MAIN PUPOSE OF THIS PPT PRESENTATION IS TO SELECT SIUTABLE DISCHARGE FORMULA FOR A RIVER BASIN TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF ONLY BY USING PRECIPITATION DATA ONLY. IF WE KNOW RAINFALL DATA WE EASILY ESTIMATE FUTURE RUNOFF ALSO.

1. MINI – PROJECT ON
“ A STUDY ON COMPARISON OF RUNOFF ESTIMATED BY
EMPIRICAL FORMULAE WITH MEASURED RUNOFF FOR HUNDRI
RIVER BASIN ”
RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
NANDYAL-518501, KURNOOL DIST., A.P., INDIA
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROJECT MEMBERS:
15095A0102 S.D.AHMED ALI
15095A0101 K.ADISESHULU
14091A0106 B.AJAY KUMAR
14091A0120 M.BALA RANGA REDDY
14091A0126 G.CHARAN KUMAR REDDY
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : CH.MAHESWARI M.Tech - Asst. Professor

2. ABSTRACT
• Water is a basic necessity for sustaining the life and development of society. Water is a precious gift of nature to the
mankind. An attempt was made in the present work to study the runoff pattern and establishing the rainfall-runoff
relationship for Hundri river basin.
• Rainstorms generate runoff and its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event.
There are many watersheds or catchments which are un-gauged; hence empirical formulae were useful for estimating
runoff volume.
• In the present study, rainfall data is analyzed for a period of 1985 to 2016 years from IMD. The runoff observed for a
period of 1985 to 1997 years from CWC. The average depth of rainfall over the basin is calculated using Thiessen
polygon method. The missing rainfall data is calculated by using Normal ratio method. Catchment area consist of eight
rain gauge stations.
• Runoff is calculated using annual rainfall data by Benni's percentage, Barlow's table, Inglis, Indian irrigation department
formulae. Runoff values obtained from these methods are compared with Observed runoff values at Laxmipuram gauge
station.
• As a result Inglis formula is best suitable for this catchment area based on R2 value. Then using Inglis formula runoff for
further years is calculated.
• Key words: rainfall-runoff, catchment area, empirical methods, graphs, results.

3. ORDER OF PRESENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. STUDY AREA
4. RAINFALL ANALYSIS
5. RUNOFF ANALYSIS
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
7. CONCLUSIONS
8. SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDY
9. REFERENCES

4. INTRODUCTION
• Water is the prime necessity for all the forms of life. Human civilization has progressed from early with
proper utilization of available water.
• From the hydrological point of view any form of moisture reaching the earth's surface from the atmosphere
is called precipitation. The rain over a particular basin is usually with respect to space, time and quantity.
Consequently, this leads to droughts where water available is less.
• The portion of precipitation which appears in the streams of the perennial or intermittent nature is runoff.
The rainfall analysis is carried out by Thiessen polygon method and runoff iscalculated using empirical
formulae.
• The present study is carried over Hundri river basin, which consists of 8 rain gauge stations area which are
Kurnool, Peapully, Maddikera, Yemmiganur, Dhone, Adhoni, Pathikonda and Kodumur.

5. • The government of India, through CWC has established a gauging station at Laxmipuram village before it
joins Tungabhadra river. At this gauge station runoff for this catchment area, is measured. This is compared
with runoff calculated by using various empirical formulae, to select the best suitable formula for this
catchment. Then by using this formula future runoff is calculated.
• The discharge at gauge station, Laxmipuram is considered to compare and to check the runoff calculated by
empirical formulae. The monthly particulars are taken for all the rain gauge stations influencing the
catchment area.
• In future to calculate runoff through this catchment which empirical formulae is best suitable is going to be
found. So, if the data measured is lost also, it can be calculated by this formulae.

6. LITERATURE REVIEW
Dr. G. VENKATA RAMANA done project on “REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL AND
RUNOFF PROCESS OF A TYPICAL WATERSHED" which is published in 02/2014, in “IJSAIT”
he concluded that “all the hydrological parameters which are spatially and temporally variable were
found to be more accurately estimated through RS and GIS. The average runoff is estimated for the
study area over a period of 10 years, has been determined as 54.74% and 51.50% of rainfall from
SCS-CN method and TR-55 model respectively. It indicates that SCS-CN method overestimated the
average yearly runoff by 3.31% compared to TR-55 model. The combination of GIS and TR-55
model made the runoff estimation more accurate and fast. Therefore, the runoff estimated using TR-
55 model was found to be comparable with the observed runoff. The runoff estimated using GIS
and RS based SCS-CN method was comparable with the observed runoff and is useful aid for better
water management practices."

7. • B.J.PRAVEEN KUMAR done project on “ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF USING EMPIRICAL
EQUATIONS AND FUZZY LOGIC METHOD" which is published in 05/2016, in “IJSER", he concluded
that “in the present study, various empirical methods like khuzla’s, Inglis and desouza, Indian irrigation
department, Khosla's formula and fuzzy logic model has been adopted to estimate the runoff for the
Yelahanka region using the rainfall data of 16 years [2000-2015] taken from the Metrologic department of
Yelahanka, Bangalore. Using empirical methods and fuzzy logic method, 16 years of rainfall data were
analysed. From results conclude that the khuzla's and khosla's method of estimating the runoff are closer,
Inglis formula found to have higher values of runoff. Fuzzy logic method gave low values of runoff, but
using optimum rules and proper membership function, results can be improved.”

8. • PRASOON KUMAR SIGN done on project “ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP
IN EAST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT, JHARKHAND, INDIA” which is published in 10-oct-2016 in
“IJMITE” he concluded that “this event of rainfall and runoff play an important role in hydrological process.
This study shows positive correlation between runoff and infiltration and rainfall and runoff. The correlation
also between temperature and runoff was found weak however it shows positive correlation. A correlation is
considered as strong when its value is equal to or greater than 0.8, whereas a correlation is weak when value
is less than 0.5. These values can fluctuate depending upon the data type being used for analysis. Therefore,
scientific data that are developing for study may require a stronger correlation than for data for social
sciences”.

9. STUDY AREA
• Hundri River Basin, Kurnool (Dist.), A.P.
• Laxmipuram Gauge station of Latitude:15°45’30’’ N, longitude: 78°04’30’’E.
• The river Hundri is turn a tributary to river Krishna.
• This gauge station is maintained by CWC, Govt. of India.
• This catchment area is influenced by 8 rain gauge stations.
• They are 1.Kurnool, 2.Adhoni, 3.Yemmiganur, 4.Kodumur, 5.Maddikera, 6.Peapully, 7.Dhone and 8.
Pathikonda.

10. RAIN GAUGE STATIONS LOCATIONS

11. DATA COLLECTION
 Data is collected from IMD(Indian Meteorological Department) office in Kurnool.
Rainfall data from 1985 to 2016 collected on monthly basis.
 It’s runoff data for that catchment area is available from 1985 to 1997 only acquired from CWC office.
Total catchment area of Hundri river is 3322.53 Sq.km.

12. RAINFALL ANALYSIS
FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL OF AN AREA
• Distance from the ocean
• Direction of prevailing winds
• Mean annual temperature
• Altitude
• Topography
MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL
I. Non-recording type rain gauges.
II. Recording type rain gauges

13. I. Non-recording type rain gauges.
1. Symons’s gauge
II. Recording type rain gauges
1. Tipping bucket type
2. Weighing bucket type and
3. Float type

14. ESTIMATION OF MISSING RAINFALL DATA
1. Arithmetic Average Method.
2. Normal Ratio Method.
PX=
1
𝑛 𝑖=1
𝑖=𝑛 NX
NI
* Pi
Sl.No year
Annual rainfall in
mm at kodumur
rain gauge station
1 1985 582.90
2 1986 480.23
3 1988 538.45
4 1994 521.579

15. TOTALANNUAL PRECIPITATION AT EACH GAUGE STATION IN mm

16. AVERAGE DEPTH OF RAINFALL
The average depth of rainfall is also termed as equivalent uniform depth of rainfall.
There are three methods to calculate Average depth of rainfall. They are
1. Athematic mean method
2. Theissen Polygon Method and
𝑃 =
𝑖=1
𝑀
𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑖
𝐴
3. Isoheytal Method

17. THEISSEN POLYGON AREAS OF HUNDRI RIVER BASIN

18. ANNUALAVERAGE DEPTH OF RAINFALL IN mm
INDIVIDUAL AREA OF RAIN GAUGE STATIONS
S.NO NAME AREA IN SQ.KM
I. Kurnool  164.31 sq.km
II. Adhoni  175.55 sq.km
III. Dhone  791.87 sq.km
IV. Yemmiganur  238.43 sq.km
V. Peapully  193.68 sq.km
VI. Pathikonda  832.75 sq.km
VII. Maddikera  157.37 sq.km
VIII. Kodumur  768.19 sq.km
Total area = 3322.53 sq.km

19. PRESENTATION OFANNUAL RAINFALL
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Rainfallinmm
YEARS 
ANNUAL AVERAGE DEPTH OF RAINFALL
1. BAR CHART

20. 2. CHRONICAL CHART
582.965
469.525
574.3
629.21
601.87
529.73
599.72
499.3
650.97
872.93
600.73
634.5
556.4
889.6
607.7
459.6
502.5
592.6
904.5
678.8
555.7
753.3
786.6
726.2
420.4
547.4
596
468.9
529.4
413.6
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Rainfallinmm
YEARS 
ANNUAL AVERAGE DEPTH OF RAINFALL

21. 3. ORDINATE METHOD
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
RAINFALLINmm
YEARS 
ANNUAL AVERAGE DEPTH OF RAINFALL

22. Factors affecting runoff
Factors affecting the runoff are classified into two groups. Namely climatic factors and physiographic factors.
The climatic factors include:
i. Type of precipitation
ii. Intensity of rainfall
iii. Duration of rainfall
iv. Area distribution of rainfall
v. Direction of storm moment
vi. Other climatic factors
The physiographic factors include:
i. Land use
ii. Type of soil
iii. Area of basin
iv. shape of the basin
v. Slope
vi. Type of drainage
vii. artificial drainage
RUNOFF ANALYSIS

23. MEASUREMENT OF DISCHARGE IN STREAM FLOW
1. MEASUREMENT OF DISCHARGE BY STAGE METHOD.
2. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY AREA-VELOCITY METHOD
i. CURRENT METER
ii. AVERAGE VELOCITY ACROSS A VERTICAL
3. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY MOVING-BOAT METHOD.

24. Estimation of runoff:
There are so many methods to find runoff, some of the following is used to calculate runoff are
i. Binne’s percentage
ii. Barlow’s tables
iii. Inglis formula
iv. Indian Irrigation Department method.
v. Lacey’s method
vi. Khosla’s method
vii. Runoff coefficient method
viii. Parkers method

25. 1.Binne’s Method
Based on the rainfall and runoff measurements of a small catchment near Nagapur, Sir Alexander Binnie has suggested the
following percentages of runoff.
Binne’s Runoff percentages
Annual Rainfall(cm) Runoff volume(percent)
50 15
60 21
70 25
80 29
90 34
100 38
110 40

26. 2.Barlow’s Tables:
According to Barlow the runoff from a catchment can be express as
R=Kb P
Where P is the monsoon rainfall and Kb is a runoff coefficient which depends on the type of catchment and the nature of
monsoon of the rainfall. Based on the type of catchment (with area less than 130km²) Uttar Pradesh, Barlow gave values
of Kb percentage which are given below table. For this purpose catchment area is categorized into 5 types and the rainfall
pattern of monsoon rainfall into 3 seasons
Barlow’s table of runoff coefficient Kb in percentage
Class Description Kb in percentage
Season 1 Season 2 Season 3
A Flat cultivated and black cotton soil 7 10 15
B Flat, part 1 cultivated various soils 12 15 18
C Average catchment 16 20 32
D Hills and plains with little cultivated 28 35 60
E Very hilly, and steep with hard cultivated 36 45 81
Season 1 :light rain, no heavy down pour
Season 2 : Average or varying rainfall, no continuous down pour
Season 3: continuous downpour

27. 3.Inglis formula:
The formula developed by Inglis using the data collected from catchments in the western Ghats is of this type. It is given
as
Ghats area, R= 0.85P-30.5
Non Ghats areas, R=
1
254
∗ (𝑃 𝑃 − 17.8 )
R= Runoff in cm
P= rainfall in cm
4. Indian Irrigation Department formula
Indian Irrigation Department uses the equation between Rainfall and Runoff
R = P - (1.17*P0.86)
Where P = rainfall in cm
R= Runoff in cm

28. OBSERVED RUNOFF AT GAUGE STATIONS

29. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The runoff was calculated by using different empirical formulae, like Binne’s, Barlow’s, Inglis and IID
formulae and it is compared with observed runoff at Laxmipuram gauge station. Then the comparison
graphs were plotted, from that R2 value is determined. Based on R2 value best method is selected

30. 1. Calculation of Runoff by using Binne’s Percentage Table:

31. 2. Calculation of Runoff by using Barlow’s Table:

32. 3. Calculation of Runoff by using Inglis formula:

33. 4. Calculation of Runoff by using Indian Irrigation Department method:

34. COMPARISON OF RUNOFF CALCULATED WITH OBSERVED RUNOFF
Here R² value is more for Inglis method, so that it satisfying 96.42% comparing with observed runoff

35. Comparison of Runoff calculated by using Different Formulae with Observed
Runoff

36. CALCULATION OF RUNOFF FROM THE PERIOD 1998 TO 2016 BY USING INGLIS
FORMULA

37. CONCLUSION
The present study is carried on Hundri river basin , It consists of eight rain gauge stations. For this basin Rainfall is
collected from 1985 to 2016 from IMD Office, Kurnool. The runoff data is collected from CWC for the period of 1985
to 1997. The following conclusions are drawn:
1. The missing Rainfall data is calculated by using Normal Ratio Method for Kodumur rain gauge station for the years
1985, 1986, 1988 and 1994.
2. Thiessen polygon method is used to calculate Annual Depth of Rainfall, for the catchment area.
3. Runoff is calculated by using Binne's Percentage, Barlow's Table, Inglis Formula and India Irrigation Department
Method from 1985 to 1997.
4. The calculated runoff is compared with Observed Runoff.
5. Based on R2 value, It is concluded that Inglis Formula is most effective method for runoff calculation for Hundri
River Basin. Then further period from 1998 to 2016 runoff is calculated by using Inglis Formula.
6. Future runoff or missing Runoff can be computed for this catchment by using Inglis Formula, by considering only
rainfall data, which is giving 96.42% good results.

38. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
If rainfall data on daily basis and data related to factors affecting runoff like temperature, surface
characteristics, topography, wind velocity are available, then most suitable method can be find with higher R2
value, and the comparison also made with more methods.

39. References
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42. Thank you