1. Personality

2. Questions:
 What exactly is Personality?
 How does it develop?
 Are we born with certain personality? Or
is experience critical in shaping the
qualities the make us who we are?

4. Defining Personality:
Consistency and Distinctiveness
 1. Consistent Tendency
- Consistent across
situations and over
time.
 Distinctiveness
- Behavioral differences
among people reacting
to same different
situations.

5. Defining Personality:  Hall & Lindsey, 1970 wrote:
It is our conviction that no
substantive definition of
personality can applied w/
any generality.
 * Personality is a pattern of
relatively permanent traits
and unique characteristics
that give both consistency
and individuality to a
person’s behavior.

6.  Traits
- Unique, common to
some group or shared
by the entire species.
 Characteristics
- Unique qualities of an
individual ( such as
temperament, physiqu
e and intelligence.)

7. Guide Questions:
 What exactly is Personality?
 How does it develop?
 Are we born with certain personality? Or
is experience critical in shaping the
qualities the make us who we are?

8. Theories of
Personality

9. Psychodynamic
Perspectives
 Focuses on
unconscious mental
forces.
 Behavior is influence
by childhood
experiences.
 People uses method to
cope with their sexual
and aggressive urges.

10. Sigmund Freud’s
Psychoanalysis
Levels of Awareness
1. Conscious
- whatever one is aware of at the
particular point of time.
2. Preconscious
- materials just beneath the surface
of awareness.
3. Unconscious
- thoughts, memories, desires
, urges and drives that exert
great influence on behavior.

11. Structure of Personality

12. Structure of Personality
 Id
- Pleasure principle
- Instincts, biological urges.
- Primary-process thinking ( illogical, irrational and fantasy-
oriented )
 Ego
- Reality principle
- Decision-making component
- Secondary process thinking.
 Superego
- Idealistic principle
- Moral component ( Conscience& Ego-ideal)
- Guilt and Inferiority feelings

13. Dynamics of Personality
Sex and
Aggression

14. Anxiety and Defense Mechanism
Intrapsychic
Reliance on
Conflict (between
Anxiety Defense
id, ego &
Mechanisms
superego)

15. Defense mechanisms
 Are largely
unconscious
reactions that
protect s person from
unpleasant emotions
(anxiety and guilt)

17. Psychosexual Stages
of Development

18. Alfred Adler’s  People begin life with both
Individual Psychology striving force and physical
deficiencies, which combine to
produce feelings of inferiority.
 The one dynamic force behind
our behavior is the striving for
success or superiority.
(compensation)
 Overcompensation will result
into a inferiority complex.
 Family constellation or birth
order.

19. Behavioral Perspectives
 A theoretical orientation
based on the premise that
psychology should study
only observable behavior.
 Explain personality in
terms of learning theories.
 Behavior is fully determined
by environmental stimuli.

20. B.F. Skinner’s
Behavioral Analysis
 People show some consistent
patterns of behavior because
they have some response
tendencies.
 Personality is determined by
principles of operant
conditioning which focuses on
the relationship of behavior to
the environment.
 Mental processes and
structures are not important in
determining a link between
behavior and its controlling
environmental conditions.

21. Behavioral View of
Operant Response tendencies
Personality
Circulate and
Stimulus Situation
Socialize
Stick only to the
Large people you
party, where already know
you know
few people
Politely
Withdraw
yourself.
Leave at the first
oppurtunity

22. Behavioral View of Personality

23. Albert Bandura’s
Social Cognitive Theory
 OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING. Posits that
people learn from one
another, via
observation, imitation, and
modeling.
 Necessary conditions for
effective modeling:
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Reproduction
4. Motivation

24. Reciprocal Determinism
Person's behavior both
influences and is
influenced
by personal factors
and the social
environment

25. Humanistic
Perspective
Carl Roger’s
Person-Centered Theory
 Assumes that one has to
appreciate individuals
personal and subjective
experiences to truly
understand their
behavior.

26. Carl Roger’s
Person-Centered Theory
 Central to Rogers' personality theory is the notion of self
or Self-Concept. This is defined as "the organized, consistent
set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself".
The self-concept includes three components:
 Self worth (or self-esteem) – what we think about ourselves
 Self-image – How we see ourselves, which is important to
good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of
our body image on inner personality.
 Ideal self – This is the person who we would like to be. It
consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic

27. Carl Roger’s
Person-Centered Theory

28. Practice Test:
____________1. Proponent of Psychoanalysis.
____________2. Oriented by pleasure principle.
____________3. Learning through observing other
people’s behavior.
____________4. Operates under idealistic principle.
____________5. Proponent of Behavioral Analysis.
True or False:
“No two people, not even identical twins, have
exactly the same personalities.”

29. the end.