2. INTRODUCTION
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis presents as chronic
joint swelling, pain with functional limitation
for at least 6 weeks of unknown cause that
starts before 16 year of age.
U N K N O W N
E T I O L O G Y
A T L E A S T
6 W E E K S
O N S E T
B E F O R E 1 6
Y E A R S O L D
3. SIGN & SYMPTOMS
A R T I C U L A R E X T R A - A R T I C U L A R
1. Joint swelling
2. Joint pain
3. Joint stiffness / gelling after
periods of inactivity
4. Joint warmth
5. Restricted joint movements
6. Limping gait
1. General
2. Growth disturbances
3. Skin
4. Others
5. Enthesitis*
*Inflammation of the entheses (the sites of insertion of tendon, ligament or joint capsule into bone)
4. SIGN & SYMPTOMS
E X T R A - A R T I C U L A R
General
Fever, pallor, anorexia, loss of weight
Growth disturbances
General : Growth failure, delayed puberty
Local : Limb length / size decrepency, micronagthia
Skin
Subcutaneous nodules
Rash – systemic, psoriasis, vasculitis
Others
Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
Serositis, muscle atrophy / weakness
Uveitis : Chronic (silent), acute in Enthesitis related arthritis
Enthesitis
5. CLASSIFICATION
There are 3 major types of JIA:
Some other less-common forms include:
Enthesitis-related arthritis
Psoriasis arthritis
Undifferentiated arthritis
1. Oligoarticular JIA
3. Systemic JIA
2. Polyarticular JIA
RF positive
RF negative
7. OLIGOARTHRITIS
WHAT IS OLIGOARTHRITIS?
Oligoarticular arthritis occurs in 50% to 60% of young people who have JIA. It is
the most common type of JIA in young people. It affects four or fewer joints in
the first six months after diagnosis. There are two types of oligoarticular JIA:
1. Oligoarticular-persistent JIA
2. Oligoarticular-extended JIA.
Subtypes Age at onset Diagnostic
Persistent
Extended
< 6 years old Affects ≤4 joints throughout course of disease
Affects >4 joints after the 1st 6 months of
disease
8. OLIGOARTHRITIS
O L I G O A R T I C U L A R – P E R S I S T E N T A R T H R I T I S
Mildest form of JIA.
Affects female > male .
It most often affects the large joints
such as the knee, ankle, wrist, and/or
elbow joints.
It can be associated with an eye disease
called uveitis.
It is rare to have permanent joint
damage with appropriate treatment of
this type of JIA.
9. OLIGOARTHRITIS
O L I G O A R T I C U L A R – E X T E N D E D A R T H R I T I S
This type of JIA also affects four or
fewer joints in the first six months
after diagnosis. However, after six
months or more, patients with
oligoarticular-extended arthritis
develop arthritis in five or more
joints.
Oligoarticular-extended arthritis can
affect both large and small joints.
11. POLYARTHRITIS
WHAT IS POLYARTHRITIS?
• The second most common type of JIA in children and teens. Affects five or
more joints within the first six months of being diagnosed with JIA.
• There are two types of polyarticular arthritis:
1. Rheumatoid factor positive polyarticular JIA, associated with the
presence of a rheumatoid factor antibody in the blood.
2. Rheumatoid factor negative polyarticular JIA, where there is no
rheumatoid factor antibody in the blood.
Subtypes Age at onset Diagnostic
RF +
RF -
6 – 7 years
9 – 12 years
Affects ≥5 joints in the 1st 6 months of disease
with negative RF
Affects ≥5 joints in the 1st 6 months of disease
with ≥2 positive RF tested at least 3 months
apart
12. POLYARTHRITIS
P O L Y A R T I C U L A R – R F P O S I T I V E A R T H R I T I S
Common in young people over 10 years
of age.
Female > male
It affects both the small joints of the
hands and feet, and large joints like the
knees, hips and ankles.
It affects joints on both sides of the body.
This type of JIA behaves the most like
adult rheumatoid arthritis
13. POLYARTHRITIS
P O L Y A R T I C U L A R – R F P O S I T I V E A R T H R I T I S
With this type of JIA, your child may also
have other symptoms:
Rheumatoid nodules, which are hard
bumps under the skin.
Anemia.
Significant fatigue
Poor appetite, with some weight loss.
Low grade fever
A general feeling of being unwell
These symptoms occur when the disease is
active and untreated. The symptoms will
improve with proper treatment.
14. POLYARTHRITIS
P O L Y A R T I C U L A R – R F N E G A T I V E A R T H R I T I S
It can occur at any age.
Female > male
Usually starts in many joints at the same
time.
Some young people only have
polyarticular JIA for a limited period of
time while others may have it for many
years.
This type of JIA is more likely to last into
adulthood.
15. SYSTEMIC ARTHRITIS
WHAT IS SYSTEMIC ARTHRITIS?
Systemic arthritis is less common and affects only 10% to 15% of children and
teenagers with JIA. It is often a more severe form of JIA. Systemic means it
affects many parts of the body, rather than just the joints.
Subtypes Age at onset Diagnostic
Systemic 2 - 4 years old Affects ≥1 joints with or preceded by fever of at
least 2 weeks duration, plus ≥1 of the following:
Transient erythematous rash
Enlargement of lymph nodes
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Pericarditis ± pleuritis ± peritonitis
16. SYSTEMIC ARTHRITIS
S Y S T E M I C A R T H R I T I S
Boys = girls
May range from mild to severe
There is usually a spiking fever. This is a
fever that rapidly rises and falls. The
fever occurs once or twice every day.
The JIA joint symptoms (joint pain or
swelling) begin within six months after
the fever first appears.
Pale pink-red spots on the chest, upper
arms, thighs, and other parts of the body.
Swollen lymph glands are common.
Enlarged spleen and liver
20. ENTHESITIS ARTHRITIS
WHAT IS ENTHESITIS ARTHRITIS?
Enthesitis-related-arthritis involves inflammation in both the joints and the
entheses, which are the spots where tendons or ligaments attach to bones.
Subtypes Age at onset Diagnostic
Enthesitis
related
9 – 12 years
old
Arthritis ± enthesitis plus ≥2 of the following:
Presence or history of sacroiliac joint
tenderness &/or inflammatory lumbosacral
pain
Positive human leukocyte (HLA) B27 antigen
Onset of arthritis in male >6 years old
Acute anterior uveitis
History of ankylosing spondylitis, enthesitis -
related arthritis, sacroilitis w/ inflammatory
bowel disease, Reiter syndrome, or family
history of acute anterior uveitis
22. ENTHESITIS ARTHRITIS
E N T H E S I T I S A R T H R I T I S
Male > female
Often lasts into adulthood.
Usually involves just a few joints in the
legs. The hips are often affected.
Enthesitis is most common around the
knees, ankles, and bottom of the feet.
Knee, heel, and foot pain are common
with activities.
May affect the spine and the joints
between the base of the spine and
pelvis leading to neck or back pain and
stiffness.
24. ENTHESITIS ARTHRITIS
E N T H E S I T I S A R T H R I T I S
Inflammation and swelling in the
tendons of the fingers and toes
making the fingers and toes look
like sausages. This is called
dactylitis.
Inflammation of the small joints of
the feet, called tarsitis.
Enthesitis-related arthritis may be
associated with inflammation of
the skin or bowels.
25. PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
WHAT IS PSORIASIS AND PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS?
Psoriasis is a skin disease. It is a scaly red rash that can develop on the scalp,
behind the ears, on the eyelids, elbows, knees, buttocks, or in the belly button.
Some people with psoriasis may also have pits or ridges in their fingernails.
Children or teenagers with psoriasis also have arthritis. This is called psoriatic
arthritis. Sometimes the psoriasis starts before the arthritis, but sometimes the
arthritis begins before the psoriasis. A family history of psoriasis is an important
clue to the correct diagnosis.
Subtypes Age at onset Diagnostic
Psoriatic 7 – 10 years
old
Arthritis ± psoriasis plus ≥2 of the following:
Dactylitis
Nail pitting & oncholysis
Family history of psoriasis
26. PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
P S O R I A T I C A R T H R I T I S
It can occur at any age.
Male = female
It can affect a few or many joints.
May involve the hips or back.
Associated with dactylitis.
There is a moderate risk of uveitis
28. INVESTIGATIONS
The diagnosis is essetially clinical – labolatory investigations are only
supportive.
1. Full blood count – anaemia, leukocytosis and elevated platelets
2. ESR and peripheral blood film – markers of inflammation
3. X-ray/s of affected joint(s) - to look for malignancy
4. Antinuclear antibody – identifies risk factors for uveitis
5. Rheumatoid fever – assess prognosis in polyarthritis for early tx
6. Others
Complement levels
ASOT
Ferritin
Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM)
HLA B27
Synovial fluid aspiration
30. TREATMENT
There is no known cure for JIA. However, there are safe and effective
medications to help control the disease. These medications help to:
1. Decrease the inflammation
2. Decrease pain and swelling
3. Make it easier for your child to stay active and exercise
4. Prevent or lessen damage to the joints.
5. Increase quality of life
NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroid Joint Injections
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic
Drugs (MRADs)
Biologic Agents
33. TREATMENT
1. Physiotherapy
Avoid prolonged immobilization
Strengthens muscles, improves and maintain range of movement
Improves balance and cardiovascular fitness
2. Ophthalmologist
All patients must be referred to the ophthalmologist for uveitis
screening and have regular follow-up.
3. Nutritional Therapy
Calcium intake
Calcium + vitamin D is advised in patients on corticosteroids
Ensure appropriate protein and calorie intake
34. TREATMENT
4. Orthotics Management
Splints and foot orthotics may be recommended
5. Thermotherapy
Heat treatments
Massage
Cold treatment