1. Chapter 7

2. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Disregard Page 208:
-decide to investigate case base don solvability factors:
-witnesses
-suspects known
 All crimes are to be investigated!!!!
-cold cases

3. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Scene:
Show up ID:
-time is essential
-witness/victim to suspect
-spotlight in in face
US v. Ash, Jr (1973):
-no right to counsel at field ID
Miranda required before questioning

4. Identifying/arresting suepcts
 Developing a suspect:
-wits/vics/others
-physical evidence
-psychological profiling
-police files
-other files
-informants

5. Identifying/arresting suepcts
 Vics and Wits:
-page 211 Table 7.1
-eyewitness ID is fallible
 Mug shots:
-time consuming
-if in data base
-Integrated Law Enforcement Face Identification System (ILEFS)
-3-d system
-matches images from surveillance/photos

6. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Composite sketches:
-trained artist
-adequate info from witness
-generate leads

7. Identifying/arresting suspects
 MO
-series of crimes
-check your crime against others under investigation/solved
 Profiling:
f. psychological/criminal
-suspect mental, emotional, psychological, physical traits
h. victim
-based on victim
j. Geographical
-areas of crimes

8. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Racial profiling:
-not legitimate in policing
 Databases:
-AFIS
-NIBIN
-CODIS
-PDQ

9. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Photo array:
-how many photos?
-wits look at each
-initial/date on front
-sign/date back
-conditions when suspect seen

10. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Line ups:
-minimum of five
-similar looking/dressed
-perform acts
-speak same words
-suspects attorney present
Wits:
-take time
-look at all
-not need to make ID
-be sure
-where saw suspect

11. Identifying/arresting suspects
Schmerber v. CA (1966):
-suspects refuse to line up
-can be used in court against them
US v. Wade (1967):
-advise suspect of right to counsel
-prior to lineup

12. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Surveillance:
-covert/discrete
-observation
-people/places
What can be gained from surveillance?

13. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Surveillant:
-cover
-blend in
-what ways you think?
 Subject:
-whom/what being observed
-suspects/associates
-locations (types?)

14. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Types of surveillance:
3. Stationary:
-fixed, plant, stakeout
-suspect at/will come to location
-crime will be committed
-vehicles/buildings
-photographs
-scout area prior

15. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Moving: (tail)
-info on suspect
c. open/rough tail:
-subject knows under surveillance
e. Loose tail:
-undetected
-constant observation
h. Close/tight tail:
-know crime to be committed

16. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Surveillance:
-aerial
-video
-audio (wiretaps)
Knapp v US (1967)
Phone booth taps need warrants

17. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Undercover assignments:
-gain confidence
-infiltrate group
-assumed ID
-obtain information/evidence
-criminal activity

18. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Purposes:
-evidence
-leads
-reliability of wits/CI
-gain info before raid

19. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Cover:
c. Ruses:
-deception-ID/purpose
-short term
g. Deep:
-assume role
-complete immersion

20. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Deep:
-credible aliases
-carry weapon
-avoid draw of the street
-remember who you are (Donny Brasco)

21. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Precautions:
-no notes
-no ID
-HQ communications covert
-Don’t suggest/plan/initiate/participate in crimes

22. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Entrapment:
Sorrells v. US:
-conception/planning
-offense by officer
-procurement of commission
-by another
-who would not have perpetrated
-trickery/fraud/persuasion of the officer

23. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Sting operations:
-opportunity to commit created/exploited by police
-targeted likely offender
-UC officer/deception
-”gotcha” climax with arrest

24. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Raids:
-planned, organized
-operation
-element of surprise
6. Seize evidence
7. Make arrest
Considerations:
-alternatives?
-legality

25. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Legal arrests: 4th amendment
-arrest?
-misdemeanor in presence
-felonies w/PC
-warrant
 Outdoors arrest:
-no access residence/vehicle
-maintain control
-suspect request access to residence for items implied consent for
entry/plain view

26. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Civil liability:
b. PC!
c. Use of force
-reasonable force-amount reasonable person would use
-excessive force-more than reasonable force
Graham v. Connor (1989):
-severity of crime
-immediate threat?
-circumstances rapidly evolving
-flight?
-actively resisting arrest
-perspective of reasonable office on scene-not hindsight

27. Identifying/arresting suspects
 Use of force continuums:
-commands
-tasers
-physical
-chemical agents
-impact tools
-deadly force
Tennessee v. Garner (1985):
-immediate threat to PO/others

28. Identifying/arresting suspects
 21 foot rule?
-suspect w/knife
 Gun side away
-practice=habit
 PIT:
Scott v. Harris (2007): deadly force
-weighed intrusion against public interest
-suspect was culpable
-4th amendment pursuits not terminate due to public danger