THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE ECONOMIC UPLIFT.pptx
Cells of the immune system
1. Cells and Organs of the Immune system
Primary lymphoid
organs
Secondary lymphoid
organs
Organs of immune system
1.Thymus
2. Bone Marrow
1. Lymph Node
2. Spleen
3. MALT (Mucosal
Associated Lymphoid
Tissue)
4. Formation of the cells of the immune system
-By Hematopoiesis
is the formation and development of
WBC’s and RBC’s
from HSC (Haematopoietic stem cell)
10. Growth, maturation and Differentiation of
stem cells
Occurrence Stromal cells of BM
Stromal cells include
fat cells
endothelial cells
fibroblasts and
macrophages.
11. Stromal cells
has HIM (haematopeietic inducing
environment)
Growth factors and cytokines
Growth and maturation of stem cells
produce
12. GM-CSF= Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor;
IL= Interleukin
M-CSF= Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor
SCF= Stem Cell Factor
Role of
cytokines in
differentiation
13. Growth factors (Haematopoietic growth factors)
1. Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
2. Erythropoietin
Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
(a family of acidic glycoproteins) including
1. Multilineage CSF ( or IL-3)
2. Macrophage CSF (M-CSF)
3. Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF)
4. Granulocyte Macrophage CSF
(GM-CSF)
15. Cells producing cytokines (Interleukins) for
differentiation
Stromal cells of BM
Activated TH cells
Activated macrophages
Cytokines
Eg., IL (interleukin)
TNF (tumour necrosis factor)
INF (interferon)
16. Regulation of hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is regulated so that
the levels of blood cells are maintained
This is done by a balance between the
number of
cells
removed by
cell death
and
the number that are
formed from
division and
differentiation
17.
18.
19. 1. Lymphoid cells T cells 4. Mast cells
B cells
NK cells
(Null cells)
2. Mononuclear
cells
Monocytes 5. Dendritic
cells
Langerhans cells
Interstitial DC
Macrophages Interdigitating
DC
Circulating DC
3. Granulocytic
cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil
Cells of the immune system
20. I. LYMPHOID CELLS ( T, B and NK cells)
Blood 20 – 40%
Lymph 99%
Humans have 1010 - 1012
lymphocytes in
the body
21. T and B cells Not encountered Ag
Naive cells/Unprimed Cells/Resting Cells [Small and not fully
developed]
They will be in Go phase of cell cycle
on Ag activation + Cytokines
enter into Early G1
Late G1
S Phase (DNA synthesis)
G2
M (Cell Division)
1. Effector cells 2. Memory Cells
23. Naïve Cell
smaller in size (only
about 6 m in
diameter)
few mitochondria
a poorly developed
endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi
apparatus
Naive lymphocytes (both T and B cells)
24.
25. As they progress through the cell cycle,
lymphocytes enlarge into 15 m-diameter blast
cells, called lymphoblasts
these cells have a
higher cytoplasm:nucleus ratio and
more organellar complexity than small
lymphocytes
26. Plasma cells
# Are the antibody-
secreting effector cells
of the B cell Lineage
# They have a characteristic
cytoplasm that contains
abundant endoplasmic
reticulum (to support
their high rate of protein
synthesis) and also
many Golgi vesicles
27. Surface markers of Lymphoid cells
different surface markers to distinguish each cell
each specific for a particular type of lymphocytes
28. Identifying Cell Using the CD
Nomenclature
• CD- Cluster Of Differentiation
or Classification Determinant)
• Nearly 364 Human CD Markers
identified till Nov 2014
• Some play a role in signal transduction
• Some are involved in cell adhesion
29. B cells- CD19
NK cells- CD56
Monocytes/Macrophages- CD14
Dendritic Cells- CD1c
(Human), CD11c (mouse)
T cells- have CD4 or CD8 and CD3
