1. Introduction
to Nursing
Domains of Nursing
간호의 영역
Kasil Oh, PhD, RN

2. Virginia Henderson (1966)

3. Martha Rogers(1970)

4. 용어들
학문분야 Discipline
인간과학 Human science
지식의 영역 Domain
실천 학문 A Practice Discipline”
Metaparadigm

5. 간호학입문
간호의 영역, 관심
Domains of Nursing

사람(person)

환경(environment)

건강(health)

간호(nursing)

6. 간호학입문
전문직 간호를 위한 기본 개념간의 관계
사람
건강
전문직 간
호
환경

8. Learning objectives
학습 목표

이 학과가 끝나면 학생들은 다음과 같은 문제에 답할
수 있다.
1.
2.
Summarize the concepts basic to professional
nursing
State how four domains(person, health,
environment, and nursing) of nursing are related .

9. Review Question 생각할 점

간호는 응용과학인가? 그 이유는 무엇인가?
 Why is nursing called as applied science ?
Tell why you agree or disagree with this
description.

10. Metapardigm


set of forms all of which contain a particula
r element, especially the set of all inflected
forms based on a single stem or theme.
example, pattern; especially: an outstandi
ngly clear or typical example or archetype.

11. Nursing’s metaparadigm (1)


A metaparadigm is the global perspective of a
discipline that identifies the primary phenomena that are
of interest to that discipline and explains how the
discipline deals with those phenomena in a unique
manner(Fawcett, 1992).
The metaparadigm includes major philosophical
orientations or worldviews of a discipline, the conceptual
models and theories

12. Nursing’s metaparadigm(2)

According to Fawcett and Malinski(1996), in the 1970s and early
1980s, a number of nursing scholars identified a growing
consensus that the dominant phenomena within the science of
nursing revolved around the concepts of man(person), health,
environment, and nursing.

Fawcett first wrote on the concepts in 1978 and formalized them
as the formalized the as the metaparadigm of nursing in 1984.

13. Nursing’s metaparadigm

Person A being composed of physical, intellectual, biochemical and
psychosocial needs; a human energy fields; a holistic being in the world;
an open system; an integrated whole; an adaptive system; and a being;
who is grater that the sum of his parts(Wagner, 1986).
 Nursing theories are often most distinguishable from each other by the
various ways in which they conceptualize the person or recipient of
nursing care. Although some nursing writers have expanded to include
family and community as the focus, most nursing models organize data
about the individual person as a focus of the nurse’s attention,

14. Nursing’s metaparadigm


the ability to function independently;
successful adaptation to life’s stressors; achievement
of one’s full life potential; and unity of mind, body and
soul (Wagner, 1986).
Health has been a
phenomenon of central interest to nursing since its
inception.
Nursing literature indicates great diversity in the
explication of health and quality of life.(Thorne et al.,
1998)
Health

15. Nursing’s metaparadigm

Environment Refers to the external elements that
affect the person; internal and external conditions
that influence the organism; significant other with
whom the person interact; and an open system with
boundaries that permit the exchange of matter,
energy and information with human beings.

16. Nursing’s metaparadigm


Nursing
a science, an art, and a practice discipline and
involves caring. Goals of nursing include care of the well, care
of the sick, assisting with self-care activities, helping individuals
attain their human potential, and discovering and using nature’s
laws of health.
The purposes of nursing care include placing the client in the
best condition of nature to restore health, promoting the
adaptation of the individual, facilitating the development of an
interaction between the nurse and the client in which jointly set
goals are met, and promoting harmony between he individual
and the environment.

17. Nursing’s metaparadigm


Nursing practice
facilitates,
supports,
and
assists individuals, families, communities, and the
societies to enhance, maintain, and recover health
and to reduce and ameliorate the effects of illness
(Thorne et al, 1998)
In addition to the definitions presented here, many
grand nursing theorists, and virtually all of the
theoretical commentators, incorporate these four
terms into their conceptual frameworks.

18. “CARING 돌봄”의 어원:


CARING  Kara 에서 유래
(noun) Middle English; Old English caru, c
earu, cognate with Gothic kara, Old High
German chara lament; (v.) Middle
English caren,
Old English cearian, carian

19. Care
걱정, 근심, 심려(心慮), 우려; 《고어》 슬픔,
비탄. care 책임·공포·불안 따위의 정신적
중압(重壓). concern 애착·책임·존경 따위를
가지고 있는 것에 대한 걱정에 가까운 관심.
anxiety 불행·재난 따위를 염려하는 불안과
공포의 괴로움

20. ‘KARA’의 의미1:
1. 슬피 울다 To lament/to mourn
…병든, 혼돈된, 외로운, 소외된, 잊혀진
사람들과 함께 울부짖으며
그들의 아픔을 우리의 가슴 속에 인식하다
…cry out with those who are ill, confused,
lonely, isolated, forgotten, and
to recognize their pains in our hearts.

21. ‘KARA’의 의미2:
2. 고통에 동참하다 To participate in suffering
…상처 받고 힘없는 사람들의 삶 속에
들어가 거기서 그 弱者와 親交를 가지다
…enter into the world of those who are
broken and powerless and to establish
there a fellowship of the weak.

22. ‘KARA’의 의미3:
3. 성(화)난 손에 의해서만 접촉(만짐)을 받았던 사람
들을 다정하게 안아주다
To embrace affectionately
those who are only touched by
hostile hands.

23. ‘KARA’의 의미4:
4. 탐욕스러운 귀에 듣기 좋은 말만 했던
사람들의 말들을 집중해서 잘 들어주다
To listen attentively to those
whose words are only heard by
greedy ears

24. ‘KARA’의 의미5:
5. 거친 명령들과 참을성 없이 계속
요청하는 데 익숙해진 사람들에게
친절하게 말하다
To speak gently with those who are used to
harsh orders and impatient requests.

25. ‘KARA’의 의미6:
6. 아픔을 나누다 To share in pain
…그들의 상황을 변화시키기 위해 아무것도
할 수 없는 때에라도 함께 곁에 있어주다
…be present to those who suffer and
to stay present even when nothing can be
done to change their situation.

26. ‘KARA’의 의미7:
7. 긍휼히 여기며, 제한적 실존으로서 겪는
현실의 아픔을 정직하게 당면하는
사람들의 공동체를 형성하다
To be compassionate and form a community
of people honestly facing the pain of reality of
our finite existence.

27. ‘KARA’의 의미8:
8. 우리의 일상적인 상처를 마비로가 아닌,
공동체로 이끌려는 용기와 고백이 담겨
있는 가장 인간적인 행동
The Most Human of all human gestures,
in which a courageous confession of our
common brokenness does not lead to
paralysis but to community

28. 돌봄Caring의 속성Attributes
Roach(1984)의 5 C:
- Compassion
- Competence
- Confidence
- Conscience
- Commitment
진정한 돌봄에는 이러한 속성들을 내포되 있다.

29. Attributes of Caring
Commitment
Conscience
Confidence
Competence
Compassion

30. Confidence



full trust; belief in the powers, trustworthiness, or relia
bility of a person or thing: We have every confidence i
n their ability to succeed.
2. belief in oneself and one's powers or abilities; selfconfidence; self-reliance; assurance: His lack of confi
dence defeated him.
3. certitude; assurance: He described the situation wit
h such confidence that the audience believed him co
mpletely.

31. Compassion
측은히 여기는 마음, 동정

one in which the emotional capacities of empathy and
sympathy (for the suffering of others) are regarded as
a part of love itself, and a cornerstone of greater soci
al interconnection and humanism —... a feeling of de
ep sympathy and sorrow for another who is stricken b
y misfortune, accompanied by a strong desire to allev
iate the suffering. verb (used with object) 2. Archaic. t
o compassionate. :10:09:08:07:06:05:04:03:02:01. C
ompassion is one of our favorite verbs.

32. conscience

1. the inner sense of what is right or wrong
in one's conduct or motives, impelling one
toward right action: to follow the dictates of
conscience. 2. the complex of ethical and
moral principles that controls or inhibits the
actions or thoughts of an individual

33. Commitment

to pledge (oneself) to a position on an
issue or question; express (one's intention, fe
eling, etc.)
 to bind or obligate, as by pledge or assuranc
e; pledge: to commit oneself to a promise; to
be committed to a course of action.
 to entrust, especially for safekeeping;
commend: to commit one's soul to God.

34. Interpersonal Caring Behavior
Noticing
Participating
Active Listening
Sharing
Complimenting
I-Caring
Companioning
Hoping
Comforting
Forgiving
Accepting