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WISNU HENDRO MARTONO,M.Sc
06/09/13 12:58 1Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 2
 Sum output
 Logic equation:
 Circuit:
06/09/13 12:58 3Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 4
• Carry output • Logic equation:
• Circuit:
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 5
1 Bit Adder
adder
A
B
Carry In
Sum
Carry Out
A B Carry
In
Carry
Out
Sum
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 6
4 Bit Ripple Carry Adder
adder
A0
C0
S0
B0
adder
A1
S1
B1
adder
A2
S2
B2
adder
A3
S3
B3
C1C2C3
A3A2A1A0
+ B3B2B1B0
S3S2S1S0
C3 C2 C1 C0
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 7
4 Bit Ripple Carry Adder
adder
A0
C0
S0
B0
adder
A1
S1
B1
adder
A2
S2
B2
adder
A3
S3
B3
C1C2C3
A3A2A1A0
+ B3B2B1B0
S3S2S1S0
C3 C2 C1 C0
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 8
4 Bit Ripple Carry Adder
adder 0adderadderadder
1100 0100
0011
+ 0010
1
adder
0
1
0
0
adder
1
0
1
1
adder
0
1
0
0
adder
0
0
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 9
Pengurangan
• Menghitung A-B  A + (-B-1) + 1
• -B-1 seluruh bit di Inversi.
• Menambah +1 dg menetapkan C0 dg 1
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 10
Subtraction
adder 1adderadderadder
1010
0101
- 0011
0
adder
1
0
1
adder
0
1
0
adder
1
0
0
adder
1
0
0011
B inverted
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 11
Bilangan Kompliment Dua
• Tidak ada yg berbeda!
– Merupakan keuntungan menggunakan
representasi kompliment dua.
• Overflow:
– Utk Penambahan: sign pada hasil berbeda
dg sign dari operands (walaupun sama2
mempunyai sign).
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 12
-3 + 7
adder 0adderadderadder
1011 1110
1101
+ 0111
0
adder
1
0
1
0
adder
1
0
1
1
adder
1
1
1
0
adder
1
0
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 13
-3 + -7
adder 0adderadderadder
1011 1001
1101
+ 1001
0
adder
0
0
1
1
adder
1
1
0
1
adder
0
1
0
0
adder
1
0
Overflow!
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 14
Ripple Carry Timing
• Semua adder sebenarnya beroperasi
berdasar waktu (dirancang menggunakan
rangkaian combinational).
• Menunggu cukup lama (hingga carry terakhir
dihitung) dan perhatikan pada jawaban
terakhir.
• Sepertinya terjadi adanya kesalahan pada
nilai sementaranya!
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 15
Carry Look-ahead
• Menghitung bit carry segera.
• Tidak memungkinkan utk adder yg
besar (32 bit), tetapi realistis utk 4 bit
adder.
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 16
4 Bit Carry Look-ahead
adderadderadderadder
0011
+ 0010
Carry Generator
1100
1100
0100
0100 0
1
adder
0
1
0
0
adder
1
1
1
adder
0
1
0
0
adder
0
0
Carry Generator
0
0
Decoders: n input, 2n
output.
Masukan digunakan utk memilih Luaran mana yg akan
dihidupkan. Setiap saat hanya satu Luaran yg akan
hidup/on.
Multiplexors: 2n
input, n selection bit, 1 output.
Bit yg terpilih menentukan Masukan mana yg akan
menjadi Luaran.
06/09/13 12:58 17Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 18
2 input Decoder
Decoder
I0
I1
O0
O2
O1
O3
Perlakukan I0I1 as a 2 bit integer i. The ith
output will be
turned on (Oi=1), all the others off.
I0 I1 O0 O1 O2 O3
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
Decoder Truth Table
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 19
Decoder Boolean Expressions
103
102
101
100
IIO
IIO
IIO
IIO
•=
•=
•=
•=
Decoder Implementation
I1I0
O0
O1
O2
O3
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 20
2 Input Multiplexor
Inputs: I0 and I1
Selector: S
Output: O
If S is a 0: O=I0
If S is a 1: O=I1
Mux
I0
I1
O
S
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 21
2-Mux Truth Table
S O
0 I0
1 I1
Abbreviated
Truth Table
S I0 I1 O0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 22
Unit Logika Arithmatik
• Peralatan yg membentuk tindakan
operasi arithmatik dan operasi logika.
– arithmetic ops: addition, subtraction
– logic operations: AND, OR
• Utk MIPS diperlukan 32 bit ALU
– Yg mampu menambahkan besaran hingga
32 bit dll.
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 23
Bentuk
ALU
32 bit
operand
32 bit
operand
32 bit
result
Control
(operation selection)
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 24
Mesin kap.1 bit AND/OR
• Merancang peralatan hitung dlm satu
box menggunakan AND atau OR.
• Digunakan control input utk
menentukan bentuk operasi apa
dihasilkan.
– Nama control “Op”.
• if Op==0 do an AND
• if Op==1 do an OR
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 25
Truth Table For 1-bit AND/OR
Op A B Result
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
A
B
Op
Result
Op=0: Result is A•B
Op=1: Result is A+B
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 26
Logic utk 1-Bit AND/OR
• Dapat diturunkan dari SOP atau POS
dan membangun rangkaian Logika dan
yg berhubungan.
• Dapat juga dilakukan seperti:
– Masukan A dan B ke rangkaian OR gate.
– Masukan A dan B ke rangkaian AND gate.
– Menggunakan 2-input MUX utk menjemput
salah satu utk digunakan.
• Op menseleksi masukan ke MUX.
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 27
Logic Design utk 1-Bit
AND/OR
Mux Result
A
B
Op
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 28
1 Bit ALU
• Gabungan AND/OR dengan Adder.
• Harus menggunakan 4-input MUX
dengan 2 masukan penyeleksi.
AND OR add
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 29
b
0
2
Result
Operation
a
1
CarryIn
CarryOut
This is 2 bits!
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 30
Building a 32 bit ALU
• 64 inputs
• 3 different Operations (AND,OR,add).
• 32 bit output
A0 A1 … A31 B0 B1 … B31
……
Op
R0 R1 … R31
…
Result
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 31
New 32-bit ALU
Set
a31
0
ALU0 Result0
CarryIn
a0
Result1
a1
0
Result2
a2
0
Operation
b31
b0
b1
b2
Result31
Overflow
Binvert
CarryIn
Less
CarryIn
CarryOut
ALU1
Less
CarryIn
CarryOut
ALU2
Less
CarryIn
CarryOut
ALU31
Less
CarryIn
• Masukan 0 ke Less
seluruhnya tetapi
LS.
• Hasil penambahan
pd MS ALU akan
dikembalikan ke
Less dr LS ALU
06/09/13 12:58 32Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN
06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 33
UNTUK LEBIH MEMAHAMI, ULANG MATERI
INI DENGAN CARA MENGGUNAKAN SOAL
YANG ADA PADA BUKU REFERENSI.
TERIMA KASIH

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Ok 6 alu

  • 1. WISNU HENDRO MARTONO,M.Sc 06/09/13 12:58 1Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN
  • 2. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 2
  • 3.  Sum output  Logic equation:  Circuit: 06/09/13 12:58 3Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN
  • 4. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 4 • Carry output • Logic equation: • Circuit:
  • 5. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 5 1 Bit Adder adder A B Carry In Sum Carry Out A B Carry In Carry Out Sum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
  • 6. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 6 4 Bit Ripple Carry Adder adder A0 C0 S0 B0 adder A1 S1 B1 adder A2 S2 B2 adder A3 S3 B3 C1C2C3 A3A2A1A0 + B3B2B1B0 S3S2S1S0 C3 C2 C1 C0
  • 7. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 7 4 Bit Ripple Carry Adder adder A0 C0 S0 B0 adder A1 S1 B1 adder A2 S2 B2 adder A3 S3 B3 C1C2C3 A3A2A1A0 + B3B2B1B0 S3S2S1S0 C3 C2 C1 C0
  • 8. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 8 4 Bit Ripple Carry Adder adder 0adderadderadder 1100 0100 0011 + 0010 1 adder 0 1 0 0 adder 1 0 1 1 adder 0 1 0 0 adder 0 0
  • 9. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 9 Pengurangan • Menghitung A-B  A + (-B-1) + 1 • -B-1 seluruh bit di Inversi. • Menambah +1 dg menetapkan C0 dg 1
  • 10. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 10 Subtraction adder 1adderadderadder 1010 0101 - 0011 0 adder 1 0 1 adder 0 1 0 adder 1 0 0 adder 1 0 0011 B inverted
  • 11. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 11 Bilangan Kompliment Dua • Tidak ada yg berbeda! – Merupakan keuntungan menggunakan representasi kompliment dua. • Overflow: – Utk Penambahan: sign pada hasil berbeda dg sign dari operands (walaupun sama2 mempunyai sign).
  • 12. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 12 -3 + 7 adder 0adderadderadder 1011 1110 1101 + 0111 0 adder 1 0 1 0 adder 1 0 1 1 adder 1 1 1 0 adder 1 0
  • 13. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 13 -3 + -7 adder 0adderadderadder 1011 1001 1101 + 1001 0 adder 0 0 1 1 adder 1 1 0 1 adder 0 1 0 0 adder 1 0 Overflow!
  • 14. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 14 Ripple Carry Timing • Semua adder sebenarnya beroperasi berdasar waktu (dirancang menggunakan rangkaian combinational). • Menunggu cukup lama (hingga carry terakhir dihitung) dan perhatikan pada jawaban terakhir. • Sepertinya terjadi adanya kesalahan pada nilai sementaranya!
  • 15. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 15 Carry Look-ahead • Menghitung bit carry segera. • Tidak memungkinkan utk adder yg besar (32 bit), tetapi realistis utk 4 bit adder.
  • 16. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 16 4 Bit Carry Look-ahead adderadderadderadder 0011 + 0010 Carry Generator 1100 1100 0100 0100 0 1 adder 0 1 0 0 adder 1 1 1 adder 0 1 0 0 adder 0 0 Carry Generator 0 0
  • 17. Decoders: n input, 2n output. Masukan digunakan utk memilih Luaran mana yg akan dihidupkan. Setiap saat hanya satu Luaran yg akan hidup/on. Multiplexors: 2n input, n selection bit, 1 output. Bit yg terpilih menentukan Masukan mana yg akan menjadi Luaran. 06/09/13 12:58 17Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN
  • 18. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 18 2 input Decoder Decoder I0 I1 O0 O2 O1 O3 Perlakukan I0I1 as a 2 bit integer i. The ith output will be turned on (Oi=1), all the others off. I0 I1 O0 O1 O2 O3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Decoder Truth Table
  • 19. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 19 Decoder Boolean Expressions 103 102 101 100 IIO IIO IIO IIO •= •= •= •= Decoder Implementation I1I0 O0 O1 O2 O3
  • 20. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 20 2 Input Multiplexor Inputs: I0 and I1 Selector: S Output: O If S is a 0: O=I0 If S is a 1: O=I1 Mux I0 I1 O S
  • 21. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 21 2-Mux Truth Table S O 0 I0 1 I1 Abbreviated Truth Table S I0 I1 O0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
  • 22. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 22 Unit Logika Arithmatik • Peralatan yg membentuk tindakan operasi arithmatik dan operasi logika. – arithmetic ops: addition, subtraction – logic operations: AND, OR • Utk MIPS diperlukan 32 bit ALU – Yg mampu menambahkan besaran hingga 32 bit dll.
  • 23. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 23 Bentuk ALU 32 bit operand 32 bit operand 32 bit result Control (operation selection)
  • 24. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 24 Mesin kap.1 bit AND/OR • Merancang peralatan hitung dlm satu box menggunakan AND atau OR. • Digunakan control input utk menentukan bentuk operasi apa dihasilkan. – Nama control “Op”. • if Op==0 do an AND • if Op==1 do an OR
  • 25. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 25 Truth Table For 1-bit AND/OR Op A B Result 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 A B Op Result Op=0: Result is A•B Op=1: Result is A+B
  • 26. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 26 Logic utk 1-Bit AND/OR • Dapat diturunkan dari SOP atau POS dan membangun rangkaian Logika dan yg berhubungan. • Dapat juga dilakukan seperti: – Masukan A dan B ke rangkaian OR gate. – Masukan A dan B ke rangkaian AND gate. – Menggunakan 2-input MUX utk menjemput salah satu utk digunakan. • Op menseleksi masukan ke MUX.
  • 27. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 27 Logic Design utk 1-Bit AND/OR Mux Result A B Op
  • 28. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 28 1 Bit ALU • Gabungan AND/OR dengan Adder. • Harus menggunakan 4-input MUX dengan 2 masukan penyeleksi. AND OR add
  • 29. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 29 b 0 2 Result Operation a 1 CarryIn CarryOut This is 2 bits!
  • 30. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 30 Building a 32 bit ALU • 64 inputs • 3 different Operations (AND,OR,add). • 32 bit output A0 A1 … A31 B0 B1 … B31 …… Op R0 R1 … R31 … Result
  • 31. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 31 New 32-bit ALU Set a31 0 ALU0 Result0 CarryIn a0 Result1 a1 0 Result2 a2 0 Operation b31 b0 b1 b2 Result31 Overflow Binvert CarryIn Less CarryIn CarryOut ALU1 Less CarryIn CarryOut ALU2 Less CarryIn CarryOut ALU31 Less CarryIn • Masukan 0 ke Less seluruhnya tetapi LS. • Hasil penambahan pd MS ALU akan dikembalikan ke Less dr LS ALU
  • 32. 06/09/13 12:58 32Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN
  • 33. 06/09/13 12:58Organisasi Komputer by TIM DOSEN STT PLN 33 UNTUK LEBIH MEMAHAMI, ULANG MATERI INI DENGAN CARA MENGGUNAKAN SOAL YANG ADA PADA BUKU REFERENSI. TERIMA KASIH