Presentation to Australian Grains Genebank, 21 March 2016, Horsham, Australia.
Presentation to Agribio, La Trobe University, 18 March 2016, Melbourne, Australia.
14. • Major cereals, tubers and
sugar- centerpiece and still
growing
• Oil crops, especially
soybean and palm oil-
major increases
• Regional cereals, tubers,
and oils- marginalizing
• Local crops also declining
Changing relative contribution to diets
Khoury et al. (2014) PNAS 111(11): 4001-4006
16. Soybeans are harvested at Fartura Farm, in Mato Grosso state, Brazil – Paulo Fridman/Corbis http://blog.bpmcpa.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Globalization12.png
Drivers: agricultural development
17. Implications in agricultural systems
Soybeans are harvested at Fartura Farm, in Mato Grosso state, Brazil – Paulo Fridman/Corbis
Neil Palmer/ CIAT
19. This is the wheat, rice, maize, sugar, palm oil, soybean phase
Triticum, Oryza, Zea, Saccharum, Elaeis, Glycine
This is the
Triticoryzeacchalaeiscine
“Triti-co-ryze-accha-laeis-cine”
21. https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/
CWR in global conservation targets
“By 2020, the genetic diversity of
cultivated plants and farmed and
domesticated animals and of wild
relatives, including other socio-
economically as well as culturally
valuable species, is maintained, and
strategies have been developed and
implemented for minimizing genetic
erosion and safeguarding their genetic
diversity.”
Convention on Biological Diversity
Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Aichi Biodiversity Targets
22. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
CWR in global development targets
“By 2020 maintain genetic
diversity of seeds, cultivated plants,
farmed and domesticated animals and
their related wild species,
including through soundly managed
and diversified seed and plant banks
at national, regional and international
levels, and ensure access to and fair
and equitable sharing of benefits
arising from the utilization of genetic
resources and associated traditional
knowledge as internationally agreed”
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Target 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
23. Crop wild relatives are valuable
Aluminium tolerance from
Oryza rufipogon
Salinity tolerance from
Solanum cheesmaniae
Western corn rootworm resistance
from Tripsacum dactyloides
Salinity tolerance from
Helianthus paradoxus
Publications- 2% of citations recorded prior to 1970, 13% in the 1970s, 15% in the 1980s, 32% in the 1990s and 38% 2000-2009 (n=234)
Disease resistance 39%, pest and disease resistance 17%, abiotic stress tolerance 13%, quality improvement 11% yield increase 10%, husbandry
improvement 6%, cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restorers 4% (Maxted & Kell 2009)
28. Crop Wild Relative Global Occurrence Database
http://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/cwr-occurrences.php
www.cwrdiversity.org
29. Distributions of the CWR of pigeonpea
Khoury et al. 2015. Biological Conservation 184: 259-270.
30. Collecting priorities for the CWR of pigeonpea
Khoury et al. 2015. Biological Conservation 184: 259-270.
31. Gaps in genebanks for CWR of pigeonpea
Khoury et al. 2015. Biological Conservation 184: 259-270.
32. Distributions of CWR worldwide
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
33. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
High Medium Low No further collecting
recommended
71.1%
13.8%
11%
4.2%
Collecting priorities for CWR worldwide
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
34. Gaps in genebanks for CWR worldwide
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
35. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Number of high priority species (HPS) for collecting per country
Australia’s got under-conserved CWR
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
36. Distributions of pigeonpea CWR in Australia
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
37. Distributions of rice CWR in Australia
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
38. Distributions of sorghum CWR in Australia
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
39. Distributions of soybean CWR in Australia
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
40. Distributions of CWR in Australia
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
41. Gaps in genebanks for Australian CWR
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. 2016 Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants. doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
42. The clock is ticking
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329772-500-australias-epic-scheme-to-farm-its-northern-wilds/#.VBMrW_ldUek
68. Australian national agricultural production - at least 99.9% comprised of crops whose primary regions are elsewhere on the
planet, for all production variables
Global average: 71.0% ± 1.8 for production quantity, 64.0% ± 2.2 for harvested area, and 72.9% ± 1.9 for production value
Production
quantity
Degree of production per country of “foreign” crops
69. Calories
Degree of consumption per country of “foreign” crops
Australian national food supply - 91.8% - 100% of calories are from crops whose primary regions of diversity are elsewhere,
87.2% - 100% of protein, 89.8% - 100% of fat, and 81.1% to 100% of food weight
Global average: 65.8% ± 1.8 for calories, 66.6% ± 2.1 for protein, 73.7% ± 1.6 for fat, and 68.7% ± 1.4 for food weight
70. Use of “foreign” crops has increased over time
Production systemsFood supplies
Khoury et al. (2015) ITPGRFA Research Study 8 (Rome: FAO).
72. Importance of crops and their coverage in the MLS
Khoury et al. (2015) ITPGRFA Research Study 8 (Rome: FAO).
73. Dietary diversity:
Khoury et al. (2014) Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. PNAS
111(11): 4001-4006.
Khoury & Jarvis (2014) The Changing Composition of the Global Diet: Implications for CGIAR Research. CIAT Policy Brief No.
18.
Crop Wild Relatives:
Khoury et al.(2015) Crop wild relatives of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]: distributions, ex situ conservation
status, and potential genetic resources for abiotic stress tolerance. Biological Conservation 184: 259-270.
Castañeda-Álvarez et al. (2016) Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants.
doi:10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.22
Interdependence:
Khoury et al. (2015) Estimation of Countries’ Interdependence in Plant Genetic Resources Provisioning National Food Supplies and
Production Systems. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Research Study 8 (Rome:
FAO).
Khoury et al. (2015) Where our Food Crops Come from: A new estimation of countries’ interdependence in plant genetic resources.
CIAT Policy Brief No. 25.
Thank you!
c.khoury@cgiar.org
Hinweis der Redaktion
52 crop commodities
152 countries
4 measurements
50 years
Global means are not true; but 2009 is more true than ever before
Double edged sword of efficient production
How prepared are these crops to meet their increasing responsibilities?
Climate change, inputs, biodiversity, etc.?
Double edged sword of efficient production
How prepared are these crops to meet their increasing responsibilities?
Climate change, inputs, biodiversity, etc.?