Sociology

1. P R E S E N T E D TO :
MA’AM SIBGHA
P R E S E N T E D B Y:
ZAHRA NAZ
ROLL NO. 04
BS-BIOTECHNOLOGY
(IV-SEMESTER)
Presentation on:
1.Family & types of family
2.Marriages & types of marriage

2. What is “the family”?
 The family is a critical social institution that functions as
part of society.
 The family is also a distinct social group with its own
roles, patterns, and behaviors.
 Family is a cultural universal, though its structure varies
across time and space.
 Social unit of people related through marriage, birth, or
adoption who reside together in sanctioned relationships,
engage in economic cooperation, socially approved sexual
relations, and reproduction and child rearing.
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3. Functions of the Family
 A functional family is one in which family members:
o fulfill their agreed upon roles and responsibilities;
o treat each other with respect and affection; and
o meet each other’s needs.
Six Functions of the Family are
1. Socialization
o The process by which children learn to become human
and adopt certain behaviour.
o Children learn from what they see and experience in
their developing years.

4. 2. Rules of behaviour
o These types of cases show that human interaction is required
for children to acquire human behaviour.
o The family teaches appropriate behaviour, what to expect, and
how to interact in everyday life.
3. Patterns of interaction
o Studies also show that children that have been deprived of
close family relationships which lead to emotional problems as
adults.
o This forms a cycle as these adults may have trouble meeting
the emotional needs of their future families.
4. Emotional support
o Students from parents that have a loving relationship, and are
supportive, have a more positive self image and were also more
confident.
o Students from families that have distrust and hostility are

5. 5. Reproductive Function
o In order for a society to continue to exist it must replace
those people that die.
o The family is responsible for raising children to become
contributing members of society.
o In many advanced countries, families are choosing to have
less children.
6. Economic Function
o Families are the means whereby children are supplied with
the necessities – food, shelter and clothing.
o In the past, children were needed to work on farms and help
provide for the family at an early age.
o Today children are normally dependant on the family until
after high school.

6. Characteristics of family
 Universality: There is no human society in which
some form of the family does not appear.Malinowski
writes the typical family a group consisting of mother,
father and their progeny is found in all
communities,savage,barbarians and civilized.
 Emotional basis: The family is grounded in
emotions and sentiments. It is based on our impulses of
mating, procreation, maternal devotion, fraternal love
and parental care.
 Limited size: The family is smaller in size. As a
primary group its size is necessarily limited. It is a

7.  Formative influence: The family welds an
environment which surrounds trains and educates the
child. It shapes the personality and moulds the
character of its members.
 Nuclear position in the social structure: The
family is the nucleus of all other social organizations.
The whole social structure is built of family units.
 Responsibility of the members: The members
of the family has certain responsibilities, duties and
obligations.
 Social regulation: The family is guarded both by
social taboos and by legal regulations..

8. 1.Who Holds Power?
 A patriarchy is a society or group where men have
power over women.
 In a matriarchy women hold power.
 In egalitarian societies men and women share power
equally, are equally valued by all societal members,
have equal access to resources, and share decision
making.
In patrilocal family systems, after marriage, a
woman is separated from her own family and resides
with the husband and his family.
In matrilocal family systems, a woman continues to
live with her family of origin.
Neolocal residence is the practice of the new couple
establishing their own residence.
2.Place of Residence
Classification of family

9. 3.According to structure
 Extended families are the whole network of parents,
children, and other relatives who form a family unit.
 Extended families are common among the urban
poor because they develop a cooperative system of
social and economic support.
 The nuclear family is comprised of one married
couple residing together with their children.
4.According to lineage
 In patrilineage family, children are reknown by the name
of their father
In mtrilinage family,children are reknown by their
mother’s name
In biletral family system,children are reknown by the
name of both parents

10. Characteristics of a joint family
1. Common residence:
 It implies that all the members live together one roof.
2. Common Property:
 The members hold property in common. The head of the
household also maintains a common fund, which pulls together
the earnings of all the members.
3. Joint Kitchen:
 The presence of a joint family is also felt due to the existence
of a common kitchen. An aged woman of the family acts as the
supervisor of the other female members working in the kitchen.
4. Common Religious Worship:
 The members of a joint family have same religion. The
younger generation learns the religious practices from the older
generation.

11. 5. Kindred Relationship:
 The members of the joint family are bound together through
blood relationship.
6. Consciousness of mutual rights and obligations:
 All the members of the joint family have equal rights and
obligations. The members are always conscious of these rights
and obligations.
7. Rule of the Head:
 The eldest married male member of the family is the head of a
joint family. His decision is binding on all the family matters.
8. There Generation Depth:
 The joint family comprises of persons belonging to at least
three generations. Many a time, it may be supplemented by
other relatives like cousins, great grandsons, uncles, aunts, etc.

12. Marriage
 Marriage - a group’s approved mating
arrangements, usually marked by a ritual.
 Mate selection - each human group establishes
norms to govern who marries whom.
 Endogamy
 Marriage between people of the same social
category
 Limits marriage prospects
 Exogamy
 Marriage between people of different social

13. Marriage Patterns
 Monogamy
 Marriage that unites two partners
 Permitted by law in higher-income nations
 Polygamy
 Marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
 Permitted by many lower-income nations
1.Polyandry
One man marries to more than one women
2.Polygyny
One woman marries to several men

14. Serial monogamy
In many societies individuals are permitted to marry again
often on the death of the first spouse or after divorce but
they cannot have more than one spouse at one and the
same time.
Straight monogamy
In this remarriage is not allowed.
Group Marriage
It means the marriage of two or more women with two or
more men. Here the husbands are common husbands and
wives are common wives. Children are regarded as the
children of the entire group as a whole.