2. Presented to:
Dr. Abida Farooqi
Presented by:
Atta Rasool
Faculty of Biological Sciences
Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad
Department of Environmental sceinces
3. Water Quality Analysis and Hydrogeological Control on
Regional Distribution of Arsenic in Groundwater of Tehsil
Mailsi,Punjab.
3
5. Arsenic and Water pollution
Geochemical Processes of Arsenic Mobilization
Adsorption and Desorption Process
Precipitation and Dissolution Processes
Oxidation and Reduction
6. There are three principal ways :
Atmospheric deposition in water and soil.
Drinking contaminated water and crop
irrigation.
Accumulation in the food web
7. Impact of Arsenic and heavy metals on the
environment
It depends on:
Environmental availability
Toxicity
Accumulation phenomena
Geochemical transfer
Mobility pathways
Arsenic can damage the human nervous system.
It is carcinogenic and it can also cause various types of cancer
(Apo Saak, 2001).
Human common diseases such as carcinogen skin, bladder,
kidney, lung, liver Vomiting, Diarrhea, Muscular pain, ,Heart
attack and nervous system problems
8. Status of Pakistan with Respect to Drinking
Water Quality
According to a National Conservation Strategy study,
about 40% of diseases in Pakistan are water borne.
Report mentions that 25-30% hospital admissions are
connected to water-borne bacteria and parasitic
conditions (Buszka et al.,1990).
The per capita water availability has dropped from
5,600 m3 to 1,000 m3.
9. Objectives of the Study
To determine groundwater quality of the study area by
comparing with WHO and EPA standards. Groundwater
quality will be accessed by piper plots and stiff diagrams.
To determine irrigation water quality of the study area by
comparing with national irrigation quality standards.
To determine arsenic concentrations of the groundwater, it
is hypothesized that groundwater will be enriched in
arsenic because of the presence of arsenic in groundwater
in neighboring area, as reported by PCRWR.
10. Cont… To investigate sources of groundwater pollution and to
address the possible mechanism of arsenic
contamination in the area depending upon the
geochemical studies.
To identify possible contamination sources using
different statistical techniques.
To calculate health risk assessment under the
influence of As contamination in the study area.
13. Sample Analysis
Physical Parameters
pH
EC
TDS
Chemical Parameters
Alkalinity
Chloride
Total Hardness
Ca,Mg, Na, K
Nitrates
Sulphates
Heavy Metals
Arsenic analysis
14. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
MVSP and SPSS Statistic software were used
for Principle Component analysis Correlation
Matrix and Hierarchical cluster analysis.
Arc GIS and Surfer software were used to
make distribution maps of Physicochemical
parameters and arsenic.
15. Health Risk Assessment
Exposure Assessment
For this purpose, average daily dose (ADD) of As through drinking water
intake is calculated by the following equation:
ADD= C × IR × ED × EF/ BW × AT
Human Health Risk Assessment
In this study, both chronic and carcinogenic risk levels were also assessed.
Generally, HQ can be calculated by the following formula (US EPA
1998).
HQ = ADD/RfD
Cancer risk (CR) was calculated using the formula:
CR=ADD × CSF
16. Physical and Major ion Chemistry
Site1.Sargana
Table(3.1):Max,Min and Mean of all physicochemical
parameters in Sargana
Site2.Mailsi
Table (3.2): Max, Mini and Mean of all physicochemical parameters
in Mailsi
Note: All values are in (mg/L) Except EC (ms/cm)
Analytical Results of Drinking Water
17. Heavy Metal Concentrations
Site1.Sargana
Parameters Max Mini Mean
Cd 0.11 0.039 0.075
Zn 4.45 0.103 0.769
Ni 0.097 0.012 0.04
Fe 2.918 0.267 1.51
Pb 0.23 0.05 0.103
Mn 0.0961 0.0024 0.021
Cr 0.064 0.001 0.0303
Co 0.0015 0.0001 0.0005
4
Cu 0.256 0.0016 0.0498
Table(3.3):Max, Mini and Mean of heavy metal in Sargana
area groundwater samples
Site2.Mailsi
Parameters Max Mini Mean
Cd 0.111 0.046 0.075
Zn 4.87 0.0203 0.751
Ni 0.087 0.011 0.0345
Fe 2.52 0.04
6
0.95
Pb 0.2 0.01 0.0921
Mn 0.0812 0.0012 0.0145
Cr 0.061 0.007 0.0283
Co 0.0015 0.0001 0.0005
Cu 0.273 0.0044 0.0489
Table (3.4): Max, Mini and Mean of heavy metal in Mailsi area
groundwater samples
Note: All the values are in (mg/L)
18. Arsenic Concentrations
Table (3.5): Range of As of Sargana and Mailsi samples
Sample locality Max Min Mean Std. Deviation
Sargana 787 14 166.4 208.5
Mailsi 828 11 130.7 182.5
Note: The values of Arsenic is in ug/L
19. Correlations among Physicochemical Parameters
Fig. (3.1)Positive Correlation of SO-2
4 vs Ca+2,SO-2
4 vsMg+2,SO4vs Cl- and Na+ vs HCO-
3 of both sargana and Mailsi
Correlations among Arsenic
Fig.(3.2a) Positive Correlation of As vs HCO-
3 ,As vs SO4
Fig.(3.2b)Negative Correlation of As vs Fe and As vs Mn
20. Water Type for Drinking Water
Water type as indicated by Piper plot diagram as shown in
Figure. The water Chemistry of the area is Ca-HCO3
–Na+
type with elevated concentrations of SO4 .
Fig . Piper plot for major cations and anions. Circles are
symbol for Sargana and Triangles are symbol for Mailsi.
The cation profile plotted to the left of the center line and anion
profile to the right. Stiff patterns are useful in making a rapid
visual comparison between water from different sources as shown
in Fig.
Fig. Water quality of drinking water in Sargana and Mailsi by
Stiff Diagram.
Stiff plot for SARGANA (a) Stiff plot for MAILSI (b)
21. Spatial Distribution of Arsenic in Drinking water samples
When lines ae near, they show rapid change in
concentration, while far the lines are change will b
gradual.The number of plume indicates concentrated
amount of contaminant and variation of values show in
legend.
The variation of arsenic concentrations in drinkingwater show in
3D arsenic contour map in which dome shape structure which
show maximum concentration of arsenic in Mailsi and sargana
area.
Fig. Arsenic variations in groundwater through
contour map.
Fig. Arsenic concentration in groundwater in 3D contour.
22. Analytical results of irrigation water
Physical and Major ion Chemistry
Site1.Sargana
Fig: Box-plots showing mean and range of Sargana irrigation water samples
24. Arsenic Concentrations in
Irrigation Water
Sargana Site
Mailsi Site
Fig: Box-plots showing mean and
range of As in Sargana and Mailsi
Spatial distribution of As in irrigation
groundwater
When lines ae near, they show rapid change in concentration, while far the
lines are change will b gradual.The number of plume indicates
concentrated amount of contaminant and variation of values show in
legend.
Fig.Spatial distribution of As in irrigation groundwater
25. Water Quality for Irrigation
Water type as indicated by Piper plot diagram as
shown in Fig. The water Chemistry of the area is
Na-Ca-HCO3-SO4.
IW = Irrigation water and G = Group
Fig.Classification of Irrigation water of the study area
according to Piper’s scheme.
The cation profile plotted to the left of the center line and anion profile
to the right. cations are plotted in milliequivalents per liter on the left
side of the zero axis in which sodium is dominant in Sargana and
Mailsi study area, and anions are plotted on the right side in which
sulphate is dominant in sargana and Mailsi study area in irrigation
water samples.
Fig.Water quality of irrigation water in Sargana and Mailsi by Stiff
Diagram
26. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
The SAR values in Mailsi and Sargana irrigation water samples below the basic guide line value of SAR by (Richard,
1954).
Sodium Percentage
It is observed that about 2 samples in Sargana lies between 40 to 60 percent sodium have permissible water class and
other samples lies between 60 to 80 percent of sodium the water class is doubtful. 4 samples of mailsi irrigation water lies
between 60 to 80 percent sodium.
Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)
According to the US Department of Agriculture, water having more than 2.5 epm of RSC is not suitable for irrigation
purposes, 16% samples in sargana area exceeded 2.5 emp and other 84% samples are within limit and in Mailsi irrigation
samples RSC below the limit 2.5 emp .The irrigation water of both area is suitable for irrigation the crops on the basis of
RSC result in my study as shown in Tables.
Parameter Range Mean STD
SAR 6.3-8.9 7.5 1.1
RSC(me/L) 1.1-6.7 3.02 1.8
%Na 56-67 61.8 4.5
Table .Range of irrigation quality parameters of ground water, Sargana.
ParameterRange Mean STD
SAR 6.01-9 8.2 1.12
RSC(me/L)0.1-2.3 1.3 1.04
%Na 57-68 65.2 4.2
.
Table .Range of irrigation quality parameters of ground water, Maisi
27. Arsenic Health Risk Assessment
•The calculated result of average daily doze (ADD) in my study area suggest that, where people have consumed
drinking water contaminated with As.
•In my study area the calculated HQ through consumption of As contamination in drinking water was found highest
value(76.6) in Mailsi area as compare to the Sargana area HQ values.
•The results indicate that CR values(3.5×10-2 mg/kg/day) in drinking water of my study area Mailsi were higher than
Sargana except for the 15% people of Mailsi area that showed medium risk, when compared with US EPA
approach(1999).as shown in Tables.
Parameters Min Max Mean STD
As(mg/L) 0.018 0.787 0.166 0.219
ADD(mg/Kg Day) 0.0005 0.022 0.0046 0.0061
HQ 1.3 73.3 15.3 20.4
CR 0.0006 0.033 0.0069 0.0091
Table.Ranges of As,ADD,HQ,CR in drinking water samples of Sargana.
Parameters Min Max Mean STD
As(mg/L) 0.012 0.828 0.146 0.202
ADD(mg/Kg Day) 0.0005 0.023 0.004 0.005
HQ 1 76.6 13.4 18.7
CR 0.0009 0.0345 0.006 0.008
.
Table. Ranges of As, ADD, HQ,CR in drinking water samples of Mailsi.
28. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
The group(G1) include pH ,K ,Ec, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn, the second group (G2) include NO3, Mg,
Ca and Cl, while the third group (G3) include As,TDS,HCO3,TH,SO4 and Na as shown in Fig. In cluster
analysis similar objects fall into the same class and dissimilar group fall into other group (Danielsson et al.,
1999) levels of similarity at which observations are merged are used to construct a dendogram (Chen et al.,
2007).
Fig.Cluster Analysis of all study parameters in Groundwater samples.
29. Principle Component Analysis.
PCA was employed to compare the compositional patterns between the ground water systems and identification
of the factors that influence each one. Eight components of PCA analysis showed 60.2% of the variance on the
resulted data of ground water samples as shown in Table.
VF1 VF2 VF3 VF4 VF5 VF6 VF7 VF8
pH 0.127 -0.137 -0.014 -0.019 0.248 -0.005 0.166 0.303
Ec 0.416 -0.807 -0.287 -0.027 -0.213 0.112 0.104 -0.144
TDS 0.396 -0.805 -0.278 -0.019 -0.200 0.130 0.083 -0.128
TH 0.979 0.168 0.034 0.100 0.005 0.029 0.017 0.015
Ca H 0.973 0.187 0.007 0.102 0.013 0.042 0.005 0.008
Mg H 0.962 0.093 0.124 0.084 -0.023 -0.018 0.055 0.038
Ca+2 0.973 0.187 0.007 0.102 0.013 0.042 0.005 0.008
Mg+2 0.962 0.093 0.123 0.084 -0.025 -0.019 0.056 0.037
HCO3
- 0.270 -0.478 0.195 -0.389 0.241 0.315 -0.006 0.240
Cl 0.196 0.098 -0.099 0.156 -0.374 0.248 -0.293 -0.121
SO4 0.681 0.217 0.090 -0.075 -0.140 -0.143 0.083 0.039
NO3 0.132 0.404 -0.062 -0.114 -0.098 0.149 -0.018 0.188
Na 0.039 0.162 -0.083 -0.500 -0.018 -0.017 -0.115 -0.122
K 0.061 0.080 0.118 0.010 -0.028 0.445 -0.302 0.047
Co 0.103 0.260 0.459 -0.313 0.263 0.212 0.090 -0.356
Cu 0.088 -0.313 0.204 0.278 0.244 -0.146 0.192 -0.139
Mn 0.029 0.026 0.166 0.063 0.081 -0.086 -0.184 -0.032
Cr -0.006 0.257 -0.590 -0.099 0.196 0.066 0.151 0.032
Fe 0.523 -0.190 -0.379 -0.026 0.426 -0.380 -0.465 -0.066
Pb 0.286 -0.200 -0.013 -0.238 0.253 0.123 -0.101 -0.102
Zn 0.265 0.170 0.036 -0.350 -0.121 -0.213 0.193 -0.210
Ni -0.162 -0.099 0.154 0.474 0.376 0.255 0.034 -0.147
Cd 0.050 0.382 -0.633 0.010 0.231 0.263 0.187 -0.037
As 0.134 -0.451 0.243 -0.162 0.033 -0.086 -0.018 0.195
Eigenvalue 6.143 2.614 1.530 1.109 1.009 0.862 0.654 0.526
Variability (%)
25.596
10.891 6.375 4.623 4.202 3.590 2.724 2.191
Cumulative % 25.596 36.488 42.862 47.485 51.687 55.277 58.001 60.192
.
Table: PCA. Varimax loading matrix .Clusters of loadings are marked in bold
30. Conclusion
•The current study demonstrates that groundwater from the Mailsi and Sargana areas of Punjab province are
heavily contaminated with SO4- , HCO3- , As and heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Fe, Ni and Zn. The As
concentrations showed an increasing trend due to extensive usage of pesticides, fertilizers and wastewater for
irrigation purpose. The maximum concentration of As (up to 828 ppb) was recorded in Mailsi.
• The concentration of calcium and magnesium crossed the permissible limits due to the abundance of calcite
and dolomite minerals and rocks in the conducted study. In disparity, the EC values in all samples were above
the safe limits (WHO). High concentrations of sulphates were observed in groundwater due to vehicular
exhaust, fertilizer and wastewater used for irrigation purpose.
• In the Tehsil Mailsi samples, negative correlation was observed between dissolved As and Mn, signifying of
re-adsorption of As released by dissolution of Mn-oxyhydroxides and As positive correlation with HCO3
-. The
type of water that predominates in the study area is Na-Ca-HCO3-SO4.
•The water quality used for irrigation is determined by various parameters including SAR, % Na, RSC and
salinity hazard. All the multivariate analysis including CA, PCA showed that high concentration of heavy
metals including Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Ca, K and Na were observed due various anthropogenic sources.
These anthropogenic sources were widespread application of pesticides, fertilizers and wastewater for
irrigation purpose.
•Hence, it can be concluded that the groundwater of Tehsil Mailsi and Sargana is not fit for drinking purpose. It
is heavily contaminated with various heavy metals and arsenic. The chief sources of these heavy metals and
arsenic were vehicular exhaust and agriculture activities. The results of the field survey showed that the current
study area had very low literacy rate. Most of the people lacked awareness regarding the status of drinking
water quality and its impact on human health.
31. Recommendations and Suggestions
•There is an urgent need of integrated approach to fight the arsenic contamination in a crises
situation and formulation of national action plan for arsenic alleviation. In the rural area
some low cost household level filters for treating arsenic contaminated water should be
introduced. Although Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) in
collaboration with UNICEF has developed low cost household level filters for treating
arsenic contaminated water called as clay pitcher arsenic removal filter and elevate
awareness among arsenic contamination affected communities.
•The problem related to physical parameters can be easily eliminated by the proper filtration
process and removal of sediments. Proper water filtration system for drinking water should
be installed in every village of Sargana and Mailsi. Drinking water should always be clean
and free of contamination to ensure proper health and wellness.
•Proper management and monitoring of all water supply pipes and sewage pipes so that in
case of any leakage, immediately replacement of pipes is possible as to prevent any serious
outbreak.
•Periodic cleaning of the water tanks should be undertaken so that biological contaminations
could be minimized.
32. Future Prospects of the research
•The study has left some shingle unturned and it has motivated
the thinking that it should be extended further in order to get
more groundwater samples and cover more area of Tehsil Maillsi
for temporal variations in drinking water and irrigation water and
discussed different factors affecting these variations.
•In future, seasonal variations should be checked along with the
variation trends in pre and post monsoon seasons because cyclic
variation trends of different type depending on different seasons
and checked its affect on human health.
