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Genomic and enabling technologies in maize breeding for enhanced genetic gains in the tropics
1. Genomic and enabling technologies
in maize breeding for enhanced
genetic gains in the tropics
Sudha Nair, Raman Babu, Prasanna BM
08-10-2018
13th AMC, Ludhiana
2. Outline
Genetic gains in maize breeding
Genomic technologies for enhanced genetic gains in maize breeding
• Maize genome: Opportunities and challenges
• Genomics and other omics: bottlenecks anymore?
• Trait marker discovery and deployment
• Genomic prediction
Genomic-enabling technologies to complement genomic technologies
and how they improve the factors leading to genetic gain
• Seed DNA genotyping
• Doubled haploids
• High throughput and reasonably precise phenotyping
• Breeding informatics and decision support
4. Genetic gains
reported in
maize
+109.4 Kg ha -1year -1
1.4% year -1
+32.5 Kg ha -1year -1
0.85% year -1
Optimal_GY
Managed drought_GY
Region
Period
(years)
Estimated gain
(kg ha−1 yr−1)
China 30 94.7
Argentina 32 132
Canada 100 80
USA 70 75
W&C Africa
(OPV) 23 40
CIMMYT: Sub-Saharan Africa (10 years)
6. Maize genome: Opportunities
and challenges a
More “Quantitativeness” in traits
compared to related grasses
Dispersed genetic architecture
Most traits controlled by large number of small
effect genes
High genetic variability – better ability to bring
together multiple small effect QTL to achieve
favorable outcomes during natural/artificial
selection
Intra-specific genetic diversity
and Intraspecific violation of
gene colinearity
~ 1% ND between lines in genic spaces=ND
between humans and Chimpanzees
~30% genes non-colinear between inbred lines
Patterns of LD decay Highly cross-bred; high effective
recombination rate; but depends on genetic
base of the breeding pool
8. Data point challenge
Data to units of selection
Best surrogates for phenotypic selection??
Affordable per data point
9. • High throughput platform for genotyping (HTPG) (http://cegsb.icrisat.org/high-
throughput-genotyping-project-htpg/)
• An initiative to broker access to low-cost and fast turn-around genotyping
facilities to CGIAR institutions and NARS and SME seed company partners.
Low and medium density genotyping
opportunities at affordable cost
Medium density options utilizing
rAmpSeq, Practical haplotype graphs
Source: Xuecai Zhang Bradbury P et al., PAG XXVI
10. Linkage/Family/Biparental Mapping
Limited and controlled
recombination
Lower precision
Higher power
No uncontrolled relatedness
Only alleles segregating in the
parents
Association Mapping
Unlimited and uncontrolled
recombination
Higher precision
Lower power
Uncontrolled relatedness leads
to spurious associations
Entire allelic diversity in the
panel
(Zhu et al. 2008)
Trait marker discovery and
deployment
11. Joint linkage and association mapping
(Yu et al. 2008)
• Shared among partnering
groups
• Genotyping done once
centrally
• Phenotypes generated for all
target traits at any partner
location
• NAM: One of the most used
mapping panels
12. Trait linked markers: Deployment
Discovery
Validation in
independent
populations
Validation in
breeding
lines/populat
ions
Deployment
in validated
breeding
pools
Discovery
Fine
mapping
Gene
cloning
Deployment
Effect size
Allele frequency
14. Genomic selection: an extension of
conventional breeding and MAB
Training Population
High density genotypes and multi-location
phenotypes
Representative of breeding germplasm
Dynamic in nature – constantly updated
Test / Validation Population
Lines with unknown phenotypes
Heffner et al., 2009
15. Applications_Public breeding
programs
Rapid cycle genomic selection for source germplasm improvement
Genomic selection in breeding pipeline
for lines entering early testing stages
r = 0.55 (range from 0.54 to 0.57)
Source: Vivek BS
Source: Xuecai Zhang
Source: Zhang et al., 2017
16. Applications_Public breeding
programs
Method DH cost
Phenotyping
cost
(3 locs, 2 reps)
Genotyping
cost Sum
DH+PS
(100 PS)
22*100=22
00 100*3*2*7=4200 6400
DH+GS
(rAmpSeq)(50 PS and 50 GS)
22*100=22
00 50*3*2*7=2100 100*5=500 4800
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PS GS/rAmpSeq
75%
100%
When medium to high-density genotyping costs and
turn-around times decrease sufficiently to at least
partially replace resource-intensive field-based
precision phenotyping, genomic prediction will be
highly beneficial and cost-efficient in driving genetic
gains in the breeding programs.
Cost%
20. Phenotyping (precision!) is the
bottleneck
Evaluation
Selection
Crossing
ΔG = i.r.σA/t
Selection intensity
Accuracy
Precision stress management; proximal and remote sensing
Experimental designs to account for field variability
Target population of environments
Digital data capture tools
21. Breeding informatics and decision
support tools
Data and pedigree
information over time
Selection decisions
Evaluation
Selection
Crossing
ΔG = i.r.σA/t
22. A multi-institutional initiative called GOBii (Genomic and Open-
source Breeding Informatics Initiative) guides in main-streaming
marker-based applications in the tropical breeding programs.
Excellence in Breeding (EiB) platform (http://excellenceinbreeding.org/) to
modernize tropical breeding programs for sustained genetic gain
http://gobiiproject.org
http://excellenceinbreeding.org
Initiatives to support genomic and
complementary technologies in breeding
23. Climate change and changing growing
conditions requires continuous and directed
genetic gains leading to rapid varietal
turnover
Designing genetic gains requires the use of
all the available power tools in the skillful
hands of the breeder
24. Acknowledgements
• Global maize program, CIMMYT
• National program and CG partners (KALRO, NARO, AICRP(Maize), IITA
• Private seed company partners