Road tunnels play a key role in the world transportation network, both in people and goods transport. The fire disaster of the Mont-Blanc Tunnel (39 fatalities, March 1999) pointed out the question of tunnel fire safety for road users. This aspect was highlighted by the tragic fires of the Tauern Tunnel and the St. Gothard Tunnel, occurred in the successive two years (12 fatalities, May 1999 and 11 fatalities, October 2001 respectively). The social and economic impact of these events has underlined the inadequacy of the tunnel design/management and of the national guidelines. The European Commission started a radical review of tunnel fire safety, operating in order to upgrade the existing tunnels and improve the European guidelines. Almost a decade later than the Directive 2004/54/EC, the tunnel fire safety is leading towards harmonized guidelines throughout Europe; technical installations and their performances are studied today using advanced calculation methods, such as the Computational Fluid Dynamics (“CFD”) models, that give a detailed description of the fire phenomenon. The diffusion of these advance methods is due to three main reasons: first of all, the comprehension of tunnel fire dynamics has been improved thanks to experimental tests, real fire events and analytical calculations; secondly, the diffusion of modern computers and advanced softwares has widened enormously the computational capacities of tunnel fire modelling; thirdly, the national guidelines have progressively adopted a performance-based fire design as a basis for the tunnel fire safety. This work is a representation of performance-based structural fire safety; the impact of a road tunnel fire is investigated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (“CFD”) model, in order to give a realistic reproduction of a large tunnel fire (real fire curves).

1. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
School of Civil and Industrial Engineering
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y. 2013/2014
Advisor:
Prof. Eng. Franco Bontempi
Co-advisor:
Eng. Alessandra Lo Cane
Rome, 21 May 2014

2. CONCEPTUAL MAP
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
1
4) Results
3) Specific aspects
2) General framework
1) Problem
TUNNEL FIRE SAFETY
COMPREHENSION OF FIRE DYNAMICS
CASE HISTORY
140 EVENTS STATISTICS
SPECIFIC EVENT (FREJUSFIRE)
FLOW CHART OF THE EVENT
NORMATIVE ASPECTS
EUROPEAN NORMS: Directive 2004/54/EC
ITALIAN NORMS: D.Lgs 264/2006, ANAS 2009
NUMERICAL ASPECTS
TUNNEL CFDMODELS
EXPLICIT HGVFIRE
quantitativeRISK ANALYSIS
BENCHMARK OF THE CODE

3. COMPREHENSION OF FIRE DYNAMICS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
2
2A) FIRE
DYNAMICS
UNDERSTANDING FIRE DYNAMICS
CLASSIFICATION OF
THE CASE HISTORY
SPECIFIC EVENT:
FREJUS FIRE – 06/04
a1) Typology of tunnel
a2) Length of the tunnel
a3) Cause of ignition
a4) Number of victims
a5) Number of wounded persons
a6) Relevant structural damages
N°
0)
EVENT
1)
TYPOLOGY
2)
FATALITIES
3)
WOUNDED
4)
STRUCTURAL
D.
5)
LENGHT
6)
CAUSE
7)
COUNTRY
1
S. Martino
10/09/2007
R 2 137 YES
A
4.8 km
HF
Collision
ITA
2
Burnley
23/03/2007
R 3 3 NO
A
3.5 km
HF
Collision
AUS
3
Eidsvoll
26/10/2006
R 1 1 NO
B
1.2 km
HF
Collision
NOR
4
Viamala
16/09/2006
R 9 9 NO
C
0.7 km
HF
Collision
SWI
5
Mauernried
25/12/2005
R 5 5 NO
D
0.3 km
HF
Collision
GER

4. Directive 2004/54/EC
NORMATIVE ASPECTS
NORMATIVE ASPECTS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
3
2B) NORMS
1)DIRECTIVE2004/54/ECabout‘minimumrequirementsforallthetunnelsoftheTrans-EuropeanRoadNetwork’:givesawholenewapproachinthetunnelfiresafety,forasregardsbothnewandexistingtunnels.
-DefinitionofMINIMUMREQUIREMENTSFORROADTUNNELSLONGERTHAN500m;
-IntroductionoftheRISKANALYSISasaninstrumentforRISKASSESSEMENTandDECISIONMAKING;RISKANALYSISisexplicitlyrequiredintunnelprojecting;
-DefinitionoftheSAFETYPARAMETERSofroadtunnelsthatSHALLBETAKENINTOCOUNTEXPLICITLYINTHERISKANALYSIS(lengthofthetunnels,crosssection,lanes,trafficetc).
2)D.Lgs.264/2006:EXECUTIVENORMforItalyofthepreviousDirective2004/54.
executive
D. Lgs. 264/2006
«on MinimunRequirementsfor allthe Tunnel of the Trans-EuropeanRoad Network (TERN)»
CASE HISTORY OF MAJOR TUNNEL FIRES

5. BENCHMARK OF THE CALCULATION CODE
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
4
2C) NUMERICAL ASPECTS
NUMERICAL ADVANCED METHODS
for the assessmentof the consequence of road tunnel fires
BENCHMARK OF THE CODE: Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), vers. 6.0
ISO13887(‘AssessmentandverificationofMathematicalFireModels’)
NUREG1824(‘ValidationofFireModelsfornuclearpowerplantapplications
CRITERIA
REFERENCES
PHYSICALACCURACY(representativenessofthephenomenon)
MATHEMATICALACCURACY(absenceoflargenumericalerrors)
PHYSICALACCURACY
MATHEMATICALACCURACY
ANALYTICALTESTS(submodels)
SENSITIVITYTOPHISICALPARAMETERS
CODECHECKING
INFLUENCEOFTHEMESH(‘sensitivityanalysis’)
NUMERICALTESTS(DNSsimulations)
퓧
퓧
퓧

6. BENCHMARK OF THE CALCULATION CODE
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
5
2C) NUMERICAL ASPECTS
IGNITION
BENCHMARK OF THE CODE: Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), vers. 6.0
1) MODEL # 1
a) GLOBAL LEVEL
c) LOCAL LEVEL
b) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
2) MODEL # 2
3) MODEL # 2*
Meshtransformations
4) MODEL # 3
5) MODEL # 4
MAINASPECTSOFTHEBENCHMARK:
1)Afinegrid(namelyabout25cm)shouldbeusedtorepresentadequatelythefiresource;
2)Theuseofafinegridincreasessignificantlycalculationtimes;
3)Possibilitytorepresentthefollowingphenomena:
IGNITION(surface,object)FLASHOVERPROPAGATIONINFLUENCEOFOXYGEN

7. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
GEOMETRY
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
Cross section
ST. DEMETRIO ROAD TUNNEL (SICILY)
GEOGRAPHY
CATANIA -SYRACUSE
Parameters
Mechanical ventilation
Safety infrastructures
Illumination
Safety/control systems
Systems for users’ information
Eng. Luigi Carrarini ANAS
Risk Analysis
Tunnel schedule
Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA)
Qualitative Risk Analysis (Risk Matrix)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
ST. DEMETRIO
6

8. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
ST. DEMETRIO ROAD TUNNEL (SICILY)
Eng. Luigi Carrarini ANAS
Risk Analysis
Tunnel schedule
2C) REAL TUNNEL
ST. DEMETRIO
7

9. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
CREATING A SCENARIO
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
SCENARIO
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
LARGE SCALE FIRE TESTS –RUNEHAMAR TESTS (2003)
CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS
5.5 ton
81% wood
19% plastic
8

10. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
ST. DEMETRIO ROAD TUNNEL (SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
VALIDATED MODELSFOR VEHICLES –BUILDING A SIMPLE MODEL
To model the real geometry of the pallets, a mesh of about 1 cm or less would be required: this is pratically impossible
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH: materials are organized in layers
9
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL
CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS

11. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
ST. DEMETRIO ROAD TUNNEL (SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
VALIDATED MODELSFOR VEHICLES –BUILDING A SIMPLE MODEL
To model the real geometry of the pallets, a mesh of about 1 cm or less would be required: this is pratically impossible
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH: materials are organized in layers
10
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL
CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS

12. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
ST. DEMETRIO ROAD TUNNEL (SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
11
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL
CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS
IGNITION SOURCE
OTHER MATERIALS

13. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
ST. DEMETRIO ROAD TUNNEL (SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
OTHER MATERIALS
12
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL
CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS
IGNITION SOURCE

14. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
ST. DEMETRIO ROAD TUNNEL (SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
ONLY FOR TUNNELS NO LOGER THAN 500 m
TRANSVERSE: often in BIDIRECTIONAL TUNNELS (ONE TUBE)
LONGITUDINAL: in MONODIRECTIONAL TUNNELS (TWO TUBES) –«JET FANS SYSTEMS»
13
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL

15. ADVANCED NUMERICAL METHODS:
Application to a REAL TUNNEL
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
ST. DEMETRIO ROAD TUNNEL (SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
ONLY FOR TUNNELS NO LOGER THAN 500 m
TRANSVERSE: often in BIDIRECTIONAL TUNNELS (ONE TUBE)
LONGITUDINAL: in MONODIRECTIONAL TUNNELS (TWO TUBES) –«JET FANS SYSTEMS»
퓧
13
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL

16. Scenario Fire source
Distance from
the portal
Ventilation Jet fans
1 2 CARS 200 m Yes (~ 3 m/s) Yes
2 BUS 200 m Yes (~ 3 m/s) Yes
RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
RESULTS OF THE
ANALYSIS
HGV SIMULATIONS RISK ANALYSIS
Scenario Fire source
Distance from
the portal
Ventilation Jet fans
1 HGV 200 m No No
2 HGV 200 m Yes (1 m/s) No
3 HGV 200 m Yes (2 m/s) No
4 HGV 200 m Yes (3 m/s) No
5 HGV 200 m Yes (~ 2 m/s) Yes
The vehicles are not modelled explicitly, but using a specific
ramp (forced combustion at a specific rate).
RESULTS RESULTS
Global level: SMOKE and FLAME DEVELOPMENT
(qualitative); FIELDS OF TEMPERATURES
Intermediate level: HRR and BURNING RATE
Local level: THERMOCOUPLES
Global level: SMOKE DEVELOPMENT (qualitative);
FIELDS OF TEMPERATURES
Local level: TEMPERATURES, CO, SOOT and
OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS, VISIBILITY, FED
14

17. RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
t = 1min
t = 2 min
t = 3 min
t = 4 min
t = 5 min
GLOBAL LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT
BACKLAYERING after 95 s
TUNNEL FULFILLMENT after 239 s
REACHED BY SMOKE after 54 s
REACHED BY SMOKE after 208 s
2895 m
+ z
+ y
2295 m
2595 m
2695 m
BY-PASS
BY-PASS
HGV
EXIT PORTAL (Syracuse)
ENTRANCE PORTAL (Catania)
TRAFFIC FLOW
105 m
195 m
300 m
+ Φ
+ z
9.5 Φ
36.8 Φ
45.9 Φ
27.3 Φ
9.5 Φ
17.7 Φ
v = 2 m / s (uniform)
66.7 Φ
15

18. RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
2190 m
LOCAL LEVEL RESULTS: 1) THERMOCOUPLES
Front
FIRE SOURCE
Mid1
Mid2
Back
2895 m
+ z
+ y
2295 m
2595 m
2695 m
BY-PASS
BY-PASS
HGV
EXIT PORTAL (Syracuse)
ENTRANCE PORTAL (Catania)
TRAFFIC FLOW
105 m
195 m
300 m
+ Φ
+ z
9.5 Φ
36.8 Φ
45.9 Φ
27.3 Φ
9.5 Φ
17.7 Φ
v = 2 m / s (uniform)
66.7 Φ
HGV/ #3
PRESCRIPTIVEFIRE BASED DESIGN
PERFORMANCEFIRE BASED DESIGN
16
NO DECAY

19. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
COMPARISON
«FUEL –CONTROLLED» FIRES
UNLESSSEVERALVEHICLESAREINVOLVEDINTHEFIRE,THEQUANTITYOFAIRISMUCHENOUGHTOALLOWTHECOMPLETECOMBUSTIONOFTHEMATERIAL:THEVEHICLEBURNSASINOUTDOORFIRES,WHERETHEVENTILATIONDOESN’TINFLUENCETHEHEATRELEASE.
CFD comparisontest*
Scenario #2 –v = 1 m/s
Scenario #1 –v = 0 m/s
Scenario #3 –v = 2 m/s
TIME SHIFT FOR THE HRR CURVE
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT
17

20. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
COMPARISON
«FUEL –CONTROLLED» FIRES
THE TIME SHIFTIS ASSOCIATED TO THE DIFFERENT ORIENTATION OF THE IGNITION SOURCE IN THE COMPARED SIMULATIONS.
CFD comparisontest*
Scenario #2 –v = 1 m/s
Scenario #1 –v = 0 m/s
Scenario #3 –v = 2 m/s
TIME SHIFT FOR THE HRR CURVE
+ z
-x
-y
≠
Scenario #1 –v = 0 m/s
CFD comparisontest*
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT
17

21. SIMPLIFIED APPROACH FOR QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
TUNNEL MODELLING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
BURNING SURFACES ON THE BASIS OF THE EUREKA TESTS
2C) REAL TUNNEL
VENTILATION
18
CRITERIA FOR QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
2 CARS FIRE
BUS FIRE
WHICH ASPECTS OF THE FIRE THREAT TO USER’S LIFE?
HEAT
SMOKE
RADIATION
SIMPLIFIED APPROACHES: basedon simplecriteriaaboutthe mentionedaspects
COMPLETE APPROCHES: basedon toxicitycriteriawith allthe concentrationsof toxicgasesand oxygen.
Carbon monoxide
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

22. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
GLOBAL LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT –2 CARS FIRE
2895 m
+ z
+ y
2190 m
2295 m
2595 m
2695 m
BY-PASS
BY-PASS
BUS
EXIT PORTAL (Syracuse)
ENTRANCE PORTAL (Catania)
TRAFFIC FLOW
100 m
200 m
300 m
+ Φ
+ z
9.5 Φ
38.1 Φ
47.6 Φ
66.7 Φ
28.6 Φ
9.5 Φ
19 Φ
JET FAN
JET FAN
JET FAN
2375 m
2525 m
2675 m
2825 m
v,emergency ~3 m / s (jet fans)
t = 4min
t = 6min
t = 8min
t = 10 min
t = 12 min
REACHED BY SMOKE after49 s
REACHED BY SMOKE after205 s
푉푚,1= 2.04 m/s
푉푚,2= 1.92 m/s
t = 14 min
ControlledBacklayering
19

23. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS
GLOBAL LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT –BUS FIRE
2895 m
+ z
+ y
2190 m
2295 m
2595 m
2695 m
BY-PASS
BY-PASS
BUS
EXIT PORTAL (Syracuse)
ENTRANCE PORTAL (Catania)
TRAFFIC FLOW
100 m
200 m
300 m
+ Φ
+ z
9.5 Φ
38.1 Φ
47.6 Φ
66.7 Φ
28.6 Φ
9.5 Φ
19 Φ
JET FAN
JET FAN
JET FAN
2375 m
2525 m
2675 m
2825 m
v,emergency ~3 m / s (jet fans)
t = 2 min
t = 4 min
t = 6 min
t = 8min
t = 10 min
REACHED BY SMOKE after66 s
REACHED BY SMOKE after154 s
푉푚,1= 1.51 m/s
푉푚,2= 2.59 m/s
Lossof stratification
20

24. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
CONCLUSIONI
CONCLUSIONS:
-NumericaladvancedmethodsareassumingacrucialroleintheFireSafetyEngineering,withanincreasinglevelofdetailingandafinereprodutionofthephenomenon;themainadvantagesarethedeterministicdescriptionoftheconsequencesofafireandthediffusionofvalidatedmodelsforvehicles,extremelyusefulbothintheFireStructuralEngineeringandintheRiskAnalysis,andthepossibilitytoassessdifferentfailurescenarios.
-Theexplicitmodelofavehiclecancatchveryprecise(local)aspectsthatcan’tbereproducedwithadifferentapproach;
-SomeaspectsarewellcatchedbythemodeloftheSt.DemetrioRoadtunnel(growingphase,peakofHRR,firstphaseofdecay),whileotherswouldneedafinermodel,bothforthegridandthevehicle;
-Thecriteriafortheassessmentoftheriskgiveaveryprecisedescriptionofthesafetyconditionsinsideatunnelforescapingusers.
21

25. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
THE END
22
Fig. 6.6 – Summary of the local results (thermocouple temperatures).
Fig. 6.7 – Temperatures above the fire source.
The local analysis of the temperatures (fig. 6.6 and 6.7) show that the temperature above
the fire source is good represented (unless the second phase of the decay mentioned

26. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
TURBULENCE MODELLING
23

27. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
TURBULENCE MODELLING
24

28. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
TURBULENCE MODELLING
25

29. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
TURBULENCE MODELLING
26

30. “Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 -2014
TURBULENCE MODELLING
27