1.
Phycology Lecture
Coverage:
Algae: Microalgae - phytoplankton
Macroalgae - seaweeds
Sea grasses – vascular (upper margin of the
intertidal zone)
Mangroves – vascular (estuarine)
Beach and coastal – seashore (inland)
Plants Require:
Water and CO2
Mineral ions/Nutrients
Light – for photosynthesis

2.
Development:
Life cycle – alternation of sporophytic and
gametophytic generation
Higher plants –involve tissues
(xylem – conduction of water
(phloem – conduction of food / by
products of photosynthesis)
Sporophytic Generation
Multi-celled diploid body producing haploid
spores
Gametophytic Generation
Multi-celled haploid body producing haploid
gametes

3.
Algae Division
Cyanophyta (blue-green) -
Pyrrophyta/
Monera Dinophyta
(dinoflagellates)
Chrysophyta (golden algae/ diatoms)
Englenophyta (photosynthetic flagellates)
Plantae
Pyrrophyta/Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)
Rhodophyta – red algae
Phaeophyta – brown algae
Chlorophyta – green algae

4.
Intertidal Communication Ties
Species Major Sub-division Algal Groups
Ultra, Enteromorpha supra littoral zone species w/ stand dessication
Prostrate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ strong waves
Sargassum, Turbinaria mid littoral species w/ anchored in deep
substrate
Brown Algae sub littoral w/ stand variable illumination
w/ stand wave action
w/ stand temperature
Factors
a. Tide
tidal amplitude (vertical range)
tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)
b. Exposure of Algae
shore topography
wave action
time of dessication
c. Type of substrate
basic composition (material forming)
peeble
calcified rock

5.
Algal Body/Thallus
Higher Plants Algae
Roots rhizoids/rhizomes (holdfast)
Stems stipes
Leaves blades
Pigments:
Chlorophyll – a, b, c, d, e
Carotenoids – B carotene, L-carotene (yellow)
Xantophyll – Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Fucoxanthin, Neoxanthin
( yellow/golden)
Phycobillins – Phycocyanin (blue-green), phycoerythrin (red, purple)
Reserved Foods
Cellulose
Mannitol
Laminarin/chrysolaminarin
Oil
Starch

6.
Morphology
Filamentous – single/double stranded
Foliose – blade like
Siphonoceous – siphon
Crustose – encrusted with CaCo3
Parenchymatous-medulla cells cuboidal/spherical
Pseudoparenchymatous-medulla cells isodiametric
Location of Meristems – actively dividing cell
Apical- apex region (elongate)
Diffuse-all over (foliose)
Intercalary-at certain regions (usually give rise to branches)
Habit:
sessile/attached Phytoplankton
free-floating picoplankton- 2 um
planktonic ultraplankton – 2-5 um
nanoplankton – 5-20
microplankton – 20-200 um

7.
Division Pigment Reserved Food Habit
Cyanophyta chloro a starch planktonic
Carotene benthic
Phycobillin
Chrysophyta chloro a & b oil planktonic
Xanthophyll chrysolaminarin
Carotene benthic
Pyrophyta chloro a & c starch planktonic
Xanthophyll oil
Carotene fats
Phaeophyta chloro a & c laminarin benthic
Xantophyll oil
Carotene

8.
Rhodophyta chloro a starch benthic
Carotenes
Phycobillin
Chlorophyta chloro a & b starch benthic
Carotene
Anthophyta chloro a & b starch benthic
Carotenes
Types of Gametes
1. isogametes (sex cells appear the same)
2. anisogametes (unequal)
3. heterogametes (unequal)
4. homogametes (sex cells appear the same)

9.
Spores Produced Organs
Monospore – monosporgangium
Tetraspore – tetrasporangia
Carpospores- carposporangium
Conchospore- conchosporagium
Auxospore – auxosporangia
Organs: Special Types
Male – antherium/spermatium
Female – ooganium
Homogametes (sex cells appear the same)

10.
Forms:
Morphology
Crustose – encrusted w/ CaC03 -Coenocytic
Filamentous – as a filament -Cylindrical
Foliaceous – leafy -Cartilaginous
Siphonaceous –
Distribution
- Based on availability of photosynthetic pigments (red and blue) and activation
of accessory pigments, carotenoids, xanthophylls and phycobillins
HTM
Green (dominant) Intertidal/Litoral
Brown
Red
Photosynthesis at; LTM
- Red and Blue Brown (dominant) Effective Light
Red
Green
Red (dominant)
Green
Brown

11.
R O Y G B I V
Water Level
chlorophyll
xanthophylls
carotenoids
chlorophyll

12.
Water Characteristics:
Transparency
-affect photosynthesis at certain depth
Turbidity
-Low penetration
-Limits photosynthesis
Substrate Characteristics:
Algae types based on Root Structure
Holdfast – discoid holdfast
Rhizoids – stolon
Haptere – spines/spires
Ecology of the Algae
Physical:
Temperature - factor for the rate of metabolism. Higher
the temperature, rate of metabolism up to the optimum
range.

13.
Shelford’s Law of Tolerance
optimum
deficient
excessive
fatal
fatal
Factor (Temperature/Salinity etc.)

14.
Temperature Sources:
1. radiation
2. radioactive decay of substances
3. day length
Heat Loss
- conductive process
- convection
- current flow
Water Current/Movement
- waves
- currents -distribution of nutrients
- tides

15.
Photynthesis – spectrum (ROYGBIV)
Day length: long – chlorophyll & carotenoids
short –xanthophylls and phycobilins
Affects;
-Metabolism
-Growth
-Occurrence
-Distribution
-Reproductive Maturity
Penetration and Absorbance
Visible light – 390 nm to 760 nm
Ultra violet light – 290 nm to 390 nm
Infrared – 760 nm to 3000 nm
________290_________390________760________30000
UV VL IR

16.
FATE OF LIGHT
reflected (90%) scattered scattered & reflected back
absorbed absorbed
(10-45%)
Transmittance
T = I1 / I2 Overall
I1 = irradiance at depth 1 Transmitance
25 m I1
I2 = irradiance at depth
50 m I2

17.
Distribution
Zonation of Algae
Light
- irradiance Green (upper)
- temperature
- substrate
Brown (mean)
Red (deeper water)
Change of Light
Effects:
- color pigmentation/activation
- reserve food production rate
- reproductive biology
- gametophytic development
- sporophytic development

18.
Temperature
Effect:
Biological organization
- Molecular (biochemical reaction; carbohydrate,
protein metabolism)
- Cellular
- Organismal
- Community Structure
Organs: Spermatangium – sperm (male)
Ooganium – egg (female)
Sporangium – spore
Effects:
High temperature
- denaturation of protein
- damage to enzymes
- damage in the cell membrane

19.
Low temperature:
- causes disruption of lipids
- damage to cell membrane
- mechanical damage of cell through the formation of
ice crystal
Tolerance
- increase in cellulose
- increase in cell membrane
- frost camouflage
- increase in the reserve food products
- efficient but minimal use of products
Water Movement
- Current flow
- tradewind
- easterlies
- westerlies

20.
Effect
- distribution of heat(- conduction, convection)
- distribution of nutrients effected by:
- surface rate
- vertical movement
- upwelling
- distribution of gases
- distribution of spores, sex cells
Generation of Waves
1. caused by wind (meteorological)
2. caused by tide (gravitational pull )
3. earthquake and land slide (geologic)
Waves Result from:
1. Deflection of wind as it blows over the surface
2. changes in atmospheric pressure

21.
Anatomy of Waves
Length
H – height Crest
T – time
L – length Height Depth
D – water depth
Wave Break: Time
D = (4/3) H (shallow water)
H = 1/7 (L) (deep water)

22.
1st quarter
Neap Tide
Full Moon Spring tide Spring tide New Moon
Neap Tide
3rd quarter

23.
Waves
WC – wave crest
WT – wave time/period
WH – wave height
WD – wave depth
Shallow water break happens when ¾ H ;
i.e Drag/Friction at the bottom of the wave
happens
Tides – the periodic rise or fall of sea level due to
gravitational attraction between sun, moon
and earth

24.
Neap Tide (1st & 3rd Quarter)
Gravitational Pull
Centrifugal
force Moon
(rotation of the
earth in its
axis) Spring Tide

25.
Classifications:
Semi-diurnal – 2 Low and 2 High
Diurnal – Single Low and Single High
Mixed – Semi-diurnal and single low/single
high
 Spring tide (S – M – E aligned)
 Neap tides (S – M- E at 45o angle)

26.
Currents
 Horizontal current – wind driven ( westernlies, easterlies, trade
winds) Caused by prevailing wind patterns
 Deep Vertical Currents
 C-slope, C-rise and abyssal plain (the result of salinity and
temperature gradient)
Air - mixture of different kinds of gases
Process;
First;Equator and at warmer latitudes, heated air
expands and rises
Later:
 Low pressure area is produced and cooled air moves
 Rising air is carried north or south of the equator and
eventually cools, contracts and sinks, creating a high
pressure area

27.
Deflection of air masses : to the right in N. Hemisphere
and to the left in S. Hemisphere due to Coriolis effect
because of the spinning of the planet.
Easterly Tradewind
- produces the equatorial current
EQ Current : North – western B. current
Eastwind - Western Trade wind
Vertical Currents
Upwelling/Downwelling Caused by:
1. halocline/thermocline (salinity/density and
temperature grdient)
2. Offshore winds – push the surface and cause the
deep water to move to the surface.

28.
3. Divergence – produced when deep water
and surface current interaction occurs that
is possible when currents pass through
another current
4. Wake strain – nearby water surface is
pulled along with a strong current
5. Turbulence – due to rapid current passing
over shallow and rough benthos

29.
Chemical Factors
Affect the: Occurrence of marine plants
Distribution
Abundance
Rep cycle – seasonal (die-off; dormant in
the production of sex cell/spore
Factors:
Pure water plus salt (Na, Cl, Mg ,Ca) increase,
correspondingly increase
1. osmotic pressure
2. boiling pt
3. density
4. conductance
Lower:
1. vapor pressure
2. freezing pt (solidify pure water)

30.
Salinity Ranges;
Oceanic – 32-38 ppt
Neritic – 25 – 32 ppt
Estuarine – 1-15-32 ppt
Hypersaline (Red Sea) – above 38 ppt
Seaweeds Classification
Euryhaline – 30 to 40 ppt
Polyhaline – 18 to 30 ppt
Mesohaline – 3 to 18 ppt
Oligohaline - .5 to 3 ppt
Brackist - .5 to 5 ppt

31.
Measurement of Salinity
1. Density – hydrometer – specific gravity
pycnometer – wt of salts
both consider standard temperature and pressure
2. Resistance to electrical current – conductivity meter
- salinometer
3. Bending of right from air to seawater –refractometer
4. Concentration of chlorine – chlorinity; titration with
AgN03 as major salt
 Hydrometer – sp. Gravity x salt (k)
 Pycnometer – weight of salts
 Refractometer – measures the refraction index of
medium air to pure water = 1.3330

32.
 Conductivity Meter – amount of chlorine
Cl (ppt) = 0.7324 R15
 R15 = rate of electrical conductance of one sample to one
where;
Salinity = 35 ppt; 1 atms 15oC
Sal = .003 + (1.805 x chlorinity (20oC)
Lab: AgN03 + NACl – AgCl + NaN03
Dissolved Oxygen;
0.9% in water
21% in air
Sources: Air, Plants

33.
Concentration:
Polar – (2x) – compared to tropical region
Lower temperature/salinity
Below photic zone = 0.2 to .3% (low)
Run-off = high O2
C02 in Seawater
Available either as:
C03
HC03
H2C03
H + removal (Acid) – negative effect
(Nutrients/elements are tied up until
Alkaline free)

34.
Ion Concentration in Seawater
6.8 – 8.4 (normal reading)
pH – rises ; C02 is removed via photosynthesis
pH – lowered; C02 is added via respiration
Removal of C02
- Carbonate
- Bicarbonate
- Carbonic acid
Nutrients
2l – essential elements other trace elements
4 – elements for plant growth
-C, N, P, K, O
 S - major component in protein synthesis
(300 mg/L (Si02) diatoms)

35.
 0 – 857,000 mg/L
 N – 28 mg/L
 P – 0.07 mg/L
 K – 0.03 mg/L
 C – 28 mg/L
Auxotrophic (seaweeds) req. some Vitamins:
B12 – Cyanocobalamin
B1 - Thiamine
Biotin
Nitrogenous
N03 – nitrate – 1 to 43 ; H2PO4 0.07- 0.07
N02 - nitrite – 0.01 to 3.5
NH3 - ammonia – 0.35 to 3.5

36.
Nitrogen Cycle
Plants
Animals Urine
Decomposition
(bacteria and fungi)
Atmosphere Amino acid
Dissolved N2 Ammonification
N2 fixation Photochemical fixation Denitrification
Ammonia (Lightning)
(Blue green algae) ammonia
Nitrate(NO3) Nitrite(NO2) Nitrification

37.
Phosphorous
Silica (cell wall formation)
Si02 – 0 – 0.5 mg/L
Phosphorous Cycle
Land
Plants Higher Organisms
Weathering Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate
(inorganic) (organic)
Particulate Phosphorus
(inorganic + organic)
Sediment

38.
Macro Algae (Seaweeds)
1. Unicellular to filamentous - Chlorophyta
2. filamentous to thalloid - Phaecophyta
- Rhodophyta
Evolved – Pre-cambrian
Types of Meristem
1. apical meristem – division of apical cells
2. diffuse meristem – throughout the plant
3. intercallary meristem – specific growth regions
Growth Construction
1. filamentous – one to two rows of cells
(Cladophora)
2. foliose – flattened/membranous (Halymenia)

39.
Cytology of Green Algae
I. Physiological Characteristics
1. chloro a and b
2. B – carotene
3. xanthophylls
- lutein
- zeaxanthin
- violaxanthin
- siphonin
- siphonoxanthin (play a role in acclimation in
deep water to the b-g spectrum

40.
II. Cell Structure
- eukaryotic
- uninucleated (most)
- multi nucleated (few)
- coenocytic – multinucleated in a single cell
III. Chloroplast (thyllakoids)
- cup- shaped
- discoid
- reticulate
- laminate
Pyrenoids – amylase containing protein bodies

41.
IV. Cell Wall
- cellulose microfibrils – typical in flowering
plants and Ulvalves
- highly crystalline siphonodadales (Cladophorales)
- polymers of xylan and mannan (Caulerpales)
- CaC03
V. Cell Division
a. Karyokinesis
- closed (intranuclear) – no break of n. membrane
- open (nuclear envelop disappears , e.g. like in
flowering plants)

42.
b. Cytokinesis
- closed - spindle fibers parallel to cross
wall
- open – spindle fibers at right angle
Asexual spores – zoospores
Motile cells:
- Isokontae – pair of apically inserted flagella
of equal length that lack hairs
- Heterokontae – unequal length
Life History
Alternation of: Haploid (gametophytic)
Diploid (sporophytic)

43.
Patterns
 Haplontic – dominant phase is haploid with zygote
only as diploid
Fusion
zygote
1N 2N
gametes
Zygospore
Meiosis
2N
Zygospore

44.
 Diplontic Life History – diploid phase is dominant
Anteridia
Fusion
Oogonia 1N 2N
Meiosis
1N 2N

45.
 Haplodiplontic – dominant phases are haploid and
diploid
Fusion
Gametophytic 1N 2N
Sporophytic
Meiosis
Isomorphic

46.
Heteromorphic – haploid & diploid; unequal
Fusion
1N 2N
Meiosis

47.
Chlorophyta
Taxonomy
Class (phyceae)
1. Chlorophyceae
2. Prasinophyceae
3. Charophyceae
Prasinophyceae Features:
1. unicellular, motile and appearing as green
2. cells with one or more layers of fibrillar scales
3. the flagella is always attached in groove covered with
scales and hairs
4. the flagellal roots with complex basal body
5. with single round- shaped chloroplast with pyrenoids
6. specialized ejectosome. e.g. Pyraminomas – pear-
shaped unicel with 4 flagella

48.
Charophyceae – stone worts; ancient origin/evolution
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Chlorophyceae
Chloroplast with pyrenoid
– multi- uninucleated
– haploid – haplodiplontic life history
– filamentous/caenocytic morphology
1. Order: Ulvales
Family: Percuriaceae - biserriate
Schizomeraceae - uniseriate
Prasiolaceae - filamentous/monostromatic
Monostromaceae - monostromatic
Ulvaceae - diastromatic and tubular

49.
Common Characterictics:
Parietal chloroplast
Laminate
Pyrenoid
Rep-roduction(Anisogany/Isogamy)
2. Order: Chladophorales
Genera: Cladophoraceae- filamentous
Rhizoclonium - delicate, unbranched
filament with rhizoids
Chaetomorpha- coarse, unbranched
Cladophora - branching filament

50.
Family: Anadyomanaceae - filamentous but
fused to form blades
Anadyomene - brilliant green with
anastomosed filaments
3. Order Acrosiphonales
Family: Acrosiphonaceae
Genera: Urospora - unbranched filament
Spongopora - branched, uninucleated
Acrosiphonia - branched,
multinucleated
General Characteristics:
- single perforated chloroplast with hetero
– haplodiplontic life history

51.
4. Order Siphonocladales
Family: Siphonocladaceae - filamentous
Family: Boodleaceae - net like blade with
anastomosing filaments
Family: Volaniaceae - aggregation of vesicle
Siphoclodales
Boodlea
Valonia
General Characteristics:
- segregated cell division
- they enlarge to form and equal or similar vesicle
e.g. velonia degagropila
dictyospharia caveriosa

52.
5. Order Caulerpales – siphonous, coenocytic
Family: Bryopsidaceae
Genera: Broyopsis – hetero- haplo-diplontic life
history
Derbesia
Family Caulerpaceae – erect blades with rhizoid
- Trebeulae in growth of cell wall
- Leucoplast – without cross wall (coenocytic)
Genera: Caulerpa
Family Codiaceae – coenocytic with filament called
siphons
- surface cell is made of utricles
- diplontic, onisogametes

53.
Family Udoteaceae – heavily certified to
Genera: Halimeda
Udotea
Penicillus
Chlorodesmis
Avrainvillea
6. Order Dassyclaudales
2 Family - Dasaycladaceae
Acetabulariaceae
Characteristics: whorl branching
Superficial calcification
Diplontic, isogametic (produced in cyst)
Genera: Dasycladea
Cymopolia
Acetabularia

54.
Division: Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
Class: Phaeophyceae
265 genera
1,500 – 2,000 species
Construction
a. filamentous
b. massive intertidal growth
c. lithophytic – attached to stable substrate
d. epiphytic – living on surface of other plants
e. drift population (S. filamentous
(S. ratens
Uses:
- alginic acid (medicine, ice cream, shampoo)
- fodder (food of animal additives
- fertilizer

55.
Cytology
- Chloro a & c
- B. carotene
fucoxanthin and neofucoxanthin – brownish, golden
brown, brown-green, greenish, yellow color
- Carotenoids
- Uninucleated
- Thallykoid in bonds of 3
- Reserved food
Motile Cells
- heterokontae (unequal flagellum – usually inserted)
a. acronomatic
- shorter
- smooth
- basally oriented

56.
b. pleuronomatic
- long
- anteriorly nemated
- hairy
Life History
- diplontic
-gametes derived in sporangia
1. unilocular
2. plurilocular
Taxonomy
1. Ectocarpales
Ectocarpaceae
Ectocarpus

57.
Characteristics:
- uniseriate filament
- isomorphic – equal in form
2. Ralfsiales
Ralfsiaceae
Ralfsia
Neoderma
Characteristics:
- crustose morphology
- diplontic
- gametes (isogametes, heterogametes)
3. Sphacelariales
Sphacelariaceae
Clodostaphus
Holotrix

58.
Characteristics:
-small, filamentous, multiseriated
4. Class Tiliopteridales
- filamentous construction
- uniseriate – multiseriate
- trichothallic growth
Genus: Halospora
5. Class Cutleriales
- amisogamete
- crustose morphology
- trichothallic
- alternation of isomorphic life history

59.
6. Class Dictyotales
- pan tropical
- isomorphic – haplo-diplomatic
- parenchymatous construction
DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA
Characteristics:
- chloro a and c
- fucoxanthin (xanthophylls) predominate
- laminarin and oil are reserved foods
- haplo-diplomatic life history
asexual – fragmentation (vegetative)
sexual – isogametes
- products: alginate

60.
Order Fucales
Blade morphology
- crustose – encrusted with lime
- duplicated – double margin
- cystic – enclosed reproductive structure
(antheridium – sperm)
(ooganium – egg)
2 years life cycle
1st year – vegetative growth
2nd year – reproductive age

61.
Family Fucaceae
Genera: Hormophysa (triangular blade)
Sargassum duplication
S. crispifolium
S. polycystum
S. giganteifolium
Characteristics:
- predominantly floating (pneumatocyst)
- erect thallus with air bladder
- at the margin of littoral and sub-littoral zone
Genera: Turbinaria ornata (ornate leaf without
branching)
T. trialata (with branching)

62.
Family Cystoseriaceae
Characteristics:
- triangular type of thallus
- seldom with air bladder
Genera: Hormophysa triquetra’
Cystoseira
Order Scytosiphonales
General Characteristics:
- hallow ball structure erupting at maturity
- morphology net-like to ball-like
- sexual reproduction only
- seasonal (summer)

63.
Family Scytosiphonacea
Genera: Scytosiphon
Hydroclathus
Chnoosepora
Colpomenia
Order Dictyotales
General Characteristics
- divaricate branching
- heavily calcified
- linear branching to flabellate

64.
Family Dictyotaceae
Genus Dictyoty – linear branch, turcated, semi-permanent
Padina – flabellate blades, destructs lines of growth,
heavy calcification
Economic Importance
- source of alginate - medicinal property
- fertilizer - insecticidal property
- animal fodder
Laminariales
- large group of brown algae
- hetero morphic (unequal; sporophytic; gametophytic)
- developed:
rhizoid
stem
blade

65.
RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA)
Characteristics
- intertidal to subtidal – chloro to phycoerythrin
change in color
- enkaryotic
- flagella lacking
- phycobillin (phycoerythrin
- reserved food (Floridean starch)
long chain of glucose to lipid

66.
Cytology
- Chloro A packed in a thyllakoid
- Phycocyanin
r – phycocyanin
c – phycocyanin
- Carotenoids
B- carotene
L – carotene
- pyrenoid (starch grain) distinct
- phycocolloids
agar-(agarophytes)
carrageenan –( carrageenophyte)
funoran
fucellarian
- starch (Floridean)
Xylose
amylase

67.
Life History
- triphasic (3 life stages)life history
1. gametophytic – produce gametes
2. carposphorophytic – produce carpaspore
3. tetrasporophytic – produce tetraspore
Other Spore Types (Asexual)
- monospore – derived monosporagia
- paraspore – derived parasporangia
- carpospore – derived carposporangia

68.
Taxonomy
DIVISION – RHODOPHYTA
Class – Rhodophycidae
Sub class – Bangiophycidae
Floridiophycidae
Characteristics:
– uninucleate cells
– single stellate central plastids
– diffuse (intercellary) meristem
– absence of pit connection
– must have absent sexual reproduction
– except, parphyra, bangia and polysiphonia
– simple venicellular in multicellular group

69.
3 Orders
Parphyridiales
Campsogonales
Bangiales
a) Prephyridiales
– Unicellular - pseudofilamentous
– Colonial - no sexual reproduction
b) Comprogonales
– produce monospore of unequal division
– Rep Groups:
- Erythrocladia – filamentous
- Erythrotrichia
c) Bangiales
monotype – monostroma
– diatromatic
– filamentous
Rep. Group
- Bangia
- Porphyra

70.
Sub-class – Florideophycidae
occurrence of multinucleated cells
presence of pit plug
presence of several discoid chloroplast
apical cell division
multicellular (macroscopic)
sexual reproduction (gametophytic plant)
Order: Bangiales
Family: Bangiaceae
Genera: Porphyra
Bangia
Order: Palmariales
Genera: Rhodymenia

71.
Order: Nemalionales
Genera: Liagora ;soft calcareous Helminthocladia
Order: Bonnemaisorales
Genera: Bonnamaisona
Asparagosis
Order: Cryptomoniales
Genera: Halymenia
Crytonemia w/ auxiliary cells
Grateloupia
Order: Corallinales
Genera: Corallina
Lithothammion
Amphiroa
Jania
Order: Gigartinales
Family: Chaetangiaeecae

72.
Order: Gigantinales
Family: Solieriaceae
Eucheuma
Kappaphycus
Family: Gracilariaceae
Gracilaria
Order: Ceremiales
Family: Ceremiaceae
Genera: Ceramium
Lithothamnium
Family: Dellesereaceae
Genera: Rhodomelaceae
Laurancia
Acanthophora

73.
Classes:
Palmariales
- male gametophye and tetrasporophytes are
microscopic
- female gametophyte is microscopic
- tetrasporophyte is parasite in female gametophyte
Genus:
Palmaria/Rhodymenia
Nemaliales
- heterotrichous – crest or postrate thallus
Family: Helminthocladaceae
e.g. Liagora – heavily calcified
Helmithocladia – gelatinous

74.
Gelidiales
- typical triphasic life history
gametophytic
tetrasporophytic
- presence of nutritive cells (after
fertilization)
- agar sources
Genera: Gelidiella
Gelidium
Bonnemaisonales
Bonnemaisona- heteromorphic
gametophytic, tetrasporophytic generation
Asparagopsis – fee living filamentous;
tetrasporophytic

75.
Cryptonemiales
- auxiliary cells on a vegetative branch
Genera:
- Cryptonemiales – heteromorphic life
history w/ crustae
-Gloiosiphon – tetrasporic phase and
fleshy gametophyte
e.g. Halymenia, Grateloupia, Gloiosiphon
Corallinales
- with white cells
- reproduction structure in pits
conceptacle
- intercalary and apical meristem

76.
Articulated species (non-calcified with genicula , joint
between segments)
e.g. Amphiroa
Non-articulated species
- lack genicula which are crustose with erect non-
jointed branched
e.g. Lithothannion
Family: Solieriaceae
Genera: Soliera, Eucheuma
Family; Kappaphyceae
Characteristics:
- fission of cells that occur during fertilization
- some have filamentous medulla

77.
Family: Gracilariaceae
- multiaxial construction w/ medullary layer which is
parenchymatous
Genera: Gracilaria
Gigartina
Mastocarpus
Rhodymeniales
- multi axial growth and triphasis life history
(isomorphic)
- gametophyte with a procarp (arrangement of 3 to 4
cells carpogonial branches adjacent 2 auxiliary cells
e.g. Genera:
Champia
Chrysonemia

78.
Ceremiales
- filamentous, uniseriated
- carposporophytic stage is exposed
- multinucleated cell
- pit connection visible
3 Family (Dascyaceae, Rhodomelaceae, are provided with
trichoblast /colorless hair)
Genera: Laurencia
Hypnea
Acantophora
Dasya

79.
Intertidal Communication Ties
Species Major Sub-division Algal Groups
Ultra Enteromorpha supra littoral zone species w/ stand dessication
Prostate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ strong waves
Sargassum turbinaria mid littoral species w/ anchored
in deep
Substrate
Brown Algae sub littoral w/ stand variable
illumination
w/ stand wave action
w/ stand temperature
Factors
a. Tide
tidal amplitude (vertical range)
tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)
b. Exposure of Algae
shore topography
wave action
time of dessication

80.
c. Type of substrate
basic composition (material forming)
peeble
calcified rock
calcified rock
limestone rock
silt / mud
textures
smooth
rugged
d. Biological Interaction
-relationship among algae

81.
1. Succession- involves seral
Bare - pioneer -succeeding 1 Climax
2
Species species 3 Community
Bare -seagrass –Ulva –Sargrassum -Gracilacia
Stable
a.) Progressive –bare – climax
b) Reverse –climax -bare

82.
2. Competition
a.) Interspecies –between 2 different species
b.) Among a particular species
shading of Ulva against Enteromorpha
Ulva shading Laurencia
Sargassum shading Ulva,
Enteromopha Caulaperpa
Species of Ulva-competing for
a limited space
Sargassum species competing
for light
3. Grazing
-feeding
-preferences (profifying) disappear
-less preferences

83.
Micro algae Communities
Division –Cyanophyta
blue green (phycobillin)
nitrogen fixer (heterocyst)
Significance:
-food chain / food web (Iry producers)
absorb inorganic substances
-Nutrient recycling
Distribution
-epizoic, epiphytic
-endozoic, endophypic
-sessile (substrate attached)

84.
Characteristics:
-cyanophycean starch
-chloro a and b (chlorophyta)
-some endolithic –within rocks
-oligotrophic
Cytology:
Cytoplasm of 2 types
-chromoplasm – periphery and
pigmentry
-centroplasm – center and usually pail

85.
Accessory Pigments:
-Carotene
-Xanthophylls (myxoxanthin)
zeaxanthin
-Phycobillins
Arranged in a thyllakoid (phycobillisomes)
-Phycocyanin Arranged in a
-Phycoerythrin thyllakoid
(phycobillisomes)
-Allophycocyanin
-Gas vacuole –bounded by carboxysomes
-Reserved Food
-Starch
-Granules
-polyhedral
-polyglucan

86.
Reproduction:
-fragmentation of filaments at
hormogonia
-occur where akinets are located
Resting spore
Resting spore
-endospore – product of internal
division of cytoplasm

87.
Taxonomy:
Cyanophyceae
Orders: Chamaesiphonales
(filamentous and endopore producing)
Chroococcales (unicellular
or colonial)
Oscillatoriales (filamentous)

88.
Division: Prochlorophyta composed of 3
genera;
3 Genera
Prochloron
Prochlorotrix Chloro a and b
Prochlorococcus
Prochloron-intracellular, obligate
symbionts ; free living group
Prochlorotrix, Prochlorococcos-
filamentous; causes blooms in
lakes

89.
Division Euglenophyta
-grass green motile unicells
-chloro a and b, B carotene
-xanthophyll (neoxanthin)
-astaxanthin (responsible for red color)

90.
Flagellum
Ampulla (reservoir)
Non-emergent falgellum
Paramylum (starechgrain)
Blepharroplast
Chloroplast
C. vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

91.
Taxonomy:
Class Euglenophyceae
Trophic Classification
-phageotrophic (particle absorbing,
particle ingesting)
-osmotrophic –absorption of organic
matter to photosynthesis
Orders:
Eutretiales
-photosynthetic
-flagella, unequal
-active, euglenoid movement

92.
Euglenales
-photosynthetic, one emergent
flagella
-sessile (attached to substate)
-with lorica (in capsulized)
Heteronematales
-phageotrophic, particle colorless
and leaking photoreceptors;
flagellar swelling
Rhabdonematales
-osmotrophic type
Sphenomodales
-both (osmotrophic, phageotrophic)

93.
Division Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)
Trophic Forms:
-autotrophs –free living
-auxostrophic –need other accessory
elements (vitamins)
-heterotrophic –phageotrophic
-symbiotic –with zooxanthellae

94.
Cytology:
-chloro a and b
-B carotene
-peridinine
-diadinoxanthin
-specialize cells
-trichocyst –rod of protein material
-nematocyst –ejectile organelle
-pusule –sac-like (function as
contractile vacuole)
-muciferous odies – mucilage bodies
that attach to the subatate

95.
Eyespot
Forms:
1. mass of lipid globules
2. single layer of globules
3. double layer of globules
4. complex ocellus
Life History:
1. isogametes (sexual fusion)
onisogametes
2. haplontic life history

96.
Taxonomy
Heterotrophic:
1. Ebriophyceae –colorless, naked
Parasitic naked cells
2. Ellobiophyceae
Parasitic naked cells
3. Syndimophyceae
4. Dinophyceae Group
a. Blastodiniales –parasitic
b. Dingamoebomeales –amoeboid
c. Dinoclomiales –filamentous
d. Gleodiniales –colonial
e. Pyrocystales –coccoid

97.
Peridianiales
-motile
-armonia
-toxic
Cause of ciguatera –fish poisoning
e.g. Ceratium Cause of ciguatera
Gonyaulax –fish poisoning
Gymnodiales (common red tide forming
species)
e.g. Gymnodinium

98.
Division:
Cryptophyta (Cryptomonels)
Characteristics:
-assymetrical (dorso-ventral flatter)
Top/ventral cross-section
-pleuronematic flagella, unequal
-ejectosomes at the reservoir
-single chloroplast
-one to many pyrenoids
-red, brown, olive, yellow –is due to
chlorophyll and phycobillin
-Nucleomorph –double membrane DNA
enclosed in ER