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Lessons Western Ghats
1. University of Agricultural
and Horticultural Sciences,
College of Forestry,
Ponnampet, Kodagu, India
Dr. G.M. Devagiri
Professor
2. • 1985: B. Sc (Forestry) programme started at GKVK,
Bangalore
• 1995: Established as independent
College of Forestry at Ponnampet
• 1995: Creation of Five Specialized
Departments
• 2001: M. Sc (Forestry) programme
• Presently we have four Depts.
SAF
NRM
FB&TI
FPU
Genesis of the Institution
3. • Amidst Western Ghats : One of the 32 Hot
Spots and one of the 8 of the hottest hot
spots of Biodiversity in the world which
harbors rich flora and fauna
• Kodagu district comprises 1342 species of
flowering plants which constitutes 8 % of
India’s and 32 % of floristic diversity of
Karnataka state
4. 4
Western Ghats
• 1600 km long mountain
range.
• Hotspot of Biodiversity
• UNSECO World Héritage site
• Socio-cultural Diversity
Source:www.atlapedia.com
5. 28 mars 2014 5
Kodagu District
• Total area: 4106 km2
• Population : 540 000 hab.
• Agriculture is the way of life
• Unique Land Tenure Systems
• Unique Socio Cultural Systems
• Micro Hot Spot of Biodiversity
6. One of the densely wooded district in India
.
Highest density of sacred forests in the world
Kodagu has 8% of India’s plant wealth
Largest shade coffee growing region in India (38% )
Coorg Honey, Coorg Orange, Coorg Cardamom,
Ecosystem Services – Water, Carbon, Tourism
GREEN LANDSCAPE –EVERGREEN DEVLOPMENT-LINK
BETWEEN GREEN COVER AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
Kodagu – A Green Landscape
8. Dynamic Landscape
• Changes in Land use
• Impacts on Biodiversity
• Impact on Ecosystem Services
• Impact on Socio Cultural Services
9. CAFNET Presentation 9
History
British
1834
Independance1947 Liberalisation
1992
British Companies
and owners
COFFEE/ PEPPER
Traditional farmers
PADDY/CARDAMOM
Family farm
COFFEE / PEPPER
PADDY/CARDAMOM
Worker / Fam. Farm
< 2 acres
Cardamom or
COFFEE / PEPPER +
self consumption
Development of
Coffee area
Market prices
Arabica =>
Robusta
Today
10. Landscape Changes in the last century
Loss of Forest Cover
Loss of Native Trees from Coffee Plantations
and replacements with Silver Oak
Loss of Community lands like sacred groves
Conversion of Paddy Lands to other land
uses and habitation
14. • Traditional socio cultural farming
• Food , Fodder and water security
• Local evolved farming practices
• Habitat for biodiversity
• Hydrological Services- Current water crisis
can be linked to reduction in paddy
cultivation.
Paddy cultivation for economic and ecological security
15. Why Paddy is not needy ?
• Lower Economic returns compared to coffee
• Lower productivity
• Lesser farm farmers and farm labour
• Crop Loss due Wild Animals
• Lack of grazing land and farm animals
• From Collective to Individual ownership
• Urbanization and tourism
• Shift from Rice from Farm to Rice from shop
17. Very high number of 1214 groves covering an
area of 2550 ha.
Highest density in the world – One grove for
every 300 acres.
Every village has at least one and there are 24
villages with > 10 groves.
They represent all the vegetational and
microhabitat conditions of the district.
18. Diversity of Communities
28 different native communities including
native muslims called ‘Jamma mapillas’ are
part of this worship.
Traditional heads ‘Devathakkas’ or
‘Mukyastha’ and traditional management of
the temples.
Mechanism for Communal and social
integration.
19. Biological Diversity
The physical, religious, cultural diversity has
contributed to a unique set of biological
diversity…
Though sacred groves occupy on an average 1.22% of the
village landscape they contain 47.34% of woody plant,
44.91% of bird families and 21.11% of fungal families
that could be potentially found in wet evergreen forests
of Kodagu.
(Shonil Bhagwat and Kushalappa 2000).
20. Biotic interference
Loss of affinity towards the Sacred Groves
Enchrochment
Lack of awareness
Non involvement of local people in conservation
From To
Nature worship Temple worship
Annual worship Daily worship
Forest Temples Temple Forest
Threats to the Sacred Forest of Kodagu
21. Ecological Implications
• Private Forest – Cardamom- coffee
• Arabica-shaded Robusta-Open Robusta
• Native to Exotic
• Loss of Biodiversity
• Loss in Ecosystem Services
• Increase in Human Animal conflicts
• Increase in farm income
22. Major ES offered by CBAF
Coffee
ecosystems
Humans
Ecosystem services
•Carbon
sequestration
•Pollination
•Soil enrichment
•Air and water
quality
•Ecotourism
Biodiversity
conservatio
n
23. Coffee and Biodiversity
• Tree diversity- 280
• Birds 109 species
• Elephants, Tigers, Civet Cat
• Microorganisms
• Honey Bees
One of the most diverse
Agro Forest systems in the world
24. Cafnet Final report 2011
Most frequent species in CBAF
20%
10%
5%
4%
4%
57%
Grevillea robusta
Erythrina lithosperma
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Areca catechu
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Others
27. Total carbon sequestered in forest and CBAF
Carbon(t/ha)
system Tree Coffee Soil Litter Total
Forest 97 - 97 2,4 196
Arabica
native
88 4,8 112 1,6 206
Arabica
exotic
73 3,3 105 2,2 183
Robusta
native
78 13,0 90 1,8 182
Robusta
exotic
47 10,1 78 1,9 138
Phillipe et al, 2009
28. Carbon Sequestration
• Arabica AFS, particularly with native species, sequestered
comparable amount of C as reference forest
• Decline in C sequestered in Robusta AFS shaded with the
exotic species Grevillea robusta is quite noticeable
• Contribution to Wood energy needs of community and
maintain integrity of natural forests
29. • Coffee plantations provide
ideal habitats
• Coffee plantations adjoining
National park and WLS
provide ideal corridors.
• In 2013 64 elephants
residing in plantations
Elephants like coffee
30. Social Issues related to Land Use Change
• Population dynamics
Growth in recent years due to immigration from
outside and Emigration of locals
• Lack of Second generation farmers and labour
• From Joint to Nuclear families
31. Money brings many things-Economic drivers
• Additional income from Intensification
• Tourism and its impacts
• Increase in value of land
32. Political
• Regulations for products and resource use
Wildlife Act 1972
Forest Conservation Act 1980
Biodiversity Act 2002
Tribal Act 2003
UNSECO World Heritage Label
Gadgil and Kasturiangan report –ESA
• Land Tenure and Tree rights- Jamma Issue
33. Dynamics and challenges
• Declining tree cover in natural forests
• Decline in density and diversity of trees in
coffee plantations
• Reduction in area under paddy cultivation
• Encroachment of Sacred groves
• Lack of Second generation farmers and
labour
• How to sustain the productivity and
profitability of farming system without
the losing biodiversity??
35. How to address these dynamics and continue
to produce economically and ecologically
sustainable farm products?
• From Productivity to quality productivity.
• From Regulation to Certification.
• From Subsidies to Incentives.
• From Agriculture to Agri- Business.
Ecosystem Service Valuation and Incentive
Based Mechanisms for Sustainable
farming
36. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Kodagu,
Western Ghats of India- A Win Win Approach of
Development?
37. 1. Eco-certification – Bird Friendly, Elephant Coffee
2. Geographic Indications –Coorg Mandarin
3. Forest Certification
4. Eco-tourism
5. Involvement of Corporate
Possible PES Mechanisms for Kodagu
38. Eco-Certification -CANET Initiative
Ecom Gill , Ned commodities and Coffee
Board partnership.
Eight farmer groups and 89 farmers certified
under project for RAF and UTZ
Additionally Corporate and 90 individual
farmers
40. Honey from Coorg what is special?
• Multi floral and Seasonal variation in quality
• Traditional knowledge of apiculturist
• Tradition of using honey as food
• First district to take up scientific bee farming
• Establishment of cooperative -1936 and 1954
• Proposed Honey park to promote apiculture
42. Promoting Paddy cultivation
• Productivity increase
• Mechanization
• Collective farming
• Financial Incentives for cultivation- PES
• Enhancement of Support Price
• Regulation and Legislation on conversion
43. Integrated Farming for Sustainability
• Bamboo cultivation
• Vegetable farming
• Medicinal and Aromatic plants
• Floriculture
• Apiculture
• Animal integration
• Value addition for plantation crops
44. Initiative in Conservation of Sacred Forest
Revival of Devakad (Sacred Forest ) tradition through
stake holder participation- JFPM
Formation of Sacred Forest Management Committees
Incentives for communities in conservation.
45. Role of Government
Developmental department- Agriculture, Horticulture,
Watershed, Forestry.
Inputs-RKVY, NHM, Organic farming
Price- MSP, RMC
Credit- NABARD, DCCBank,
Self Help groups
• Coffee Board- Subsides and Incentives
• Spices Board – Subsidies and Incentives
46. RESEARCH And EXTENSION
• Agricultural Universities-ARS and EEU
• Indian Institute of Horticultural Research-KVK
• Indian Institute of Spices Research
• Coffee Board
• Agriculture and Horticulture Department
47. NGO’s Promoting Sustainable development
• ASFK-Agricultural Sciences Forum of Kodgu
• KMFT- Kodagu Model Forest Trust
• CWS- Coorg Wildlife Society
• CEE-Centre for Environment Education
• CORD-Coorg Organisation for Rural
Development
• Rotary ,Lions, JCI Clubs
