Changing role of extension in response to trade agreement

1. 1

2.  Agriculture Sector is changing the
socio-economic environments of the
population due to liberalization and
globalization
 About 75% people are living in rural areas
and are still dependent on Agriculture.
About 43% of India’s geographical area is
used for agricultural activity
 Agriculture continues to play a major role in
Indian Economy
Indian Agriculture
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3.  Provides about 65% of the livelihood .
 Accounts for 27% of GDP.
 Contributes 21% of Total Exports, and Supplies Raw
materials to Industries.
 Growth Rate in production - 5.7%.
 Food grains production – 211.17 mt
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4. Rank
 Total Area Seventh
 Population Second
 Economically Active population Second
 Total Cereals Third
 Wheat Second
 Rice Second
 Coarse grains Fourth
 Total Pulses First
 Oil Seeds Second
 Fruits and Vegetables Second
 Implements (Tractors) Third
 Milk First
 Live Stock (cattle, Buffaloe) First
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5.  Total Geographical Area (TGA) - 329 M.H
 Potential for Biological Production - 265 M.H
 Net Sown Area (NSA) - 143 M.H
 Net Irrigated Area - 56 M.H
 Area threatened by land degradation - 50% of
TGA
 Drought-prone Area - 190 M.H
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6.  Green Revolution.
 Blue Revolution (water, fish).
 White Revolution (Milk).
 Yellow Revolution (flower, edible).
 Bio-Technology Revolution.
 ICT Revolution
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7.  National Agriculture Policy (2000).
 National Seeds policy (2002).
 Cooperative Policy .
 Agricultural Price policy.
 Agricultural Extension Framework (2001).
 WTO/GATT agreement (1994).
In addition to, various working groups, taskforces, mid-term
appraisals and plan schemes (~68)
(for further details www.agricoop.nic.in)
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8. WTO is a multilateral trade agreement where a
country can enter into trade with other country.
Earlier WTO was know as GATT (General Agreement on
Trade and Tariff) which came into existence in 1947.
Later modified into WTO.
• WTO remove all the trade barriers, eliminate
discriminatory treatment in international market and
reduction in tariff.
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9.  Transparent, free and rule based trading
system
 Provide common institutional framework for
conduct of trade relations among members
 Facilitate the implementation,
administration and operation of Multilateral
trade agreements
 Rules and procedures formulated for
dispute settlement
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10.  Trade policy review mechanism
 Concern on non trade issues such as food security,
environment , Health etc
 Reducing subsidies given to developed countries
 Achieving low cost of production
 Competitiveness
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11. Salient feature of WTO
Agreement on agriculture contain provision in
the following three broad areas
1. Market access
2. Domestic subsidy / domestic support
3. Export subsidy
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12.  To administrate and implement the multilateral
trade agreement
 To act as a forum for multilateral trade negotiation
 To resolve trade dispute among members
 To oversee national trade policies and
 To cooperate with other international institutions
involved in Global Policy-making
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13. Aims of WTO
 Fair and market oriented trading system
 Commitment on support and protection
 Equitable trade reform process
 Greater opportunities and terms of access to
developing countries
 Concern on non trade issues such as food security,
environment, health etc
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14. • Facilitate trade in international market and export
of our product.
• Domestic policy aimed at improving infrastructure
• Providing inputs at subsidized price
• Increase agricultural production at low cost
• Share of developing country in world export is 44%
• Agricultural raw material increased significantly
from 32% in 1994
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15.  Community development approach-1952.
 National Extension Service-1953.
 Intensive Agriculture Dist. Programme1961-62.
 Intensive Agriculture Area Programme1964-65.
 High Yielding Varieties Programme 1966-67.
 Farmers Training & Education Programme 1966-67: National
Demonstrations Scheme, Small & Marginal Farmers
Development Programme 1969-70.
 IDLAD, CADA –Area Programme.
 IRDP, TRYSEM-Employment Oriented Scheme
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16.  Stagnation of yields in major crops.
 Yield gaps in many major crops.
 Reduced returns per kg of plant Nutrient.
 Soil problems due to unbalanced fertilizer use,
monocropping, overuse of irrigation.
 Plant protection problems in high value crops.
 Generation of technologies slowed down
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17.  Regular training & Periodic farm visits
 Coverage of all farmers equally
 Exclusive Extension work
 Strong Link with Research
 Subject-matter Support
 Time-bound operations
 Single line of command
 Unified Extension Work
 Adherence to management principles
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18.  Technical focus- Limited to field crops
 Contact Farmer Strategy
 Stale & inadequate technology
 Information delivery approach rather than
need based Education approach
 Talking type of Extension
 Top-down Communication
 Reduced status of VEW
 Lack of farmers participation
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19.  Shrinking resource base
 Productivity begins to stagnate
 Rainfed farming bypassed
 Lack of support to diversification
 New farming concerns are emerging
 Changes in demand and consumption pattern
 Changing farming systems
 Declining Public investment in agriculture
 International Developments-WTO
 Farmers are willing to change
 Extension system needs re-gearing
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20. In the context of meeting the holistic
needs of increasing agricultural production,
Agril.Extension has a crucial role to play.
Reforms in the system envisage an extension
service more broad based and holistic in
content and scope, thus beyond Agril.
Technology transfer. Extension agencies,
services and workers will need to exercise a
more proactive and participatory role, serve as
knowledge agents, initiating and facilitating
mutually meaningful and equitable knowledge
based transactions among researchers, trainers
and primary producers.
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21.  Policy reforms
 Institutional restructuring
 Management reforms
 Strengthening Research-Extension linkages
 Capacity building and skill upgradation
 Empowerment of farmers
 Mainstreaming of Women in agriculture
 Use of Media and Information Technology
 Financial sustainability
 Changing role of government
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22. Replacement of old single discipline
based, commodity oriented approach by
farming systems approach. The FS approach
considers the farm , the farm household and
off-farm activities in a holistic way to take
care not only of farming but also aspects of
nutrition, food security, sustainability, risk
minimization, income and employment
generation which make up the multiple
objectives of farm households.
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23.  Public extension services
State government line departments extension
SAU based extension
ICAR extension (KVK, ATIC,IVLP etc.)
 Private extension services
 Community based organization (Farmers’
organizations, Farmers cooperatives, SHG )
 Para extension workers ( Contact farmers,
Mitra kisans, Mahila mitra kisans, Gopals)
 Agri-clinics and Agribusinesses
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24.  Input suppliers/dealers (pesticides, Seeds,
farm implements, Nutrients ).
 Corporate sector (Tobacco, Tea, Coffee,
Sunflower, seeds, farm implements ).
 Mass media and Information technology
 Print media, Radio, Television.
 Electronic connectivity through computers,
NICNET, internet etc.
 Farm information and advisory centres
 Private portals, public and private
information shops
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25.  Government(Public);MOA.GOI;ICAR,SAU,Deve
lopment Departments
 Cooperatives ; NDDB, AMUL,
Fishermen Cooperatives
 Non Governmental ; BAIF, MYRADA, MSSRF
 Input agencies ; ITC, ZUARI, Seed
agencies
 Corporate sector ; Coffee board, Spice
Board
 Farmers organizations; Grapegrowers,Poultry
farmers
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26.  Public extension services should focus on
subsistence segment of farmers
 PE to play a central role in technology
dissemination.
 Dissemination of production management
technologies , natural resource management
technologies, soil and water management,
IPM, Agro forestry and other technologies
relating to sustainable development and
farming systems technologies.
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27.  There is need for a more farmer participatory
approach in working out the system description,
problem diagnosis, selecting appropriate technology,
designing the process of implementation, monitoring
and evaluation and feedback.
 Extension agent is no longer an expert who has all
information and technical solutions
 Extension needs new skills of negotiations, conflict
management and mobilizing and nurturing community
organizations
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28.  Organizing farmers into functional groups
like SHGs, Farmers interest groups,
Commodity Associations etc.
 These FOs can provide an effective channel
for both the dissemination of technology to
large number of small and marginal farmers
and feedback to research and extension.
 Linkage mechanisms also ensure farmer
representation in the governing bodies of
public and private extension services.
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29.  Public extension functionaries are presently ill
equipped to deal with marketing extension
 Strengthening capacity of the public agency , support
private sector in marketing extension and making
extensive use of media and IT in information and
technology dissemination.
 Marketing extension so far a peripheral issue in the
extension scenario will need to be brought centre-
stage.
 Production will now need to be significantly dictated
by market requirements
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30.  A paradigm shift from top-down blanket
dissemination of technological packages, towards
providing producers with the knowledge and
understanding with which to solve their own
location specific problems.
 Public organizations should improve their
efficiently and effectiveness in research and
technology application.
 This call for interdisciplinary approach aiming at
location specificity of technical solution.
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31. Discouraging the provision of subsidized agro
goods and services by public agencies in phased
manner.
Provide seeds, fertilizers, agro chemicals, animal
feed and equipment etc. on a full cost recovery
basis.
Targeted subsidies may be retained to protect the
interest of poor and vulnerable sections.
In the field of Material technology dissemination
(seeds, chemicals etc.) a competitive private sector
has developed
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32.  Promotion of private extension needs to be
matched by corresponding shifts in the allocation
of public resources.
 Public funds would be made available to NGOs,
Farmers associations, Para-professionals of
private foundations for extension work.
 An environment in which private investment in
technology generation and transfer is more
attractive will have to be created.
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33.  A market for private extension advice or
consultancy services will be encouraged.
 Processors with contracted producers and
commercial suppliers of seed, agro-chemicals,
machinery, vaccines, and the like should recover
the costs of providing advice to their clients out
of profit margins.
 The vulnerable group will need to be protected
through targeted subsidies and safety nets.
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34.  No one uniform extension system will serve as a
panacea to all states.
 A menu of various models will be available to the
states to select and adapt to their own
requirements.
 Even within states there will be a combination of
various agencies and different institutional
arrangements to address needs of differing agro-
climatic zones as will as different sections of
farmers.
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35.  Public extension will continue to remain central
to technology dissemination, small and marginal
farmers and economically backward regions will
need to be served by it.
 Public extension functionaries will have to be
placed in new decentralized institutional
arrangements which are demand driven, farmer-
accountable, bottom-up and have a farming
system approach (broad based).
 ATMA model, Single window-broad based
extension model, PRI, SAU-farmer direct contact
model.
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36.  Decentralized decision making to the district
level through the creation of the ATMA as a
registered society.
 To increase farmer input into program planning
and resource allocation especially at the block
level.
 To increase accountability to stakeholders. To
increase coordination and integration between so
that the programme thrusts can be effectively
and efficiently implemented.
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37.  PRA to be introduced across all system levels
(district, block, village)and across each
participating line department and research
institutions within the district.
 SREP would be prepared for the districts based
on PRA.
 SREP should into account the research, training
and extension requirements for production as
well as marketing activities.
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38.  Multidisciplinary team would be assigned to organize
and implement extension programs within the block.
 BTC would result in the function integration of
extension within the block and become the
operational arm of the ATMA.
 A common meeting point for line departments to
prepare integrated work plan.
 BTC is responsible for operationalizing the SREP in
each block
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39.  The field extension staff would be restructured and
upgraded to create a professional cadre of Farm
Advisors.
 Abolition of Village Extension Worker cadre.
 Providing in-service training in planning, diagnostic
and technical skills.
 Upgraded farm advisors are expected to formulate ,
plan and execute different programmes and
formulate location specific recommendations.
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40.  Formation and mobilization of Farmer interest
groups, Farmers cooperatives and SHGs will be
encouraged through NGOs.
 Group approach will help to replace the top
down approach with bottom up approach in TOT.
 This would lead to a farmer-extension worker
participatory process with emphasis on problem
solving rather than disseminating routine
messages.
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41.  There is need for close interaction between
farmers, Extensionists and production
systems, researchers in diagnosing the
problems together and working out location
specific recommendations.
 The linkages not only at the state and SAU but
also at the district level, between DOA and
the SAU, Between line departments and
farmers.
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42.  Widening the range of extension delivery
agencies for the resource poor farmers and
those residing in the hilly, tribal and remote
areas.
 The public extension system will have to
remain as the chief extension system.
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43.  ICARs extension programme should be limited to
reinforcing the research activities to make them
more demand driven and farmer centric.
 Transfer the financial and administrative
responsibilities of KVKs to their respective state
governments.
 Research focus on different components of
marketing.
 Make available need based packages in line with the
changing agril. Marketing scenario
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44.  Central government support to state government
for extension services on the undertaking policy
and institutional reforms.
 Funds for technology dissemination and
application would be shared between states and
central government.
 Central government funds to be pooled at ATMA
at district level.
 Central government assistance to SAUs for
expanded role in field extension.
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45.  Promotion of community base private extension
services-Mobilization of community into farmers
groups- FIGs, Fos and SHGS.
 Promotion of NGOs based private extension
services.
 Strength of NGO is in their ability to mobilize
communities into farmers organizations.
 A systematic training, capacity building and
technical backstopping mechanism, supported
through public funds is to be developed for NGOs
involved in providing extension services.
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46.  Promotion of para-professional based private
extension.
 Para extension workers normally supplement public
extension in a relatively cost-effective manner and
overcome constraints of absentee public extension
functionaries.
 Providing honorarium, training and capacity building
of para extension workers.
 Competitive Agril. Extension Grant Fund; Similar to
the competitive Agril. Research grant fund set up in
ICAR.
 Linkage of performance with funding Public sector.
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47.  Promotion of direct interface between farmers
and scientists.
 Activating existing interface mechanisms like
Regional committees of ICAR, Zonal interfaces
initiated by DAC, National level pre-kharif and
pre-rabi interface, state bi-annual meetings
between line departments and SAUs.
 Research priority based on SREP on the basis of
PRA developed by DTCs including the scientists of
KVKs /ZRS or SAUs
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48.  Formulation of HRD policies by states.
 Build and effective system of rewards and incentives
for public extension workers.
 Formulation of effective long term training plan for
extension functionaries through skill gap analysis.
 Upgradation of physical infrastructure of training
institutes.
 Upgrading the state level extension management
training institutions in line with national level
institutions
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49.  Strengthening the role of MANAGE.
 Developing professionalism in cost effective
manner.
 Training institutes and SAUs to train private
extension functionaries.
 Networking among all state level and national
training institutes to state head quarters and
MANAGE including leading NGOs.
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50.  Involving farmers in setting extension agenda
including planning and implementation of
extension programmes.
 Implementation of programmes through
farmers users groups –farmers would be able
to influence both administrative and
financial decisions.
 Capacity building , skill upgradation and
training of farmers through active
participation of scientists and extension
personnel.
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51.  Gender concerns need to be mainstreamed in
the agricultural extension process.
 Improve extension services to reach women
through extension policy reorientation, training
of men and women extension staff on womens
role in agriculture and R.D. decision making,
marketing, post harvest processing ,value
addition and market requirement.
 Redesign the extension service to reach women
by increasing women extension workers,
developing extension methodologies.
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52.  Increase use of information technologies.
 IT application in agril marketing.
 Wider use of electronic and mass media for agricultural
extension-Local radio and new Fm transmitters; TV-
doordarshan and private cable network.
 Farmer participation in IT programmes in developing agri.
Technology program.
 Support to states for IT.
 Encouraging private information shops/kiosks.
 Development of material, capacity building, credit facilities,
electric connectivity.
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53.  Identify the potential of agribusiness
 Effective transfer of knowledge based inputs
to agribusiness
 Promoting agribusiness extension education
 Promoting activities on value addition
 Effective utilization of IT
 Providing market intelligence to farmers
 Providing consultancy on agribusiness
activities
 Establishing effective linkage with NGO/FO
 Training farm graduates to undertake
agribusiness enterprises
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54. Globalization of Indian economy will have a
pronounced impact on Agriculture sector
consequently Extension has also been changing
both in concept as well as in practice in the form
of change instrument to address the changing
priorities and emerging challenges. Future
extension should address the elite category of
Indian farmers who are interested in commercial
farming as well as larger segment of resource poor
small and marginal farmers. Hence future
extension necessarily will be pluralistic to support
rural and Agricultural development.
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