Introduction Goals of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics & Human Genome Project What can we do using bioinformatics ? Applications of bioinformatics in various fields 1) Medicine 2) Evolutionary studies 3) Agriculture 4) Microbiology 5) Biotechnology Conclusion References

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By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2.  Introduction
 Goals of Bioinformatics
 Bioinformatics & Human Genome
Project
 What can we do using bioinformatics ?
 Applications of bioinformatics in various fields
1) Medicine
2) Evolutionary studies
3) Agriculture
4) Microbiology
5) Biotechnology
 Conclusion
 References
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3.  Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that
develops & improves upon methods for storing ,
retrieving , organizing & analyzing biological
data .
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4.  Term “Bioinformatics” was coined by Paulien
Hogweg and Ben Hesper in 1970, referring to the
use of information technology for studying
biological systems .
 Bioinformatics is essential for management of
data in modern biology and medicine.
 It is the combination of various other disciplines
like biology , mathematics , computer science &
statistics .
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5.  The science of
bioinformatics actually
develops algorithms and
biological software of
computer to analyze &
record the data related to
biology for example the
data of genes,
proteins,drug ingredients
and metabolic pathways.
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6.  Biological software and database provide the
scientists this opportunity so that the data can be
extracted from these databases easily and can be
used by scientists .
 As biological data is always in raw form and
there is a need of certain storage house in which
the data can be stored, organized and
manipulated .
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7.  The Human Genome Project had begun in 1990 &
the final sequencing mapping of whole human
genome was declared to be completed on April 14,
2003 .
 The goal of the Human Genome Project was to list
all of them in order.
 In all, human DNA contains approx 3 billion base
pairs .
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8.  Thus , an unprecedented wealth of biological
data has been generated by the human genome
project & sequencing projects in other organisms
.
 The huge demand for analysis & interpretation of
these data is being managed by the evolving
science of bioinformatics .
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10.  Sequence analysis refer to the understanding of
different features of a biomolecule like nucleic
acids or protein which give its unique functions
.
 The application of sequence analysis determines
those genes which encode regulatory sequences
or peptides by using the information of
sequencing .
 For sequence analysis , there are many powerful
tools & computers which perform the duty of
analyzing the genome of various organisms .
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12.  Protein molecules begin their life as shapeless
amino acid strings , which ultimately fold up into a
3D - structure to become biologically active .
 Usually , 3D – structures are determined by X- ray
crystallography or related techniques like NMR
which are submitted to NCBI.
 A protein’s 3D – structure can be predicted using
various bioinformatics tools .
 Bioinformatics approaches can easily identify
secondary structure elements in a protein sequence
such as helices , sheets , domains , strands & coils.
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14.  In genome annotation , genomes are marked to
know the regulatory sequences & protein coding
sequences .
 It is a very important part of the human genome
project as it determines the regulatory sequences.
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16.  Protein seldom perform their functions in
isolation & therefore often interact with other
molecules to execute a certain process .
 Understanding of molecular interactions is also
essential to elucidate the biological functions of
a molecule .
 For example , protein – protein interactions play
a key role in cellular activities such as signaling
, transportation , cellular metabolism & various
biochemical processes .
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17.  Apart from prediction of protein structures
molecular modelling can also assist in choosing
one unique conformations , which governs the
activity of a biomolecule .
 Other applications include spotting residues at
‘hot – spot’ of protein interfaces by docking a
protein into a small molecule called ligand .
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18.  As we know , biological activities are the result
of molecular interactions that occur in a time
dependent manner .
 This time dependent behaviour of a molecule
could be studied using another set of
bioinformatics tools collectively referred to as
Molecular Dynamics Simulations (MDS) .
 The MDS techniques aim to provide detailed
information on the fluctuations , dynamic
processes such as ion transport & small & large
– scale conformational changes of proteins ,
nucleic acids & their complexes occuring in
biological systems .
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20. In the field of medicine applications of bioinformatics
is used for following areas :-
 Drug Discovery
 Drug discovery is a process by which new drug
molecules are discovered or designed to cure
different diseases.
 Before the advent bioinformatics tools, scientists
used chemistry, pharmacology and clinical sciences
to discover new compounds.
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21.  Bioinformatics has greatly facilitated this complex process
and is playing a vital role in advancing the process of
drug discovery/ designing, since it is faster to analyze
molecules on computer as compared to experiment
approaches.
 In fact, a completely new and dedicated field known as
Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) has come into
existence to discover novel drug molecules.
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23.  Evolutionary studies are procedures used to
construct the evolutionary relationship among a
group of related molecules or organisms, to
predict certain features of a molecules with
unknown function, to track gene flow, and to
determine genetic relatedness.
 The comparison of genomes either the close or
distant species is a very useful approach to
unravel the evolutionary processes that occur in
the genome .
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24.  The underlying principle of phylogeny is to
group living organisms according to the degree
of similarity greater the similarity, closer the
organisms would appear.
 For this purpose , intergenomic maps are
constructed which enable the scientists to trace
the processes of evolution that occur in genomes
of different species .
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25.  The sequencing of the genomes of plants should have
enormous benefit for the agricultural community .
 Bioinformatics tools can be used to search for the
genes within these genomes & to elucidate their
functions .
 This specific genetic knowledge could then be used to
produce stronger , more drought , disease & insect
resistant crops & improve the quality of livestock
making them healthier , more disease resistant &
more productive .
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26.  At present the complete genome of Arabidopsis
thaliana (water cress) & Oryza sativa (rice) are
available .
 These findings suggest that information obtained
from the model crop systems can be used :-
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For crop improvement
To produce insect
resistant plants
For improving nutritional
quality

27.  By studying the genetic material of these
organisms , scientists can begin to understand
these microbes at a very fundamental level &
isolate the genes that give them their unique
abilities to survive under extreme conditions .
 For these reasons in 1994 , the US Department
Of Energy (DOE) initiated the MGP (Microbial
Genome Project) to sequence genomes of
bacteria useful in energy production ,
environmental clean up , industrial processing &
toxic waste reduction .
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28.  Deinococcus radiodurans
is known as the world’s
toughest bacteria & it is
the most radiation
resistant organism .
 Scientists are interested in
this organism because of
its potential usefulness in
cleaning up waste sites
that contain radiation &
toxic chemicals .
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29.  Scientists are studying the genome of the microbe
Chlorobium tepidum which has an unusual capacity
for generating energy from light .
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30.  Industrially useful microbes include ,
Corynebacterium glutamicum which is of high
industrial interest as a research object because it is
used by the chemical industry for the
biotechnological production of amino acid lysine .
 Lactococcus lactis is one of the most important
microorganism involved in the dairy industry .
 Researchers anticipate that understanding the
physiology & genetic make – up of this bacterium
will prove invaluable for food manufacturers as
well as the pharmaceutical industry , which is
exploring the capacity of L . lactis to serve as a
vehicle for delivering drugs .
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31.  Bioinformatics is a comparatively young
discipline & has progressed very fast in the
last few years .
 It has made it possible to test our hypothesis
virtually & therefore allows to take a better
& informed decision before launching costly
experimentations .
 Thus , bioinformatics have to move hand in
hand to flourish for the welfare of humanity .
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32.  Applications of bioinformatics in various fields
- https://www.scribd.com>mobile>doc
 Applications of bioinformatics in various fields –
BioTechFYI Center
- biotech.fyicenter.com>resource>Appli…
 Journal of Data mining in Genomics &
Proteomics
- www.omicsonline.org/open-access/use-of-
bioinformatics-tools...
 Bioinformatics & its applications –
Biotechnology Forums
- https://www.biotechnologyforums.com>...
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