John Warner American Battery Solutions

1. OUR ENERGY IS ELECTRIC.
www.americanbatterysolutions.com
Bringing American Batteries
to Commercial and Industrial
Vehicles
Dr John Warner
Chief Customer Officer

2. © American Battery Solutions, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential Page 2
ABS is Uniquely Positioned to Enable Electrification Across Multiple Markets
Secured Cell Supply with Multiple Cell Producers
Broad Customer Base with Secured Contracts
Experienced Team with Decades of Battery Design Expertise
Rapid Growth Across Multiple Markets
Established Track Record of Manufacturing Excellence
Market Leading Battery Systems Designer and Integrated Battery Pack Provider to
Commercial Electric Vehicles, Energy Storage Systems and Industrial End Markets

3. © American Battery Solutions, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential Page 3
200(1)
Team Members
across all locations
120(1)
Battery engineers
across all locations
Established Manufacturing Capacity with Footprint Ready to Scale
Manufacturing Facility – Springboro, OH
Ex-Bosch Facility
Acquired ready-to-scale
facility
60,000
Battery pack
systems delivered
through existing facilities
Zero PPM
quality performance
for FCA, BMW,
Daimler and GM
300k sq. ft.
of innovation and
manufacturing facilities
170k sq. ft.
Expandable to 213k
2 GWh
2021 installed capacity
8 GWh
Current building
capacity
Key Competencies
Experience with
Multiple Chemistries
Thermal
Management System
Testing and
Validation
Battery Management
System
Battery Pack Design
Battery
Manufacturing
Innovation Centers
Lake Orion, MI
120k sq. ft.
Engineering, test
and validation
facility
Pilot line
Flexible semi-
automatic prototype
build facility
~16k sq. ft.
ESS design center in MA
Boston, MA

4. © American Battery Solutions, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential Page 4
Cars have different requirements
Automotive
• Single battery pack
• 330-350 V Nominal
• 50-100kWh energy
• 11.5-year / 150k mile vehicle life
• Short daily drive cycle (<1 hour)
• 0.346kWh per 1 mile
• 200-300-miles per charge
• ~5.3k miles per year (average)
MD/HD Truck
Automotive Battery

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Trucks and Buses are not cars!
LD Truck
• Multiple battery packs
• 620-670 V Nominal
• 350-700 kWh energy
• 7-12 years / 200k – 500k mile
vehicle life
• Operating for 8-12+ hours/day
• 100 – 250-miles per charge
• 25k - 50k miles per year (average)
MD/HD Truck
• Single battery pack
• 330-350 V Nominal
• 25-100kWh energy
• 4-year / 100k mile vehicle life
• Low speed, Stop & Go driving
• Operating for 8-12 hours/day
• 100+ miles per charge
• ~12k miles per year (average)
MD / HD Truck Coach
• Multiple battery packs
• 620-670 V Nominal
• 350-700 kWh energy
• 12+ year/250k mile vehicle life
• Long-daily drive cycle
• 2.1 – 2.8 kWh / mile
• 130 – 260-miles per charge
• 19k - 22k miles per year (average)

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Longer annual driving range
62,751
(Class 8 Trucks)
11,467 (Automotive)
Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data - Average Annual Vehicle
Miles Traveled by Major Vehicle Category (energy.gov)
Different Vehicles – Different Driving Cycles
25,000 (Refuse Trucks)
12,435 (Delivery Truck)
11,543 (Light Truck)
39,506
(Motorcoaches – 2017)
43, 647 (Transit Bus – 2020)
5,300
(Automotive EV)

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Different average daily driving ranges
Avg daily mileage
85% Americans
50 miles <100
miles
Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data - Average Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled by Major Vehicle Category (energy.gov)
Parcel Delivery (Class 4-5)
~150 miles
Long-Haul Truck (Class 8)
250-440 miles
Refuse Truck (Class 7-8) 100 miles
Delivery Van (Class 2-3) ~50 miles
~160 miles
Transit Bus and Coach (Class 5-6 ) ~172 miles

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Different average driving ranges
Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data - Average Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled by Major Vehicle Category (energy.gov)
Larger Vehicles use more energy, need bigger batteries

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Different vehicle
150 miles / 115kWh (1.3mi/kWh)
Parcel Delivery (Class 4-5)
Long-Haul Truck (Class 8)
Refuse Truck (Class 7-8)
Delivery Van (Class 2-3)
50 miles / 25kWh (2mi/kWh)
100 miles / 166kWh (0.6mi/kWh)
250 miles / 416kWh (0.6mi/kWh) –
440 miles / 730kWh (0.6mi/kWh)

10. © American Battery Solutions, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential Page 10
Larger battery systems reduces C-rate
100 kWh 150kW
Battery System
Larger battery systems =
lower C-rates =
Lower heat generation, longer life
600 kWh
Electric Machine
1.5C
Rate
Battery System
200-300kW
Electric Machine
0.5C
Rate
Optimize thermal management
system, current collectors, etc

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Light Duty CVs at parity today
North American Council for Freight Efficiency (NACFE)

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Not all batteries are created equal
Cells
Chemistry
Form Factor
Manufacturer
Packaging
Robustness
Environmental
sealing
Modules
Mechanical
Controls
Multi-pack
control
Integrated
controls and
electronics
ISO 26262
Functional
Safety
Safety
Thermal
management
system
Thermal
runaway
protection
Over/Under
charge
protections
Testing
Certifications
Industry
standards
Battery maker
defined testing
There is not a “Silver
Bullet” one-size fits all
solution

13. © American Battery Solutions, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential Page 13
Environmental
Designed for recyclability using highly
recyclable materials & partnering with
material recyclers
Designed for the battery circular
economy
The key challenges of electrification
ABS solutions
Key barriers Key benefits
Safety
Tiered levels of automotive grade functional
safety including thermal propagation
protection, over charge/discharge protection
Performance
Highest energy density solutions in their
class, utilizing the highest energy cells
available on the market
Life Designed to match the life of the vehicle
using long-life, high quality cells
High costs
Common designs with consolidating
lower volumes programs to allow for
volume cell pricing
Safe.
More energy = longer range
Eliminates the need for a mid-cycle
replacement. Offers excellent total
cost of ownership for fleet users
Highly competitive
market-based pricing

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 ABS has an experienced team that has launched and delivered
multiple GWhs of battery products in the industry
 Extensive safety testing at the component / product level
 Design principles carried throughout ABS product portfolio
 Multiple layers of system safety
Safety: Battery Systems are Safety and Performance Critical Components
ABS Solution is Critical to Minimize Customer Risk
Safety Certified System
Mechanical Structure
Battery Management
System
High Voltage
Electronics
Thermal
Management
System
Module
Design
Cell
Selection
ABS Integrated Layers of Safety
Key Safety Features
 Robust structure, designed to highest
automotive quality standards SAE, UL
& ISO standards
 Liquid cooled with module-
integrated cooling plate
 Integrated battery disconnect unit
 Integrated battery management system,
package protected for wireless BMS
 Industry leading BMS design eliminates
need for separate power distribution unit
Safety is a Prioritized Element in the Development &
Production Phases
Regulatory
Risk
Legal Risk
End-User
Safety
Brand
Reputation

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Performance: DC Fast Charge Benchmark
ABS fast-charge among the fastest in high energy battery space
ABS
Mach-E

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Cost: Common architecture
Architecture strategy drives scalability, modularity and cost
 Fixed Features/Design Constraints
• Module depth
• Cell Type
• Thermal Interface
• HV Interfaces
• LV Interfaces
• Voltage Sense
• Temperature Sense
• Symmetrical Brick S/P Configuration on each side of cold plate
• Standard Fasteners
 Scalability
• Module Height and Width
 Accommodate application-specific S/P configurations
 Incremental Reduction of height/width
 Incremental Reduction of height
 Depopulation of cells

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Cost: Common architecture
Architecture strategy drives scalability, modularity and cost
 Fixed Features/Design Constraints
• Aluminum Sheet enclosure materials and structural features
• Module assembly orientation and standard mounting features
• Module HV and Coolant connections on same side
• Standardized coolant system plumbing components and quick-disconnects
• Modular BDU Assembly (defined components)
• Standard bulkhead connections (including coolant) mounted to housing interface
plate
• V/T sense
• Application Mounting Bracket attachment features and internal structure
• Process compatible module and pack lift and handling features
• Standardized fasteners
 Scalability
• Pack Width, Depth
• BDU Assembly Layout/Form Factor
• Bulkhead Connector Interface locations
Height
Width

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Modular Designs with Integrated Safety
Multiple Sizes and Widths Can Work with Pouches,
Cylindrical or Prismatic Cells
Specific Customer-funded
Projects for Development
and Manufacturing
 Standard, Off-
the-Shelf
Products
 Scalable
building blocks
 Offer versatility
across various
uses
 Easy integration
without complex
battery pack
development
Custom Packs
 Cell versatility
broadens range
of battery
pack application
 Flexibility allows
for cost,
temperature or
size efficiency,
depending on
the
cell type
Versatile Design Elements Can Enable Applications Across Markets
KWh 1,700
Battery Pack
Application
2

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Common architecture & Custom Solutions

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Future Trends
Connectivity &
Telematics
Remote monitoring
AI
Fleet Management
Efficiency &
Environment
Electrification
Route optimization
Vehicle optimization
Autonomy (Driver shortages)
More Applications
Skateboard
Purpose-built architectures
Vehicle
Battery
Wireless BMS
Cybersecurity
Battery Fleet Management
High energy density (long range)
Fast charge capability
Common Architecture
Modular/Scalable batteries
Standard batteries
Custom batteries

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Future technology roadmap
Near term technologies
• High nickel content – NMC/NMCA
• Higher silicon blended anodes
• High energy LFP
• Cobalt free cathodes
Mid-term
• Larger form factor cells
• Dry coating processes
• Tabless electrode
Longer term technologies
• Semi-solid state / Hybrid lithium-metal anodes
• Solid-state batteries (SSB)
• Anode-less SSB
Other technologies (may not be applicable to coach/bus)
• Na-ion
• High Mn content cathodes
Cell technologies
Cell to pack
Cell to chassis
Wireless BMS
Li-ion 24V/48V
Pack technologies

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Lithium Titanate
Oxide
LTO
Future Technology
ABS manufactures several
different types of battery packs
that are fit for purpose
ABS Battery Pack Design is Cell Agnostic and Future Proofed
 ABS battery pack solutions are
battery cell agnostic
 ABS supports cell chemistry of
today and can adapt to
evolving chemistry and market
dynamics including solid state
technology
 Automotive grade system
integration know-how is critical
regardless of cell chemistries
ABS will win in this market regardless of any shifts in cell chemistry and technology.
Lithium Ion
LI
Nickel
Manganese
Cobalt
NMC
Lithium Iron
Phosphate
LFP
Nickel Cobalt
Aluminum
NCA
Solid State
SS
Pouch
Cylindrical Prismatic
Customers Require Flexibility
to Integrate Various Cell Types
Into Their Battery Systems
Cell Chemistry and Geometry has
and will Continue to Advance
ABS Integrates Various Chemistries
into Battery Packs
ABS Delivers a Product Customized
to Customer Specs
Nickel
Manganese
Cobalt Aluminum
NMCA

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YOUR BATTERY
PARTNER
American Battery Solutions, Inc.
www.americanbatterysolutions.com
info@Americanbatterysolutions.com
John Warner
jwarner@americanbatterysolutions.com