Kenneth G McCabe

1. Greenhouse
Performance
of Round 3
Containers
Kenneth G McCabe
Department of
Horticulture
Iowa State University

2. Outline for Presentation
• Container Aesthetics and Shuttle Tray Experiments
• Greenhouse Nutrition Trial
• Take-home Messages
• Acknowledgements and Questions

3. Container Aesthetics Experiment
Gerbera (10 weeks) Asparagus Fern (15 weeks)

4. Gerbera grown
for 10 weeks

5. Containers
used for 10
weeks
PLA/Soy
(60/40)
PLA/Soy/BioRes
(50/30/20)
PLA/Soy/BioRes
(55/35/10)
PLA/BioRes (BR)
(80/20)
PLA/Lignin
(90/10)
rPLA
(100)
PHA/DDGS
(80/20)
Petroleum
plastic
PUR-coated
Paper-fiber

6. Asparagus Fern
15 weeks old
PLA/BioRes containers with
and without colorant
Blue Colorant Green Colorant No Color Added

7. Shuttle Tray Experiment
Marigold
‘Honeycomb’
grown for 7
weeks
Bioplastic
Containers Only

8. PLA/Lignin (90/10)

9. PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)

10. PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)

11. PLA/Soy (60/40)

12. PHA/DDGS (80/20)

13. rPLA (100)

14. PLA/BioRes (80/20)

15. PLA/BioRes (80/20)-Green Colorant

16. PLA/BioRes (70/30)-Blue Colorant

17. Petroleum Plastic

18. Container Nutrition Trial
Marigold
‘Honeycomb’
5 weeks of
culture
5 Fertilizer
Treatments

19. 4.5” Containers Evaluated
(% by weight)
PLA/BioRes (BR) (80/20)
PLA/Lignin (90/10)
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PHA/DDGS (80/20)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA (100)
Petroleum Plastic - polypropylene

20. Fertilizer Treatments
Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5
(0)
(60)
(113)
(226)
(452)
0 0 0 0 0
100 100 0 0 0
75 75 75 75 75
150 150 150 150 150
300 300 300 300 300
Fertilizer (ppm N) supplied from a 16.6N–5P–16.3K water-soluble fertilizer
Applied
N (mg)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

21. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA (100%)
PHA/DDGS (80/20)
PLA/Lignin (90/10)
PLA/BR (80/20)
Fertilizer Trt (mg of N)
0 6 113 226 452Container Nutrition Trial

22. Shoot Dry Weight (g)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
PLA/BR (80/20) 0.8 Cd 3.2 BCc 3.4 ABc 4.7 Ab 6.1 Aa
PLA/Lignin 0.8 Cd 2.9 BCc 3.9 ABb 5.1 Aa 5.7 Aa
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 2.6 Ac 4.6 Aab 4.1 Ab 5.9 Aa 5.4 Aab
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.6 Ad 3.6 Bcd 4.5 Abc 5.3 Aab 6.3 Aa
PHA/DDGS 0.5 Cc 2.4 Cb 2.9 Bb 4.9 Aa 5.5 Aa
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 1.8 Bd 3.8 ABc 4.2 Abc 5.5 Aab 5.9 Aa
rPLA 0.4 Cd 3.1 BCc 3.6 ABc 4.9 Ab 6.3 Aa
PP container 0.7 Cd 3.0 BCc 3.8 ABbc 4.8 Ab 6.7 Aa
Container Nutrition Trial

23. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452Container Nutrition Trial

24. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452Container Nutrition Trial

25. Shoot Dry Weight (g)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 2.6 Ac 4.6 Aab 4.1 Ab 5.9 Aa 5.4 Aab
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.6 Ad 3.6 Bcd 4.5 Abc 5.3 Aab 6.3 Aa
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 1.8 Bd 3.8 ABc 4.2 Abc 5.5 Aab 5.9 Aa
rPLA
PP container 0.7 Cd 3.0 BCc 3.8 ABbc 4.8 Ab 6.7 Aa
Container Nutrition Trial

26. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin (90/10)
rPLA (100)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

27. Shoot Dry Weight (g)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
PLA/BR (80/20) 0.8 Cd 3.2 BCc 3.4 ABc 4.7 Ab 6.1 Aa
PLA/Lignin 0.8 Cd 2.9 BCc 3.9 ABb 5.1 Aa 5.7 Aa
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA 0.4 Cd 3.1 BCc 3.6 ABc 4.9 Ab 6.3 Aa
PP container 0.7 Cd 3.0 BCc 3.8 ABbc 4.8 Ab 6.7 Aa
Container Nutrition Trial

28. Petroleum Plastic
PHA/DDGS (80/20)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

29. Shoot Dry Weight (g)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PHA/DDGS 0.5 Cc 2.4 Cb 2.9 Bb 4.9 Aa 5.5 Aa
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA
PP container 0.7 Cd 3.0 BCc 3.8 ABbc 4.8 Ab 6.7 Aa
Container Nutrition Trial

30. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA (100%)
PHA/DDGS (80/20)
PLA/Lignin (90/10)
PLA/BR (80/20)
Fertilizer Trt (mg of N)
0 6 113 226 452Container Nutrition Trial

31. Shoot Nitrogen (N) characteristics
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot N (%)
PLA/BR (80/20) 1.2 Cc 1.4 Cc 2.3 Cb 2.3 CDb 3.4 BCa
PLA/Lignin 0.7 Cd 1.3 Cc 2.1 Cb 3.2 BCa 3.5 BCa
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 4.5 Aa 4.0 Aa 4.6 Aa 4.1 Aa 4.4 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.7 Ba 2.8 Ba 3.3 Ba 3.1 BCa 3.6 A-Ca
PHA/DDGS 0.7 Cc 1.0 Cc 1.6 Cb 1.9 Db 3.0 Ca
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 4.1 Aa 3.0 Bb 3.7 Bab 3.5 ABab 4.1 ABa
rPLA 0.7 Cd 1.3 Ccd 1.9 Cc 2.7 B-Db 3.5 BCa
PP container 0.8 Cc 1.3 Cc 2.2 Cb 2.5 CDb 3.3 Ca
Shoot N content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20) 9 Ce 43 Cd 71 Cc 117 DEb 207 ABa
PLA/Lignin 6 Ce 38 Cd 80 Cc 139 CDb 216 ABa
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 120 Ab 181 Aab 199 Aab 231 Aa 220 ABa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 66 Bd 93 Bd 129 Bc 163 BCb 264 Aa
PHA/DDGS 4 Ce 25 Cd 46 Cc 87 Eb 163 Ba
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 72 Bc 109 Bbc 146 Bb 194 Ba 236 ABa
rPLA 3 Cd 40 Cc 65 Cc 117 DEb 205 ABa
PP container 5 Ce 40 Cd 74 Cc 128 Db 221 ABa

32. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

33. Shoot Nitrogen (N) characteristics
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot N (%)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 4.5 Aa 4.0 Aa 4.6 Aa 4.1 Aa 4.4 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.7 Ba 2.8 Ba 3.3 Ba 3.1 BCa 3.6 A-Ca
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 4.1 Aa 3.0 Bb 3.7 Bab 3.5 ABab 4.1 ABa
rPLA
PP container 0.8 Cc 1.3 Cc 2.2 Cb 2.5 CDb 3.3 Ca
Shoot N content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 120 Ab 181 Aab 199 Aab 231 Aa 220 ABa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 66 Bd 93 Bd 129 Bc 163 BCb 264 Aa
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 72 Bc 109 Bbc 146 Bb 194 Ba 236 ABa
rPLA
PP container 5 Ce 40 Cd 74 Cc 128 Db 221 ABa

34. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

35. Shoot Nitrogen (N) characteristics
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot N (%)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 4.5 Aa 4.0 Aa 4.6 Aa 4.1 Aa 4.4 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.7 Ba 2.8 Ba 3.3 Ba 3.1 BCa 3.6 A-Ca
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 4.1 Aa 3.0 Bb 3.7 Bab 3.5 ABab 4.1 ABa
rPLA
PP container 0.8 Cc 1.3 Cc 2.2 Cb 2.5 CDb 3.3 Ca
Shoot N content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 120 Ab 181 Aab 199 Aab 231 Aa 220 ABa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 66 Bd 93 Bd 129 Bc 163 BCb 264 Aa
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 72 Bc 109 Bbc 146 Bb 194 Ba 236 ABa
rPLA
PP container 5 Ce 40 Cd 74 Cc 128 Db 221 ABa

36. Shoot Nitrogen (N) characteristics
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot N (%)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 4.5 Aa 4.0 Aa 4.6 Aa 4.1 Aa 4.4 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.7 Ba 2.8 Ba 3.3 Ba 3.1 BCa 3.6 A-Ca
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 4.1 Aa 3.0 Bb 3.7 Bab 3.5 ABab 4.1 ABa
rPLA
PP container 0.8 Cc 1.3 Cc 2.2 Cb 2.5 CDb 3.3 Ca
Shoot N content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 120 Ab 181 Aab 199 Aab 231 Aa 220 ABa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 66 Bd 93 Bd 129 Bc 163 BCb 264 Aa
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 72 Bc 109 Bbc 146 Bb 194 Ba 236 ABa
rPLA
PP container 5 Ce 40 Cd 74 Cc 128 Db 221 ABa

37. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

38. Shoot Nitrogen (N) characteristics
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot N (%)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 4.5 Aa 4.0 Aa 4.6 Aa 4.1 Aa 4.4 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.7 Ba 2.8 Ba 3.3 Ba 3.1 BCa 3.6 A-Ca
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 4.1 Aa 3.0 Bb 3.7 Bab 3.5 ABab 4.1 ABa
rPLA
PP container 0.8 Cc 1.3 Cc 2.2 Cb 2.5 CDb 3.3 Ca
Shoot N content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 120 Ab 181 Aab 199 Aab 231 Aa 220 ABa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 66 Bd 93 Bd 129 Bc 163 BCb 264 Aa
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 72 Bc 109 Bbc 146 Bb 194 Ba 236 ABa
rPLA
PP container 5 Ce 40 Cd 74 Cc 128 Db 221 ABa

39. Shoot Nitrogen (N) characteristics
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot N (%)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 4.5 Aa 4.0 Aa 4.6 Aa 4.1 Aa 4.4 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.7 Ba 2.8 Ba 3.3 Ba 3.1 BCa 3.6 A-Ca
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 4.1 Aa 3.0 Bb 3.7 Bab 3.5 ABab 4.1 ABa
rPLA
PP container 0.8 Cc 1.3 Cc 2.2 Cb 2.5 CDb 3.3 Ca
Shoot N content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 120 Ab 181 Aab 199 Aab 231 Aa 220 ABa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 66 Bd 93 Bd 129 Bc 163 BCb 264 Aa
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 72 Bc 109 Bbc 146 Bb 194 Ba 236 ABa
rPLA
PP container 5 Ce 40 Cd 74 Cc 128 Db 221 ABa

40. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin (90/10)
rPLA (100)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

41. Shoot Nitrogen (N) characteristics
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot N (%)
PLA/BR (80/20) 1.2 C 1.4 C 2.3 C 2.3 CD 3.4 BC
PLA/Lignin 0.7 C 1.3 C 2.1 C 3.2 BC 3.5 BC
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA 0.7 C 1.3 C 1.9 C 2.7 B-D 3.5 BC
PP container 0.8 C 1.3 C 2.2 C 2.5 CD 3.3 C
Shoot N content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20) 9 Ce 43 Cd 71 Cc 117 DEb 207 ABa
PLA/Lignin 6 Ce 38 Cd 80 Cc 139 CDb 216 ABa
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA 3 Cd 40 Cc 65 Cc 117 DEb 205 ABa
PP container 5 Ce 40 Cd 74 Cc 128 Db 221 ABa

42. Petroleum Plastic
PHA/DDGS (80/20)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

43. Shoot Nitrogen (N) characteristics
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot N (%)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PHA/DDGS 0.7 C 1.0 C 1.6 C 1.9 D 3.0 C
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA
PP container 0.8 C 1.3 C 2.2 C 2.5 CD 3.3 C
Shoot N content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PHA/DDGS 4 C 25 C 46 C 87 E 163 B
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA
PP container 5 C 40 C 74 C 128 D 221 AB

44. 100 ppm N for the first 2 weeks only
(60 mg N)
Petroleumplastic PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)

45. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA (100%)
PHA/DDGS (80/20)
PLA/Lignin (90/10)
PLA/BioRes (80/20)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

46. Average Root Circling Rating (1=no root circling, 4=complete root circling)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
PLA/BR (80/20) 2.1 Ab 3.6 Aa 3.8 Aa 3.9 Aa 3.5 Aa
PLA/Lignin 1.9 Ab 3.6 Aa 3.9 Aa 3.9 Aa 3.9 Aa
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 1.1 Ab 1.4 Ca 1.2 Dab 1.4 Da 1.2 Dab
PLA/Soy (60/40) 1.7 Ab 1.8 BCa 2.0 Cab 2.2 Ca 1.8 Cab
PHA/DDGS 1.4 Ac 2.2 Bb 2.6 Bab 3.1 Ba 2.6 Bab
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 1.3 Ab 1.8 BCa 1.8 Ca 1.8 CDa 1.7 Cab
rPLA 2.2 Ab 3.8 Aa 3.8 Aa 3.9 Aa 3.9 Aa
PP container 1.8 Ab 3.8 Aa 3.9 Aa 3.9 Aa 3.9 Aa
Container Nutrition Trial

47. Petroleum Plastic
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin (90/10)
rPLA (100)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Container Nutrition Trial

48. Average Root Circling Rating (1=no root circling, 4=complete root circling)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
PLA/BR (80/20) 2.1 A 3.6 A 3.8 A 3.9 A 3.5 A
PLA/Lignin 1.9 A 3.6 A 3.9 A 3.9 A 3.9 A
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
rPLA 2.2 A 3.8 A 3.8 A 3.9 A 3.9 A
PP container 1.8 A 3.8 A 3.9 A 3.9 A 3.9 A
Container Nutrition Trial

49. Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
0 60 113 226 452
Petroleum Plastic
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20)
PLA/Soy (60/40)
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10)
Container Nutrition Trial

50. Average Root Circling Rating (1=no root circling, 4=complete root circling)
Fertilizer Treatment (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
PLA/BR (80/20)
PLA/Lignin
PLA/Soy/BR (50/30/20) 1.1 A 1.4 C 1.2 D 1.4 D 1.2 D
PLA/Soy (60/40) 1.7 A 1.8 BC 2.0 C 2.2 C 1.8 C
PHA/DDGS
PLA/Soy/BR (55/35/10) 1.3 A 1.8 BC 1.8 C 1.8 CD 1.7 C
rPLA
PP container 1.8 A 3.8 A 3.9 A 3.9 A 3.9 A
Container Nutrition Trial

51. • Soy-based biocontainers can be used up to 10 weeks, especially when
grown in drier conditions
• Shuttle trays can facilitate microbial growth on the outside of
containers made with more degradable materials
• Biocontainers made from more durable materials can last much
longer than 10 weeks
• Soy-based biocontainer release mineral nutrients and can reduce
fertilizer applications
• Root pruning occurred on plants grown in soy-based biocontainers
and PHA/DDGS biocontainers
Take-Home Messages

52. Acknowledgements
Dr. Christopher Currey and Dr. William Graves, James Schrader,
and Peter Lawlor
ISU Department of Horticulture and College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences
Personnel at the Center for Crops Utilization and Research
USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative

53. Questions?

54. Shoot Phosphorus (P) characteristics
Fertilizer Applied (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot P (%)
PLA/BR (80/20) 0.10 Cd 0.18 Ccd 0.25 CDc 0.37 Ab 0.56 Aa
PLA/Lignin 0.09 Cd 0.18 Ccd 0.24 CDc 0.46 Ab 0.56 Aa
PLA/BR/Soy (50/30/20) 0.28 Bb 0.31 ABb 0.42 ABb 0.47 Aab 0.64 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 0.31 Abc 0.35 Abc 0.44 Aabc 0.50 Aab 0.54 Aa
PHA/DDGS 0.25 Bc 0.25 BCc 0.32 A-Dc 0.40 Ab 0.58 Aa
PLA/BR/Soy (55/35/10) 0.36 Ac 0.35 Ac 0.40 A-Cbc 0.49 Ab 0.62 Aa
rPLA 0.06 Cc 0.18 Cbc 0.22 Db 0.45 Aa 0.57 Aa
PP container 0.07 Cd 0.19 Ccd 0.26 B-Dbc 0.37 Ab 0.53 Aa
Shoot P content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20) 0.7 Be 5.4 Bd 7.8 Bc 18.5 Bb 33.6 ABa
PLA/Lignin 0.7 Be 5.3 Bd 9.4 Bc 20.6 Bb 34.1 ABa
PLA/BR/Soy (50/30/20) 7.0 Ac 14.3 Ab 17.0 Ab 26.4 Aa 29.7 Ba
PLA/Soy (60/40) 7.5 Ae 11.9 Ad 16.7 Ac 25.9 Ab 39.7 Aa
PHA/DDGS 1.2 Be 6.0 Bd 9.0 Bc 18.9 Bb 31.5 Ba
PLA/BR/Soy (55/35/10) 6.2 Ad 12.2 Ac 15.9 Ac 26.6 Ab 35.9 ABa
rPLA 0.3 Bd 5.5 Bc 7.8 Bc 19.2 Bb 32.9 Ba
PP container 0.5 Bd 5.8 Bc 9.1 Bc 18.5 Bb 35.5 ABa

55. Shoot Potassium (K) characteristics
Fertilizer Applied (mg of N)
Container Type 0 60 113 226 452
Shoot K (%)
PLA/BR (80/20) 1.99 Cb 1.68 BCb 1.93 B-Db 2.30 ABab 2.84 ABa
PLA/Lignin 1.55 Cb 1.36 Cb 1.70 Db 2.54 ABa 2.84 ABa
PLA/BR/Soy (50/30/20) 2.30 BCb 2.19 ABb 2.86 ABab 2.73 ABab 3.44 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 2.97 ABa 2.68 Aa 3.21 Aa 3.35 Aa 2.88 ABa
PHA/DDGS 1.81 Cb 1.74 BCb 2.29 A-Db 2.36 ABb 3.42 ABa
PLA/BR/Soy (55/35/10) 3.25 Aa 2.82 Aa 2.81 ABCa 2.93 ABa 3.20 ABa
rPLA 1.75 Cb 1.43 Cb 1.66 Db 2.75 ABa 2.78 ABa
PP container 1.54 Cb 1.53 BCb 1.84 CDab 1.97 Bab 2.48 Ba
Shoot K content (mg)
PLA/BR (80/20) 14.7 Cd 51.2 Bc 61.0 Bc 115.8 Bb 170.6 Aa
PLA/Lignin 12.5 Ce 40.7 Bd 65.8 Bc 113.4 Bb 173.5 Aa
PLA/BR/Soy (50/30/20) 59.5 ABd 100.8 Acd 117.3 Abc 153.9 Aab 163.5 Aa
PLA/Soy (60/40) 69.8 Ad 90.7 Ad 122.0 Ac 173.7 Ab 211.4 Aa
PHA/DDGS 8.8 Cd 41.5 Bc 64.5 Bc 111.2 Bb 185.5 Aa
PLA/BR/Soy (55/35/10) 55.7 Bc 97.9 Ab 112.5 Ab 160.1 Aa 184.5 Aa
rPLA 7.2 Cd 44.5 Bc 58.7 Bc 115.8 Bb 163.5 Aa
PP container 10.4 Cd 46.4 Bc 63.6 Bc 100.2 Bb 165.5 Aa