The document summarizes key details about dinoflagellates:
- Dinoflagellates are unicellular plankton that are 90% marine, with some freshwater and symbiotic species. About half are photosynthetic.
- They reproduce primarily asexually through mitosis, though some reproduce sexually. Their cell coverings can be armored or unarmored.
- Some species produce bioluminescence or toxins that can harm humans and fish. Dinoflagellate blooms can discolor water.
- Dinoflagellate cysts are found in sedimentary rocks from the Triassic period to present.
2. ⢠Dinozoa or Pyrrophytes
⢠90% are marine plankton
⢠½ photosynthetic
⢠Unicellular or in aggregations
⢠symbiotic partners to sponges, corals, jellyfish
and flatworms
⢠primarily asexual, and reproduce by mitosis,
only a few species have been found to
reproduce sexually
3. ⢠Cell covering is
called Amphiesma
that often forms
plates
⢠Made up mainly of
cellulose
⢠Grouped into two:
⢠Armored/thecate
⢠Unarmored/athecate
7. ⢠Commonly in
reddish â blood red
â deep red in color
⢠Different species
gives different water
color
⢠Can discolor water
when in bloom
8. ⢠Very diverse in size
⢠Some have rigid
walls others have
none
⢠Two types of
dinoflagellates
based on
presence/absence
of armor: armored
and naked
9.
10.
11. ⢠Some species of
dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax,
Pyrodinium, Pyrocystis,
Noctiluca) are luminescent
⢠They emit flashes of light in
response to mechanical
disturbance of the water.
The light is produced by an
enzymatic reaction
12.
13. ⢠Most of them are found in oceans (very
few are freshwater).
⢠Planktonic, few are benthic and some
enter into symbiotic relationships.
⢠Autotrophic-Heterotrophic forms. Parasites
of invertebrates and fishes.
14. ⢠Late summer, upwelling
causes a burst of
dinoflagellates (up to 20
million/liter),
⢠Humans are influenced by
contracting CIGUATERA and
then PSP or paralytic shellfish
poisoning
⢠Saxitoxin â 100,000 times
more potent then cocaine
⢠Gessnerium monilatum is the
most common PSP producer
in the N. Atlantic
16. Triassic to Pleistocene dinoflagellate
zonations are correlated with:
1. Cretaceous to Tertiary planktonic
foraminiferal and calcareous nanofossil
zones
2. Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonite
zones
3. An absolute time scale and sequence
stratigraphy.
17. ⢠Dinoflagellate cysts
were first found in
late Triassic rocks
⢠Diverse and
abundant cysts
increase in Md.
Jurassic
⢠Cysts still occur in
present marine
sedimentary rocks
and some non-
marine strata
â˘
Stephanelytron
redcliffense a Late
Jurassic dinoflagellate
cyst
Late Jurassic cyst
Systematophora
penicillata
18. ⢠This unique species of
recent dinoflagellate is
a âFish Killerâ
⢠It produces a toxin
which attacks the
surface of fish
⢠Once the toxin attacks
the surface of the fish,
P. piscicida feeds on
the disaggregated and
decomposing fish
carcass