"Aflasafe: a case study for aflatoxin reduction in crops "
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"Aflasafe: a case study for aflatoxin reduction in crops" presentation by "Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria"
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"Aflasafe: a case study for aflatoxin reduction in crops "
- 1. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Aflasafe: A case study for aflatoxin reduction in crops Ranajit Bandyopadhyay IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria On behalf of the Aflasafe Team Agriculture for Nutrition & Health FAO Symposium: The role of agricultural biotechnologies in sustainable food systems and nutrition Rome, 15 – 17 February 2016
- 2. P • Highly toxic metabolite produced by the ubiquitous Aspergillus flavus fungus • The fungus resides in soil and crop debris, infects crops and produces the toxin in the field and in stores • Potent at extremely low doses • Death, liver cancer, immune- suppression, stunted growth • Lowers animal productivity • Negatively impacts trade • Contaminates food, feed and milk • Climate change increasing incidence and severity of aflatoxins Aflatoxin Facts Photo: Peter Cotty
- 3. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Pre-Harvest Problem Aflatoxin (ppb) Maize (n = 241) Peanut (n = 188) > 4 70 54 > 10 52 41 > 20 24 29 Samples (%) with Aflatoxin At harvest -- Nigeria Kenya data: CDC & Ministry of Health, 2004 Aflatoxin (ppb) Maize (n = 342) > 20 53 > 100 34 > 1000 7 In Farmers’ Store -- Kenya Increases after Harvest Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 4. Planting Harvest Consumption Multiple practices to Manage Aflatoxins
- 5. www.iita.org • IITA • USDA • AATF • BMGF/USAID • Doreo Partners • National institutions Strong Partnership www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 6. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Almost one million acres of several crops treated annually in the US with 2 EPA- Approved products ! Production Room Atoxigenic Strain Manufacturing Facility Arizona Cotton Research & Protection Council (Funded and Governed by the Farmers of Arizona), Phoenix, Arizona Biocontrol Works! Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 7. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Biocontrol Works! Agriculture for Nutrition & Health It Works in Africa Too
- 8. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Biocontrol Principles In nature, some strains produce a lot (toxigenic), and others no aflatoxin (atoxigenic) (Donner, Soil Biol Biochem 2009) Atoxigenic strains are already present on the crop (Atehnkeng et al., IJFM, 2008) Increase the frequency of atoxigenic strains to competitively displace toxigenic strains (Cotty & Bayman, Phytopath 1993) to reduce aflatoxin contamination Atoxigenic strains can be applied without increasing infection and without increasing the overall quantity of A. flavus on the crop or in the environment (Cotty, Phytopath 1994; Atehnkeng et al., Biological Control 2014) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 20 40 60 80 100 AflatoxinB1(ng/gX10,000) Isolates (%) in Applied Atoxigenic Strain Strains move from field to stores Multiple year & crop carry-over effect (Jaime & Cotty, Phytopath 2006) We use only native strains Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 9. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Strain Selection Criteria In the laboratory (~5,000 strains): • Does not produce aflatoxin • VCG/SSR group with Wide geographic distribution No toxigenic member • Defective in >2 aflatoxin & CPA genes • Outcompetes toxigenic strains 8-12 native strains selected for field tests Agriculture for Nutrition & Health After field application: • Superior capacity to colonize, multiply and survive in soil • Superior frequency of isolation from grains • Superior capacity to reduce aflatoxin 4 native strains formulated into the final product
- 10. Broadcast @ 10 kg/ha 2-3 weeks before flowering Sporulation on moist soil Spores Insects Aflasafe in 2.5 & 5 kg bags 3-20 days Wind Soil colonization 30-33 grains m-2 How Does aflasafe Work?
- 11. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Nigeria: Efficacy on Maize 372 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2009 2010 2011 2012 Aflasafe™ Control 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 2009 2010 2011 2012 82 94 83 86 82 93 89 90 51 14 199 38 51 14 166 38Fields (#) Less (%) At Harvest After Storage *All means of aflasafe and control pairs significantly different; Student’s t-test (P<0.05) * Aflatoxin(ppb)
- 12. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Area Sample Treatment Mean Aflatox (ppb) Reduct. (%) Mean Aflatox (ppb) Reduct. (%) Mean Aflatox (ppb) Reduct. (%) Diourbel Harvest Treated 1.9 93 6.6 87 3.7 82 Control 29.7 50.1 20.3 Storage Treated 4.4 86 2.1 91 6.9 81 Control 31.3 22.1 35.5 Nioro Harvest Treated 4.4 75 5.6 76 5.4 90 Control 17.6 23.1 55.7 Storage Treated 3.5 95 2.8 94 11.5 84 Control 52.1 46.7 72.5 *All means of aflasafe treated and control pairs significantly different; Student’s t-test (P<0.05) n = number of famers’ fields Senegal: Efficacy of aflasafe SN01 2010 (n=40) 2011 (n=34) 2012 (n=71) Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 13. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Kenya: Efficacy of aflasafe KE01™ Area (fields) Control Treated Reduction (%) Hola (n = 20) 885 20 98 Bura (n = 16) 105 7 93 Makueni (n = 15) 85 1 99 Aflatoxin (ppb) *All means of aflasafe treated and control pairs significantly different; Student’s t-test (P<0.05) 38 20 0 88 60 33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Treated Control Fields (%) above 10 ppb in 3 areas Fields(%) Deadly (3,700 ppb & 2,270 ppb) 533 ppb Hola Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 14. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Aflasafe Development in Africa Senegal Burkina Faso Ghana Nigeria Kenya Tanzania Mozambique Zambia Rwanda Malawi Burundi Uganda The Gambia Strain development in progress Products under testing in farmers’ fields Product ready for registration Product registered Agriculture for Nutrition & Health Current emphasis changed from country-specific strain and products to regional strains and regional products
- 15. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Challenges • Aflatoxin is a hidden problem • Chemical analysis required • Awareness is low • Long incubation for expression of liver cancer • Regulations either non-existent or poorly enforced • Market does not usually discriminate • Demonstration of product value • Lack of biopesticide manufacturers The value of a technology on the shelf is as much as the cost of the space it occupies on the shelf. Must translate knowledge into usable products and practices to benefit people But…… Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 16. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium This Manufacturing Facility in IITA-Ibadan can supply aflasafe to treat 2 million ha annually Large-scale: capacity 5 tons/hour Product cost: $12 to $18.75/ha Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 17. Modular Manufacturing Facility Kenya Capacity: 7 tons/day Cost: ~US$300 – 700K Purpose: Introduction Product cost: 12 – 15/ha Labour intensive Senegal
- 18. Poultry Feeding Study $3,200 net profit from 10,000 birds in 8 weeks www.iita.orgMycored Europe, 28 May, 2013A member of CGIAR consortium Aflasafe maize feed Toxic maize feed Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 19. Innovation Platform • Platform meetings with leadership and members of Poultry Association of Nigeria, feed manufacturers, maize aggregators, aflasafe farmers, vet professionals and regulators • Poultry farmers to buy all aflasafe maize at a negotiated premium • Agriculture ministry to fund NAFDAC to set up aflatoxin testing facilities in each state www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 20. www.iita.orgwww.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Integrated approach to manage aflatoxins Aggregation Aflasafe Inputs & training to improve productivity Farmer groups/ value chain/Finance Training for pre/postharvest afla management Awareness and sensitizations Policy and advocacy Market linkages Aflatoxin testing Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 21. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Parameters 2013/2014 2014/2015 Number of implementers 4 9 Total Aflasafe purchased (tons) 24 58.2 Number of farmers 1,015 3,271 Treated area (ha) 1,457 4,998 Maize aggregated for sale (tons) 2,031 7,220 Samples with <4 ppb AF (%) 99.0% 93% Samples with <10 ppb AF (%) 99.5% 96% samples with < 20 ppb AF (%) 99.5% 98% Return on Investment (ROI) 210% 489% Average sale price over market rate 13% 17% Aflasafe maize kept for family 46% 20.3% Aflasafe benefits Smallholder farmers Smallholder farmers have safer crops, improved income and better health Grain lots meet international standards Higher income Better health
- 22. www.iita.org • Managed by the National Irrigation Board (NIB) • Highly productive area but aflatoxin-prone • Maize frequently rejected as >50% strains in soil are highly toxic Maize grown under center pivot in Galana- Kulaku, which is a part of 1 million acre Jubilee Food Security project of the Kenyan Govt. • 238 tons aflasafe ordered (8.1 tons airlifted for emergency treatment) from IITA in Nigeria • The entire crop of 200 ha treated with aflasafe • Harvested grains had <4 ppb aflatoxins (meets strict European limit) in spite of delayed harvest Aflasafe KE01 in the Aflasafe factory in IITA-Nigeria ready for shipment to Kenya Maize crop being treated with Aflasafe KE01 in Galana Aflasafe helps Kenya food security project
- 23. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Scaling-Up and Models • Nigeria: AgResults farmers to produce 260,000 tons of Aflasafe maize; Public-private partnership model • Senegal: Area-wide treatment in 2013 and 2014 with 16 tons; 20 tons use projected in 2015; private sector led model • Kenya: Government buy-in; about 230 tons procured; excellent support; public model • Africa-wide: >500K ha by 2018 • Critical role of PACA and RECs Agriculture for Nutrition & Health Senegal Kenya
- 24. www.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium Current and future biocontrol efforts • Full registration, licensing and stewardship of product • Create a sustainable system (commercialization/public good) where small holder farmers have access to Aflasafe and are incentivized to utilize Aflasafe to control aflatoxin levels • Strategy development and implementation for commercialization (manufacturing, marketing and distribution) • Advocacy, awareness, demonstration of product value • Training and technical back-stopping • Develop second generation product • Develop regional strains Agriculture for Nutrition & Health
- 25. • Aflatoxins in food and feed pervasive in Africa • Contamination starts in the field • Biological control with other practices can dramatically reduce aflatoxin contamination and improve food safety and security • Efforts underway to pilot commercialization of aflatoxin biocontrol and develop regional strains • The pilots need to be up-scaled and efforts to improve efficacy needs a fillip for wide-spread impact on health and trade in Africa Summary
- 26. Made Possible by Many National Partners in Ministries, Industry, and on the Farm Nigeria For more information about aflatoxin biocontrol for Africa, check out: www.aflasafe.com IITA Tucson USDA/ARS IITA, USDA, & Doreo have Teamed up to Bring Aflatoxin Prevention to Africa
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Results of efficacy trials on farmers’ fields in Senegal. Three years of data (two shown) and large numbers of farmers’ fields. Aflasafe is effective in reducing aflatoxin concentration in groundnuts in Senegal as in Nigeria.
- Aflasafe is a biopesticide developed by IITA and USDA-ARS and registered by NAFDAC for aflatoxin mitigation in maize and groundnut in Nigeria. The demonstration-scale manufacturing aflasafe facility, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation under the aegis of Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, was built in 2014 to supply aflasafe to farmers. This is the largest aflatoxin biocontrol product manufacturing plant and has the highest production throughput in the world. Nigerian farmers are purchasing aflasafe to treat their maize fields. Aflasafe (www.aflasafe.com) is packaged in 2.5 kg and 5 kg bags and available for sale at IITA’s Business Incubation Platform.
- This slide is in Tabular format compared to pictorial in the previous two slides
- An innovative scientific solution in the form of a natural biocontrol has been developed by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). This breakthrough technology, already in wide use in the United States, reduces aflatoxins during both crop development and post-harvest storage, and throughout the value chain. Atoxigenic-strain-based biological control is a natural, non-toxic technology that utilizes the ability of native atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus to naturally out-compete their aflatoxin-producing cousins. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and partners have successfully adapted this competitive displacement technology for use on maize and groundnut in various African countries using native micro-flora, developing biocontrol products called Aflasafe (www.aflasafe.com). Field testing of Aflasafe in Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso and Kenya has produced extremely positive results in reducing aflatoxin contamination of maize and groundnut, consistently by 80% to 90%, and even as high as 99%. Adapting and applying this proven biocontrol solution to address aflatoxin contamination in Africa could dramatically improve nutrition, health and livelihoods of millions of families while reducing commodity losses due to contamination. It is anticipated that this cost effective technology, which can be applied for about $18 per hectare (ha), once developed for the African context and commercialized, could be replicated and applied to other highly vulnerable areas, making the potential return on investment enormous. IITA and USDA-ARS, together with national partners have already tested the technology with over 4,000 small holder farmers in Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Zambia. Aflasafe products are under development for Ghana, Tanzania and Mozambique. At the same time, regional aflasafe products are also being developed for East, West and Southern Africa using atoxigenic strains that co-occur in all countries in a region. More than 60 tons aflasafe was manufactured using a lab-scale method and sold in Nigeria by IITA under the Provisional Registration from biopesticide regulator National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC). The method of production and application of atoxigenic strain based biocontrol products is fairly simple. A mixture of spores of biocontrol strains are coated on a grain carrier (e.g., sorghum), which also serves as a food source. The atoxigenic strains grow and multiply on and disperse from the carrier to initiate displacement of aflatoxin-producers in the field. Application timing differs with the crop and location. In some crops the product is applied 2-4 weeks prior to flowering. For small fields, the product can be tossed onto the 1 hectare of crop and soil by hand by four persons in 1 hour at an application rate of 10 kg/ha. In the countries where aflasafe development is most advanced (Nigeria, Senegal, and Kenya), the farmers’ needs and demand for aflasafe far exceeds supply of the product produced using the lab-scale manufacturing method. Thus, lack of manufacturing capacity is a barrier preventing wide use of Aflasafe in target markets. There is an demonstration scale manufacturing facility that has just begun to produce Aflasafe at IITA in Ibadan. The new facility in IITA was built for demonstrating the production process of aflasafe to potential manufacturers as well as for producing sufficient quantity of Aflasafe to meet current demand from farmers and for experimental use to evaluate product efficacy in Africa. The Demonstration-scale Aflasafe manufacturing plant will be commissioned in November 2013 in the IITA campus in Ibadan. All the equipment in the plant is now operational and the manufacturing process has been tested successfully. The capacity of the plant is 5 tons per hour. The inoculum production and quality control labs are now functional. The strain multiplication method for aflasafe production has been successfully tested. The new strain multiplication method can produce 12.8 trillion spores in a 250 ml bottle containing 30 grams sorghum grain substrate; these spores are sufficient to produce 60 tons of aflasafe that can treat 6000 ha of crop. The plant was used to produce the following amount of aflasafe: 1.5 tons of aflasafe BF01 for Burkina Faso for field efficacy trials 6 tons of aflasafe SN01 for field efficacy trials and market linkage research in Senegal in partnership with the private sector 12 tons of two aflasafe products (6 tons each of aflasafe ZM01 and aflasafe ZM02) for field efficacy trials and market linkage research in Zambia in partnership with the private sector 20 tons aflasafe for distribution to farmers by the AgResults initiative 1 ton of aflasafe KE01 will be produced for efficacy trials in Kenya in 2013 Private sector partners have expressed interest to manufacture aflasafe in in Nigeria, Senegal and Zambia.