Planning of Sustainable Development -Module 1

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Lecture No. 1: Introduction to Sustainability
Dr. Mohd. Zameeruddin
[PhD (VJTI), ME (Structure), MIE, AIV]
Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
MGM’s College of Engineering, Nanded
Contact:
md_zameeruddin@mgmcen.ac.in
zameerstd1@hotmail.com
M: +919822913231
Course Content is available on,
mzsengineeringtechnologies.blospot.com
https://engineering604.wordpress.com/
PG (Structural Engineering)
UG (Civil Engineering)
(c) mzsengineeringtechnologies

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The Meaning of Sustainability
Sustainability has become a crucial concept in global public and
political discussions in recent years and also increasingly entered
into the scientific discourse [1]
“A capability of a system to endure and maintain itself”
-Dr. G. Janardhanan

From the ecological perspective the word sustainability characterize
the ability of biological systems to remain healthy, diverse and
productive over the time. - Dr. G. Janardhanan
Long-lived and healthy forest
Long-lived and healthy wetlands

From a philosophical perspective one can identify three main
characteristics that determine the core meaning of the modern
concept of sustainability and the fundamental issues to which it
refers.
1. The meaning of continuance
2. The meaning of orientation
3. The fundamental relationship

1. The meaning of continuance
The term sustainability means the ability to keep going, to keep up,
to maintain, to cause to continue in a certain state
Examples:
Refer to a system-An Ecosystem, an economic system
Refer a certain entity-species, building, capital
Refer a process- to maintain itself
Interpretation
As the ability of a system, entity, or
process to maintain itself
Or
The ability of humans to maintain a
certain system, entity or process.

2. The Meaning of Orientation
Sustainability is regarded as being something positive, something for
which we should strive.
Example:
Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the
United Nations with regard to sustainable
development. It is a product of the Earth Summit
(UN Conference on Environment and
Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in
1992. It is an action agenda for the UN, other
multilateral organizations, and individual
governments around the world that can be
executed at local, national, and global levels. The
"21" in Agenda 21 refers to the 21st century.

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3. Sustainability is about fundamental
relationships
Brundtland report
“development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the need of
future generations to meet their own needs”
The relationship between humans and
contemporaries-that is, between different
individuals and groups within the present
generation, and secondly, the relationship the
present generation and future generations.

Human Being
(Individual)
(Self-relation)
Contemporaries
Future
Generations
Nature
Relation (ii)
Sustainability relations
Issues:
Economics
Politics
Sociology
Issues: Biology. Genetics, and Ecology

ASCE defines sustainability as a set of environmental, economic,
and social conditions – the “Triple Bottom Line” – in which all of
society has the capacity and opportunity to maintain and improve its
quality of life indefinitely, without degrading the quantity, quality
or the availability of natural, economic, and social resources.
Sustainable
Development
Application of resources to enhance the
safety, welfare, and quality of life for
all society

Key works that highlighted this thinking includes;
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962),
Garret Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons (1968),
the Blueprint for Survival by the Ecologist magazine (1972), and
the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth report (1972).
The state-of-art-of-development of sustainability concepts
Our common future (1983) and has gained even greater attention
since the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Jenerio in June 1992

What is development
Development is a process that creates growth,
progress, positive change or the addition of
physical, economic, environmental, social and
demographic components.
The purpose of development is a rise in the
level and quality of life of the population, and the
creation or expansion of local regional income
and employment opportunities, without damaging
the resources of the environment.
Development is visible and useful, not
necessarily immediately, and includes an aspect of
quality change and the creation of conditions for a
continuation of that change.
.

Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generation to
meet their own needs - Brundtland Commission (1987)
-A better environment
-A better economy
-- A better social condition Lecture
Sustainable Development

Major Issues:
-The Climatic Change
- Nutrient Cycles
- Hydrological Cycle
- Bio-diversity
Early 1970s, sustainability
was employed to describe
economy

Key Concepts:
1. Needs
2. Idea of Limitations
• State of technology
• Social organisation
• Environments ability
Sustainability was employed to describe an economy in equilibrium
with basic ecological support systems

It is an organising principle for meeting human development goals
while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to
provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the
economy and society depends.
Objectives of Sustainable Development
1. Reduction of resource and energy
consumption
2. Prevention of ozone layer
3. Prevention of global warning
4. Prevention of acid rain
5. Reduction in toxic discharge
6. Protection of natural environment and
living creatures
7. Food production and utilisation
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
Innovative
Technological
Development
Environmental
Education
Voluntary
Improvement by
Each Sector
Revision of Life Style
Development of
Environmentally
harmonious product
Eco-labelling
Green Procurement
Product Assessment Risk Assessment

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Lecture No. 2: Principles of Sustainability
Associate Professor
Contact:
M: +919822913231

Three Pillars of Sustainability
The Environmental Pillar
The Social Pillar
The Economic Pillar
Inter-relationship of the three
pillars of sustainable development
Elements of development
Economical, Ecological,
Technological, Political,
Socio-cultural, Institutional

Job creation Skills
enhancement, Local
economic impacts ,Social
investments, Business
ethics Security
Clean Air, Water and Land
Emissions reductions, Zero waste
Release, and spills Biodiversity
Resource efficiency,
Product Stewardship,
Life-cycle management,
Products to services,
Innovation Capital,
Efficiency Risk
management, Growth
enhancement, Total
shareholder return
Safety and health Environmental
regulations, Global climate change,
Access to potable water Crisis
management, Environmental justice
Diversity Human
rights Community
outreach Indigenous
communities Labour
relations

Social sustainability
Social sustainability aims to preserve social capital by investing and
creating services that constitute the framework of our society.
Social sustainability focuses on maintaining and improving social
quality with concepts such as cohesion, reciprocity and honesty and the
importance of relationships amongst people.
It can be encouraged and supported by laws, information and shared
ideas of equality and rights.
-Diesendorf, 2000

Social
Sustainability
Social Justice
and Equity
Social
Infrastructure
Engaged
Governance
Social
Capital

Economic sustainability
Economic sustainability aims to maintain the capital intact.
“Maintaining high and stable levels of economic growth is one of the
key objectives of sustainable development. Abandoning economic
growth is not an option. But sustainable development is more than
just economic growth. The quality of growth matters as well as the
quantity."
New economics is inclusive of natural
capital (ecological systems) and social
capital (relationships amongst people)
and challenges the mantra of capital that
continual growth is good and bigger is
better, if it risks causing harm to the
ecological and human system (Benn et
al., 2014).
• Local Jobs
• Home-based work
• Mixed activities

Environmental sustainability aims to improve human welfare
through the protection of natural capital (e.g. land, air, water,
minerals etc.). Initiatives and programs are defined environmentally
sustainable when they ensure that the needs of the population are met
without the risk of compromising the needs of future generations.
Environmental
Sustainability
Climate Resilience
Water Conservation
Waste Minimization
Pollution Prevention
Sustainable Buildings
Sustainable Acquisition Energy
Ecosystem
Management

“….cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is
for nature.” Sustainable development cannot be understood “simply
in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more
satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence”.
-Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNECO, 2001)
Fourth Pillars of Sustainability

Principles of Sustainability
Living Within
environment limits
Achieving a
sustainable economy
Promoting good
governance
Using Sound Science
responsibly
Ensuring a strong
healthy and just
society
The Principles of a Sustainable Society are;
1. Respect and care for the community of life
2. Improve the quality of human life
3. Conserve the Earth’s vitality and diversity
4. Minimize the depletion of non-renewable
resources
5. Keep within the Earth’s Carrying Capacity
6. Change attitudes and practices
7. Enable communities to care for their own
environments
8. Provide a national framework for integrating
development and conservation
9. Reduce dependence upon fossil fuel,
underground metals, and minerals
10. Reduce dependence upon synthetic
chemicals and other unnatural substances
11. Reduce encroachment upon nature
12. Meet human needs fairly and efficiently

Sustaining Growth
The Schematics of Sustainable Development
Sustainability Development
Liberal Ecological Social Process Objectives
Sustaining
anything
Sustaining
Ecological
basis
Human
Life
Sustaining
Social
basis
Human
Life
Growth
and/or
Change
Social
Conditions
Ecological
Conditions
Basic
Needs, Etc
Achieving Traditional Objective +
Ecological and Social Sustainability

The Dimensions of Sustainable Development
Environmental
Objectives
Economic
Objectives
Social
Objectives
Local
National
Global
Peace and security
(stability)
Institutional/
administrative
arrangements
CulturalDimensions
Sustainable development will
entail integration of objectives
where possible; and making
trade-offs between objectives
where integration is not possible
Ref: Dalal - Clayton et al.(1994)

Primary Goals of Sustainable Development

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Lecture No. 3: Environmental Degradation
Associate Professor
Contact:
M: +919822913231

Environmental Degradation
What is Environmental Degradation?
Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment
through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the
destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of
wildlife; and pollution.
“It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment
perceived to be deleterious or undesirable”.

How Environmental Degradation Occurs?
Contributing factors includes;
• Urbanization
• Population explosion
• Intensification of agriculture
• Increase in energy use
• Increase in transportation
• High quantity of exhaust gases
• Secondary pollutants
• Extensive mining
• Chemical effluents
• Unplanned land policies

The effects of the major environmental problem?
a. Water pollution and water scarcity
b. Air pollution
c. Solid and hazardous wastes
d. Soil degradation
e. Deforestation
f. Loss of biodiversity
g. Atmospheric changes
Suggested Solutions ……...
1. Afforestation
2. Crop rotation
3. Drip irrigation
4. Rainwater harvesting
5. Stocking your land
6. Recycled products
7. Save and conserve water
8. Save and conserve energy

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Lecture No. 3: Poverty and Sustainability
Associate Professor
Contact:
M: +919822913231

Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain
(variant) amount of material possessions or
money. Poverty is a multifaceted concept,
which may include social, economic, and
political elements.
Poverty and Sustainable Development

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Measuring Poverty
Absolute poverty, extreme poverty, or abject
poverty is “a condition characterized by severe
deprivation of basic human needs”, including
food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities,
health, shelter, education and information.
Secondary poverty refers to those that
would be living above the poverty line,
but spend their income on unnecessary
pleasures, such as alcoholic beverages,
thus placing them below it.
Relative poverty views poverty as socially
defined and dependent on social context, hence
relative poverty is a measure of income
inequality. Usually, relative poverty is
measured as the percentage of the population
with income less than some fixed proportion of
median income.

Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is
more persistent and prevalent than income poverty. It can
be defined as a household's inability to access wealth
resources that are enough to provide for basic needs for a
period of three months.
Basic needs refer to the minimum standards for
consumption and acceptable needs. Wealth resources
consist of home ownership, other real estate (second home,
rented properties, etc.), net value of farm and business
assets, stocks, checking and savings accounts, and other
savings (money in savings bonds, life insurance policy cash
values, etc.).
Wealth is measured in three forms: net worth, net
worth minus home equity, and liquid assets. Net worth
consists of all the aspects mentioned above. Net worth
minus home equity is the same except it does not include
home ownership in asset calculations.
Measuring Poverty
Liquid assets are resources that are readily available such as cash,
checking and savings accounts, stocks, and other sources of
savings. There are two types of assets: tangible and intangible.

References
[1]. C.U. Becker (2012), Sustainability, Ethics and Sustainability
Research, Springer Science + Business Media.
[2] Sharachchandra M Lele (1991), Sustainable Development: A
critical Review, World Development, 19(6),607-621.

Planning of Sustainable Development -Module 1

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