33 32 33 34 34
Lithuania 32 28 29 29 29 25 18 18 21 23
Luxembourg 19 16 21 20 24 28 23 29 27 32
Malaysia 15 21 24 24 27 19 25 22 17 17
Mexico 51 48 52 49 51 53 51 52 54 54
Mongolia - 55 57 61 61 - 56 55 59 53
Netherlands 6 6 4 6 9 11 14 13 11 12
New Zealand 18 13 10 14 19 18 15 14 20 21
Norway 9 11 9 10 6 17 17 17 15 16
Peru 59 57 58 62 60 58 58 61 62 60
Philippines 43 45 46 46 56 41 49 50 53 50
Poland 39 38 38 37 36 36 31 27 32 33
Portugal 30 29 31 33 32 31 29 31 31 27
Qatar 28 32 28 28 28 34 39 37 35 37
Romania 54 51 49 54 47 56 50 48 47 45
Russia 42 41 40 42 40 30 27 28 24 24
Saudi Arabia - - - 36 42 - - - 39 40
Singapore 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Slovak Republic 40 43 41 43 50 40 43 41 43 49
Slovenia 37 39 36 34 34 32 28 26 26 26
South Africa 47 47 51 47 49 45 47 49 49 52
Spain 29 30 30 30 31 35 35 36 33 31
Sweden 3 5 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 7
Switzerland 5 7 7 8 5 6 5 3 4 6
Taiwan 16 15 16 12 16 22 19 19 16 19
Thailand 44 42 39 41 39 50 48 42 44 44
Turkey 52 52 50 52 52 59 59 58 60 59
UAE 26 22 25 18 17 37 38 35 38 36
Ukraine 50 59 59 60 58 29 40 44 45 39
United Kingdom 12 12 12 11 10 13 12 11 10 10
USA 2 2 2 3 1 4 6 4 5 4
Venezuela 60 61 61 63 63 48 54 57 63 63
OVERALL Knowledge
Factor Rankings

Regional trends in the IMD
World Digital Competitiveness
Ranking 2018
Christos Cabolis
Chief Economist Head of Operations
José Caballero
Senior Economist
Marco Pistis
Research Specialist
Introduction
This year the IMD World Digital Competitiveness ranking
(WDCR) celebrates its second edition. In 2017, we introduced
this ranking in order to quantify the rapid transformations
countries are undergoing, and to provide a tool for decision
makers in the public and private sectors to interpret and
address these changes. The objective of the digital ranking is
to assess the extent to which a country adopts and explores
digital technologies leading to transformation in government
practices, business models and society in general. In this
way, firms are able to find better opportunities to strengthen
future value creation.
The WDCR is constituted by 50 criteria –both hard data and
survey data– divided into nine sub-factors which are in turn
grouped into three factors (see the Methodology in a Nutshell
section for more details). The Knowledge factor refers to the
intangible infrastructure, which underlines the process of
digital transformation through the discovery, understanding
and learning of new technologies. The factor encompasses
three sub-factors: talent, training/education investment and
scientific concentration. Talent is the pool of skills available in
a particular economy. The strength and level of development
of the talent pool is interconnected to the priority assigned
to the training and education of the workforce. Scientific
concentration highlights the investment and production of
knowledge necessary for the digital transformation of an
economy.
The Technology factor assesses the overall context through
which the development of digital technologies is enabled.
This context includes first, a supportive regulatory framework
which allows for the efficient performance of business
activities and the enforcement of relevant regulation while
encouraging business development and innovation. The
second element of the technology factor is capital which
evaluates the availability and current investment on
technology related development. It also considers the level
of investment risk in a particular economy. The final element
is the existing technological framework which assesses the
current physical technological infrastructure in a country and
also its quality.
Finally, the Future Readiness factor examines the level
of preparedness of an economy to assume its digital
transformation. In this sense, it incorporates three
components: adaptive attitudes, business agility, and IT
integration. Digital competitiveness requires that available
digital technologies to be “absorbed” by society. The
absorption of digital technologies needs particular adaptive
attitudes including the willingness of a society to participate
in digital-related processes, for example, to engage with
internet purchases and smartphones. Readiness also
requires business flexibility in terms of adopting new
technologies. In this sense, business agility implies that firms
in a particular economy are able to transform their business
models in order to take advantage of new opportunities. It
also refers to the level of innovation that originates from the
private sector. Readiness, finally, needs IT integration which
evaluates how well IT relevant practices and processes are
applied by all actors.
This essay will provide a quick overview of the rankings. We
will begin by approaching the big picture: how did different
economies fare with respect to digital competitiveness
in 2018? In addition, the interactions among countries
around the globe requires a focus on broad regions and
sub-regions. Section 1 discusses this level of analysis and
provides insights on the relationship between productivity
and the digital ranking. Section 2 provides an account of the
strength and weaknesses at the country level for the highest
and lowest ranked economies; identifying key trends in the
results.
Arturo Bris
Director

Europe, Middle East Africa
Asia Pacific
The Americas
25
30
35
40
45
AverageDigitalCompetitivenessranking
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Center (2018)
Figure 2a: Overall digital competitiveness trends at regional level
in 2018.
Honk Kong SAR
Singapore
Improvement in the ranking Decline in the ranking No variation in the ranking
1. Competitiveness Rankings at the world level
The WDCR 2018 studies 63 economies most of which have
a high or middle level of income per capita. The world map
in Figure 1 provides a visualization of the changes in the
ranking between 2017 and 2018. The majority of countries
in the study (29) experienced an improvement in their level
of digital competitiveness with respect to last year. About 40
percent of the sample (26 countries) shows a decline while
only eight economies confirmed their position in the 2018
ranking.
Figure 1: Changes in digital competitiveness ranking compared to 2017
These changes are not geographically focused.
Improvements and declines occur across
continents. Therefore, a natural second-step is to
look at the trends within regions and sub-regions
in order to identify commonalities and differences
among countries. A description of the composition
of the regions is provided in Table 1 in the
Appendix.
Figure 2a presents the regional evolution of the
digital competitiveness ranking for the last six
years. Countries in the Asia and Pacific region
show, on average, the highest ranking position
throughout the period under consideration. In
2018 this average is a sharp 30. Europe, Middle
East and Africa follows very close with an average
ranking of 30.2. The Americas lag behind the
other regions with an average ranking position of
43.4. Notably both the Asia and Pacific and the
Americas have experienced a deterioration over
the last six years, while during the same period
Europe, Middle East and Africa showed a slight
improvement in its performance overtime.

Breaking down the regions into sub-regions (Figure
3, 4a and 4b) confirms some of the trends that also
emerged in the 2018 IMD World Competitiveness
Ranking (WCR). First, countries in Eastern Asia,
North America and Western Europe occupy the
highest positions in both overall competitiveness
and digital competitiveness. In particular, Eastern
Asia is the most digital competitive sub-region in
2018 with an average ranking position of 18.6.
North America and Western Europe follow with an
average of 20 and 21.2 respectively.
Second, Southern Asia and the Pacific (mean of
33.2), and Western Asia and Africa (mean of 35)
share a similar score in terms of overall digital
competitiveness. However, they achieve this
result from different angles. While countries in
Southern Asia and the Pacific excel in the creation
of knowledge and technological infrastructure,
economies in Western Asia and Africa tend to be
strong mostly in the adoption of new technologies
in business processes and in their society in
general.
0 10 20 30 40 50
The Americas
Europe, Middle East Africa
Asia Pacifica
Knowledge Technology
Future readiness
Figure 2b: Overall digital competitiveness trends at factors
performance in 2018.
Figure 4a and 4b: Factors performance at sub-regional level in 2018.
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Ex-CIS and Central Asia
North America
South America
Western Asia Africa
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia the Pacific
20
30
40
50
60
AverageDigitalCompetitivenessranking2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year
Figure 3: Overall digital competitiveness trends at sub-regional
level.
0 10 20 30 40
Western Europe
North America
Eastern Asia
Knowledge Technology
Future readiness
0 20 40 60
South America
Eastern Europe
Western Asia Africa
Knowledge Technology Future readiness
Figure 2b offers an overview of the factors driving
the digital performance of regions. The strengths
of Asia and Pacific are in the knowledge and
technology while future readiness is the region’s
weak factor. Indeed, countries in the region share
a focus on scientific education and the creation
of a supportive environment for technology
development. However, the integration and
adoption of technology especially in the public
sector is somewhat heterogeneous, resulting in a
lower average at regional level with respect to the
other factors.
In contrast, Europe, Middle East and Africa
shows a balanced performance in all the digital
competitiveness factors. In particular, this region
presents the highest rank in future readiness
compared to the other regions. Finally, The
Americas shows the lowest performance in all
factors with respect to the other two regions.
Future readiness is the America’s best performing
factor while knowledge ranks the lowest.
These regions are wide and heterogeneous. For instance, Europe, Middle East and Africa include a wide range of countries
with significant differences in their economic development and digital performances such as Sweden, Kazakhstan, Qatar
and South Africa. The same applies to the Americas which includes the highest and lowest ranked in digital competitiveness.
Moving the analysis to sub-regions may therefore provide more interesting insights.

Digital insights: Is there a link between
productivity and digital competitiveness?
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
North America
South America
Western Asia Africa
Eastern Asia
40000
60000
80000
100000
Averageoverallproductivity(US$,PPP)
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
Figure 5a: Average overall productivity (US$, PPP)
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
North America
South America
Western Asia Africa
Eastern Asia
20
30
40
50
60
Averagelabourproductivity(US$,PPP)
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
Figure 5b: Average labour productivity (US$, PPP) by sub-region
AE
AR
AT
AU
BE
BG
BR
CA
CH
CL
CN CO
CY
CZ
DEDK
EE
ES
FI
FR
GB
GR
HK
HRHU
ID
IE
IL
IN
IS
IT
JO
JP
KR
KZ
LT
LU
LV
MX
MY
NL
NO
NZ
PE
PH
PL
PT
QA
RORU
SA
SE
SG
SI SK
TH
TR
TW
UA
US
VE
ZA
020406080100
Labourproductivity(US$,PPP)in2017
0 20 40 60
AE
AR
AT
AU
BE
BG
BR
CA
CH
CL
CN CO
CY
CZ
DEDK
EE
ES
FI
FR
GB
GR
HK
HR HU
ID
IE
IL
IN
IS
IT
JO
JP
KR
KZ
LT
LU
LV
MX
MY
NL
NO
NZ
PE
PH
PL
PT
QA
RORU
SA
SE
SG
SI SK
TH
TR
TW
UA
US
VE
ZA
020406080100
Labourproductivity(US$,PPP)in2017
0 20 40 60
Figure 6a and 6b: Labour productivity-overall digital competitiveness ranking (correlation -0.72) Labour productivity-future
readiness factor (correlation -0.76)
Economies at the top of the digital competitiveness
ranking are varied in terms of size, economic
model and geographical location. The top three
economies in particular provide a clear example of
such heterogeneity.
The level of digital competitiveness of a country,
however, is associated with other aspects
often indicated in the literature. For instance,
a common argument discussed by several
scholars is the positive impact of the process of
digitalization on productivity. While the average
levels of productivity are rather sluggish in the
last few years, a relationship between the level
of labour productivity of an economy and its level
of digitalization still holds. Figure 5a and 5b
show the average overall productivity as well as
the average labor productivity in US$ (PPP) by
sub-region for the last five years. In the overall
productivity, Western Asia and Africa, Western
Europe and North America lead the regions. This
holds true also for the average labor productivity
with a minor change in the first two positions.
Overall, there is limited increase in the overall and
labor productivity in all regions except Western
Asia and Africa.
Figure 6a presents the relation between labor
productivity and the overall digital ranking. It shows
that there is strong correlation between the two—
the higher the level of productivity, the higher the
level of digitalization in the country. Interestingly of
the three digital factors, we found that the future
readiness has the highest correlation coefficient
with labor productivity. This factor assesses the ability of the country to adopt and explore digital technology. It reflects
the preparedness of an economy to manage the implied disruptions from the digital technologies. Figure 6b shows that
there is a strong relation between labor productivity and the future readiness ranking—that higher level of labor productivity
is associated with high readiness. In other words, there seems to be direct connection between the adaptiveness of the
government, the private sector and society in embracing new technologies, and labor productivity.

2. Digital competitiveness performances at a country level
This year the USA ranks 1st
in the overall digital ranking
rising from the 3rd
spot due to its improvements in knowledge
(4th
from 5th
) and in technology (3rd
from 6th
). It remains stable
in future readiness (2nd
). Improvement in knowledge results
from a strong performance in the training and education sub-
factor moving up to the 21st
place from 33rd
. Within the latter,
employee training increases from 41st
to 34th
. Under the
scientific concentration sub-factor, the share of scientific and
technical employment also experiences a boost from 19th
to
7th
. The improvement in the technology factor capitalizes on
slight advancement in all its sub-factors. There are, however,
some worrying signs for the long-term digital competitiveness
of the country. The USA ranks relatively low in educational
assessment PISA (37th
), graduates in sciences (53rd
),
immigration laws (54th
), attitudes toward globalization (37th
)
and cyber security (35th
).
Singapore drops from 1st
to 2nd
in the overall ranking. It
reaches 1st
place in the knowledge and technology factors,
and 15th
in future readiness. More specifically, Singapore
enjoys top performances in the talent and, training and
education sub-factors (1st
in both) mainly due to its attainment
in the educational assessment PISA (1st
) and a boost to
employee training from 25th
to 20th
. Under the technology
factor, Singapore comes 2nd
in the regulatory framework,
1st
in the technological framework and 8th
in the capital sub-
factor. The latter rank in capital represents a boost from 14th
last year, which results mainly from a sharp increase in the
share of investment in telecommunication (59th
to 40th
). It
seems, however, that despite the existence of high levels
of training and education, and an environment conducive
to digitalization, society’s attitudes toward the adoption of
technologies and the agility of business to take advantage
of the digital transformation, are rather limited (20th
and 18th
respectively).
In 3rd
place dropping from 2nd
, Sweden shows a balanced
scorecard. At the factor level, it ranks 7th
in knowledge, 5th
in
technology and 5th
in future readiness. Sweden reaches the
top 10 in seven of the nine sub-factors considered; it ranks
12th
in regulatory framework and 11th
in IT integration. Under
knowledge, despite ranking 5th
in the training and education
sub-factor, the rather low performance in some of the sub-
factor’s components may be at the core of Sweden’s decline
in the overall digital ranking. It ranks 20th
in higher education
achievement (down from 18th
) and 23rd
in the percentage of
graduates in sciences (down from 20th
). Although, Sweden
sees an increase from 23rd
to 19th
in pupil-teacher ratio in
tertiary education, it still remains relatively low. Similarly,
under the technology factor, the regulatory framework sub-
factor contributes to Sweden’s drop in the overall ranking.
The regulatory framework position deteriorates from 4th
to
12th
partly because of a steep decline in the perception about
the effectiveness of immigration laws (11th
to 33rd
).
Denmark improves its overall digital position from 5th
to 4th
. At the factor level, it ranks 8th
in knowledge, 10th
in
technology and 1st
in future readiness. The country boosts
its performance (or remains stable) across eight of the nine
sub-factors only dropping in adaptive attitudes (from 1st
to
5th
). Its highest rank at this level of analysis is in training and
education (3rd
) and its lowest in capital (22nd
). Incidentally,
capital and scientific concentration (14th
, an improvement
from 19th
) are the only two sub-factors in which Denmark
ranks outside the top 10. These relatively lower ranks partly
originate, in the case of scientific concentration, in the share
of female researchers (36th
); and in the case of capital, in IT
and media stock market capitalization (46th
) and investment
in Telecommunications (43rd
). Some potential future issues
are highlighted by Denmark’s rankings in three somewhat
interconnected indicators: graduates in sciences (44th
), RD
productivity by publication (47th
) and high-tech patent grants
(37th
).
Switzerland moves up in the overall ranking from 8th
to 5th
.
This improvement comes on the back of an increase in the
future readiness factor increasing from 13th
to 10th
place.
The country, however, experiences some declines in the
knowledge and technology factors (from 4th
to 6th
and 8th
to 9th
, respectively). At the sub-factor level, Switzerland
reaches its highest position in talent (2nd
) and its lowest in
IT integration (16th
). In talent, while Switzerland remains
attractive for highly-skilled staff (1st
), the availability of digital/
technological skills is relatively low (20th
). In training and
education (which improves from 25th
to 10th
), despite a low
total public investment in education (25th
), the quality of
tertiary education measured by pupil/teacher ratio is high
(6th
). There are weak points in scientific concentration: female
researchers (34th
), RD productivity by publication (39th
) and
high-tech patent grants (34th
). In the regulatory framework,
although Switzerland tops the rankings in scientific research
legislation and intellectual property rights, there are concerns
in terms of the ease of starting a business (37th
), enforcing
contracts (34th
) and immigration laws (39th
). The use of
digital technology by society to interact with government
(e-participation) seems severely low at 51st
. Business agility
capitalizes in the flow of knowledge between the academic
and business sectors (1st
).
Norway undergoes the largest increase among the top digital
competitiveness countries, rising from 10th
to 6th
. While
its position in the knowledge factor declines from 15th
to
16th
, Norway remains stable at 2nd
place in technology and
improves from 12th
to 6th
in future readiness. At the sub-
factor level, the country improves (or remains stable) across
the board, ranking the highest in regulatory framework
(1st
) and lowest in scientific concentration (20th
). It is also
noteworthy that Norway’s largest advancement at this level
of analysis is in business agility (20th
14th
) followed by IT
integration (14th
to 9th
) and availability of capital (7th
to 2nd
).
The boost to business agility originates in increased positive
perceptions about firms’ effective response to opportunities
and threats (32nd
to 12th
) and the percentage of innovative
firms (26th
to 16th
). In terms of IT integration, improvements
emerge partly in an increase in the cyber security indicator
from 27th
to 14th
. Norway’s strong performance in capital
stems in its achievement in banking and financial services,
and investment risk, in which it ranks the highest at 1st
in
both variables. Norway performs feebly in the net flow of
international students (51st
), graduates in sciences (40th
) and
RD productivity by publication (43rd
).
Finland declines from 4th
to 7th
place in the overall ranking.
While it remains stable in the knowledge and technology
factors (9th
and 4th
, respectively), it declines in future
readiness from 4th
to 8th
place. Finland’s highest position
2.1. The top 10 digital-competitive countries

Cyprus drops to the bottom 10 of the ranking because
of declines across all the components (i.e., sub-factors)
of the knowledge factor (where it ranks 55th
from 46th
)
and technology (in which it ranks 56th
from 54th
) factor. In
knowledge, all components of the talent sub-factor rank below
35th
with the attractiveness of the country for foreign highly-
skilled personnel reaching the highest place (38th
). Within the
training and education sub-factor, Cyprus performs better
reaching the 9th
spot in total public expenditure on education
and 11th
in higher education achievement. In the technology
factor, all the indicators encompassed by all sub-factors (i.e.,
regulatory framework, capital and technological framework)
rank below 40th
with the exception of the starting a business
variable (28th
). Cyprus’ highest ranking at the factor level is
in future readiness (44th
, an improvement from 54th
). Here,
all sub-factors improve: adaptive attitudes from 56th
to 45th
,
business agility from 51st
to 45th
and IT integration from 47th
to 46th
. At the indicator level under future readiness, Cyprus
reaches its highest position in innovative firms at 15th
.
Argentina improves two spots from 57th
to 55th
. This
advancement is mainly driven by its performance in the
technology and future readiness factors improving from 58th
to 54th
and from 49th
to 45th
respectively. Under technology,
all sub-factors improve with the strongest performance in
capital moving from 59th
to 48th
. In future readiness, adaptive
attitudes remains stable at 49th
, business agility drops
one place to 37th
(Argentina’s highest ranking sub-factor)
and IT integration moves up from 54th
to 52nd
. In terms of
the knowledge factor, the country drops two places to 58th
.
This factor shows Argentina’s lowest ranking sub-factor,
training and education at 63rd
. At the indicator level, the
2.2. The bottom 10 digital-competitive countries
in among the sub-factors is in IT integration (1st
) and its
lowest rank at the same level of analysis is in business agility
(22nd
). Seemingly, the rigidity of the private sector in terms
of its response to opportunities and threats (40th
to 48th
), the
rather ineffective use of big data and analytics (12th
to 30th
)
and knowledge transfer (from 8th
to 13th
) greatly contribute to
Finland’s decline in business agility from the 17th
to 22nd
. It is
also important to note that the country’s ranking in the talent
availability sub-factor (13th
from 10th
) is relatively low. In this
regard, while Finland ranks 3rd
in the availability of digital/
technological skills, it ranks 40th
in the attractiveness of the
country for foreign highly-skilled personnel.
Canada advances one spot to the 8th
position largely due to
its performance in the knowledge factor (3rd
) within which it
increases in talent (9th
to 7th
) and training and education (10th
to 4th
). Canada’s strengths in talent is mainly on attracting
foreign highly-skilled personnel (which improves from 11th
to 4th
), availability of digital/technological skills (from 13th
to 8th
) and educational assessment (stable at 9th
). In the
training and education sub-factor, Canada tops the ranking
in the percentage of women with degrees and ranks 5th
in
higher education achievement (a slight improvement from
6th
). In the technology and future readiness factors, Canada
ranks 12th
and 9th
respectively. In technology, the country’s
weakness is in the technological framework where it ranks
24th
due to a relative underperformance in all its components
with internet users reaching the highest position at 17th
(a
drop from 9th
) and the lowest rank in wireless broad band
at 46th
(no change). In future readiness; adaptive attitudes
and IT integration rank relatively low (15th
and 12th
). Drops
in tablet and smartphone possession (from 16th
to 23rd
and
from 18th
to 30th
, respectively) negatively affects Canada’s
performance in adaptive attitudes. In terms of IT integration,
the country remains stable in e-government and software
piracy (both at 14th
) and gains in public-private partnerships
(16th
to 9th
) and cyber security (17th
to 16th
).
The Netherlands drops from the 6th
to 9th
position
experiencing a slight decline in the knowledge (11th
to 12th
)
and future readiness (3rd
to 4th
) factors. The technology factor
undergoes an opposite trend rising from 9th
to 8th
. At the sub-
factor level, the country remains strong in the availability of
talent (3rd
) and capital (7th
), in society’s adoption of technology
and IT integration (7th
in both). Training and education,
despite a slight improvement from 32nd
to 31st
, remains at a
low position due to declines in all the relevant indicators (with
the exception of women with degrees which improves four
places to 31st
). The scientific concentration also experiences
a minor advancement but remains at a relatively low spot
(16th
) because of minor deteriorations in the total RD
personnel per capita (13th
to 14th
), female researchers (44th
to 46th
) and scientific and technical employment (7th
to 11th
).
At the indicator level, the Netherlands strengths are in the
accessibility to venture capital (3rd
), the availability of senior
managers with significant international experience and the
management of cities to support business development (4th
in both). The country’s position in graduates in sciences
(dropping 57th
from 53rd
) and enforcing contracts (gaining
two spots to 42nd
) may be of some concern.
The United Kingdom breaks into the top 10 following
improvements in some of the digital factors. While
knowledge remains stable at the 10th
spot, technology and
future readiness increase from 16th
to 13th
and 9th
to 3rd
(respectively). The country capitalizes on its advancement
in scientific concentration which rises from 11th
to 8th
, the
regulatory framework from 12th
to 7th
and capital from 24th
to
17th
. All sub-factors under future readiness improve: adaptive
attitudes (6th
to 4th
), business agility (22nd
to 16th
) and IT
integration (6th
to 2nd
). Gains in adaptive attitudes result from
increases in tablet and smartphone possession (from 20th
to 13th
and from 45th
to 17th
, respectively). Business agility
benefits from a boost in perceptions about the use of big
data and analytics (28th
to 11th
) and knowledge transfer (7th
to
2nd
). Improvements in IT integration partly stem from positive
trends in the effectiveness of public-private partnerships
(19th
to 14th
) and cyber security (39th
to 17th
). At the indicator
level, the United Kingdom strongholds are in e-participation
and e-government (1st
in both), and in scientific regulation
(whether is conducive to innovation) and internet retailing
(2nd
in both). Its weaknesses are in whether immigration laws
facilitate the hiring of overseas staff (34th
, a drop from 25th
),
society’s attitudes toward globalization (42nd
, down from 38th
)
and the level of investment in telecommunication (which
drops from 60th
to 58th
).

Imd world digital_competitiveness_ranking_2018 (3)

Imd world digital_competitiveness_ranking_2018 (3)

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