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Organic Food
1. Eating Organic:
A public health
necessity?
Yana Puckett, MD
Steven Rose
Xiaoyu Zong
2. Introduction
Regulations
Cost-effectiveness: Safe at any Price?
Health benefits?
Pesticides
Organic: Hype?
Genetically Modified, Irradiated
Politics
Labels
Future of Organic?
3. What is organic?
According to the United States
Environmental Protection Agency:
“"Organically grown" food is food grown and processed using no
synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. Pesticides derived from natural
sources (e.g., biological pesticides) may also be used in producing
organically grown food. Increasingly, some consumers are
purchasing organically grown and processed foods as a way to
reduce their exposure to synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.”
6. Regulation of Organic
To be certified as 100% organic
Land usage
Management practices
Crop rotation practices
Pest control policies
Livestock origin, feed, healthcare, and living conditions
Prevent commingling of product
9. Cost Effectiveness
Must pay certification costs up to $2000 annually
Cost between 50-100% more than traditional farm
products
EWG determined produce worth vs those not worth
spending the extra money on.
2012 – $35 billion industry
Stanford study
Mandatory labeling
10. Health Benefits of Organic
Foods
More nutritional value
Claim: Pesticides may limit nutrition
absorption properties of produce
Benefits of no pesticides
11. What are phenols?
Cancer chemopreventive – flavonoids!
Capture free radicals before DNA
damage can occur.
Free-radical theory of aging
12.
13. Data from “New evidence confirms the nutritional superiority of plant-based organic foods,” by Charles
Benbrook, et. al. The Organic Center, March 2008.
14. Factors that Affect Nutritional
Content
Vitamins and phytochemicals
Weather (affecting crops year-to-year)
Specific environmental conditions from
one farm to the next(microclimates)
Soil condition
Length of time the specific plots of land
had been worked using organic methods
15. Soil Quality and Style of
Farming
~Six recent studies of nutrient content of
organic tomatoes, only one showed no
significant differences between organic
and conventional farms (3).
18. Pesticides
World pesticide use exceeded 5.0 billion
lbs in both 2000 and 2001. (5).
Both the amount of pesticide residue on
foodstuff and the amount released into
the atmosphere are factors that should be
considered when purchase organically
raised food.
19. Pesticides
Organic foods were much less likely than
non-organic produce (by a factor of 10)
to have two or more residues. (1)
Only 2.6% of organic foods had
detectable multiple residues compared
to 26% of conventionally grown foods. (6)
20. Pesticides
Organically raised foods had one-third
the amount of chemical residues found in
conventionally raised foods (1).
Compared to produce grown with
integrated pest management techniques,
the organic produce had one-half the
amount of residue (1),
25. Organic Farming
Terms like “all natural,” “non-toxic,” “earth-friendly,”
or containing “natural botanicals,”
but the ingredients list chemical after
chemical.
At face value, these products look more
natural. In reality, there is no regulating
agency to verify whether any of the claims
are true.
That means that marketing claims can be
very misleading.
26. Organic Farming
Cruelty Free farming
Organic chicken
The Happy Egg company
http://youtu.be/AHsvetb6nXU
http://youtu.be/tloxthQu7vQ
29. Genetically Modified,
Irradiated
Antibiotic and virus resistance
Herbicide resistance
Scientific studies: no greater adverse health risk
than conventional food (8-10).
Long term studies needed.
Regulation is questioned.
30. Future of Organic Food
Community gardens
Healthy Living City Designs: Space for
community gardens and farmer’s
markets, especially low income areas.
Vertical farming
http://youtu.be/1clRcxZS52s
33. Vertical Farming
Glass space, vertical + artificial lighting.
Ken Yeang and Dickson D. Despommier
Feeding the world in the 21st century
Eliminate world hunger
34. Proponents for Vertical
Farming
Preparation for future
Crop production year round
Protection of crops from pests and
weather
Animal extinction stopped
Methane energy production
Organic crops! Easier regulation! Impact
human health.
36. Conclusion
Growing business, surpassed $13.8 billion
in 2005 (Organic Trade Assn. 2006).
Health benefits exist
If you can afford, buy! If not, no big deal!
Vertical farming
37. References
1 Baker BP, Benbrook CM, Groth E 3rd,Lutz Benbrook K. Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest
management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three US data sets. Food Addit Contam 2002;19:427-
446.
2 Chassy AW, Bui L, Renaud EN, et al. Three-year comparison of the content of antioxidant microconstituents and
several quality characteristics in organic and conventionally managed tomatoes and bell peppers. J Agric Food
Chem 2006;54:8244-8252.
3 Juroszek P, Lumpkin HM, Yang RY, et al. Fruit quality and bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity of
tomatoes grown on-farm: comparison of organic and conventional management systems. J Agric Food Chem
2009;57:1188-1194.
4 Mitchell AE, Hong YJ, Hoh E, et al. Ten-year comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop
management practices on the content of flavonoids in tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:6154-6159.
5 Pesticides industry sales and usage. 2000 and 2001 market estimates.
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/pestsales/01pestsales/market_estimates2001.pdf [Accessed October 23, 2014]
6 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pesticide residue monitoring program 2000.
http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Pesticides/ucm125171.htm [Accessed October 23,
2014]
7 American Medical Association (2012). Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of
Bioengineered Foods
8 United States Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered
Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. Free full-text. National
Academies Press. See pp11ff on need for better standards and tools to evaluate GM food.
9 Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008). "Genetically modified plants and human health". J R Soc Med 101 (6):
290–8. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. PMC 2408621. PMID 18515776.
Hinweis der Redaktion
Some phenolic compounds are believed to be cancer chemopreventives, may decrease your risk of developing cancer; according to a review in the "British Journal of Nutrition," there is evidence to suggest many flavonoids like anthocyanins may have anticancer effects.
Many phenolic compounds found in plants may have antioxidant effects, meaning they react with and capture dangerously reactive compounds called free radicals before the radicals can react with other biomolecules and cause serious damage.
Promote healthy aging by minimizing DNA damage caused by free radicals. As noted in a 2002 review in the journal "Free Radical Biology and Medicine," there is evidence to suggest some of the deterioration associated with aging is caused by oxidative damage to DNA; this hypothesis is called the oxidative stress or free-radical theory of aging.
This study found that while there was no difference in lycopene levels between the types of farms, farm management skills and site-specific effects affected lycopene levels.
A three year study, found that organically raised Burbank tomatoes were found to have significantly higher levels of ascorbic acid (26% higher) and the flavonoids quercetin (30% higher) and kaempferol (17%)(2).
Over a 10-year period, organic tomatoes averaged 79-percent more quercetin and 97-percent more kaempferol than the conventionally grown tomatoes (4).
Specific changes introduced into food DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.
Antibiotic and virus resistance: Papaya
Herbicide resistance: about 90% of corn grown in US.
Scientific studies: no greater adverse health risk than conventional food (8-10).
Ken Yeang (born 1948) is a Malaysian architect in the 1990s, published several books
By the year 2050, close to 80% of the world’s population will live in urban areas and the total population of the world will increase by 3 billion people
The controlled growing environment reduces the need for pesticides, namely herbicides and fungicides. Advocates claim that producing organic crops in vertical farms is practical and the most likely production
Traditional agriculture is highly disruptive to wild animal populations that live in and around farmland and some argue it becomes unethical when there is a viable alternative. One study showed that wood mouse populations dropped from 25 per hectare to 5 per hectare after harvest, estimating 10 animals killed per hectare each year with conventional farming