Chapter 3 The New GeneticsAlma Villanueva, MACalifornia S.docx

Chapter 3:
The New Genetics
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University, Los Angeles
Overview
Genetic Code
The Beginning of Life
Male & Female
Twins
Genotype & Phenotype
Disorders
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Code
Cells
Basic unit of life
Trillions!
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread– like structures made up of DNA & protein
23 pairs
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
2 strands twisted in a double helix
Chemical composition of molecules that contain the genes

Contains all of the information required to build/maintain the
cell
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Genes
Small section of the chromosome
18,000 – 23,000 genes
Each gene provides a unique recipe to make a protein
4 bases
Code for your traits
A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G – guanine
Only 4 possible pairs
A-T; T-A; C-G; G-C
http://mybrainnotes.com/brain-dna-behavior.html
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Allele

A variation of a gene
Example: the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles);
an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes
Everyone inherits alleles from sperm & ovum
Genetic diversity
Distinguishes each person
Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of the
environment
Genome
Full set of genes with instructions to make a living organism
Genomes exist for each species
Video about Genes
5
The Beginning of Life
Two Parents, Millions of Gametes
Gamete
Reproductive cell
Sperm or Ovum
Each contains 23 pairs
Zygote
Cell formed with union of Sperm & Ovum
Produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each
parent
Conception
http://predictingbabygender.info/tag/intercourse-timing/

Matching genes
Genotype
Organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Homozygous (same zygote)
Two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter
of their code
Heterozygous
Two genes of one pair that differ in some way
Usually not an issue
Male of Female?
Humans usually possess
46 chromosomes
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
SEX chromosome = 23rd pair
Female – XX
Male – XY
Mother’s contain X
Father’s may have X or Y
X chrom. Is larger & more genes
Y contain SRY,
making male hormones & organs
It's a girl!
Uncertain Sex

“ambiguous genitals,” = child's sex is not abundantly clear
a quick analysis of the chromosomes is needed, to make sure
there are exactly 46 and to see whether the 23rd pair is XY or
XX
shown here a baby boy (left) and girl (right).
Too Many Boys?
Is sex selection the parents’ right or a social wrong?
Preference for boys in many areas of world
Ways to prevent female birth
Inactivating X sperm before conception
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Aborting XX fetuses
My Strength, My Daughter
slogan these girls in New Delhi are shouting at a demonstration
against abortion of female fetuses in India
The current sex ratio of children in India suggests that this
campaign has not convinced every couple.
New Cells
Within hours of conception
23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicate,
forming two complete sets of the genome
Two sets move toward opposite sides of the zygote
the single cell splits neatly down the middle into two cells
By birth = 10 trillion cells

By Adulthood = 37 trillion cells
Stem Cells
Stem Cells
Results from early duplication and division
Are able to produce any other cell
Differentiation
Cells specialize
Placenta- organ that sustains the dev. Person through pregnancy
Sample of the placenta blood can be checked for
genetic/chromosomal disorders
Research
Replicate & try to produce genes to fight diseases and other
medical intervention
May cause havoc, causing cancer or death
Ethical issues
www.scientificamerican.com
Twins
MONOZYGOTIC TWINS
(Identical Twins)
1 in 250 conceptions
Originate from one Zygote that splits apart very early in
development
Incomplete split results in conjoined twins
same genetic instructions but slight variations in phenotype are

possible due to environmental influences
About 1 in 3 twins are monozygotic
Twins
DIZYGOTIC TWINS
(Fraternal Twins)
Formed with 2 separate ova & 2 separate sperm
occurs twice as often as monozygotic twins
Share half of genes, like full siblings
Can look different or very alike
-ovulate
Is it possible for fraternal twins to have different fathers?
Multiples.about.com
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART)
techniques designed to help infertile couples conceive
and sustain a pregnancy
About 12% of U.S. couples cannot conceive
Infertility
Failure to conceive a child after a year of trying
Subfertile
Less fertile than ideal; not sterile
Woman may take drugs to cause ovulation
Donated sperm
Donor ova & wombs
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Involves mixing sperm w/surgically
removed ova from the woman’s ovary and implanting zygote

into a woman’s uterus
Less than 50% success
Slight increase of birth defects/later illnesses
Male/Female Differences
One-third of all fertility problems originate in woman; another
third from man; final third from unknown causes.
Fertility decreases with age; faster decline for women
From Genotype to Phenotype
Genotype instigates body/brain formation
Phenotype is influenced since conception
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of an organism, including
appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits
Most traits are
Polygenic
Influenced by many genes
Multifactorial
Influenced by many factors
Genes & environment
A child may have genes for musical genius, but potential is not
realized & environment doesn’t support it

Epigenetics
Do genes determine everything?
Research changed perspective
Epigenetic
Epigenetics- the study of exactly how genes change in form and
expression
Schizophrenia- no single gene, traits arise from a combination
of genes
Gene expression depends on environment
Diseases can be delayed or facilitated, depending on certain
environmental influences (drug abuse, injuries, food, love, care,
etc.)
Current consensus
Genes affect every aspect of behavior
Most environment influences on children raised in the same
home are not shared
Genes elicit responses that shape development
Lifelong, people choose friends and environments that
encourage their genetic predispositions

Genotype and Phenotype
Alcoholism
Genes create addictive pull
Alcoholism is polygenic and culture is pivotal
Risk
Biological sex
Gender
Contexts
Ethnicity
Nature and nurture must combine to create an alcoholic
Human Genome Project
International effort project to map the complete human genetic
code
Officially completed in 2001, but still ongoing
(Started in the 1980s)
Many of our genes are common with other species
Crucial difference is brain size (proportion)
Dominant vs. Recessive
Alleles interact in a Dominant – Recessive pattern
One allele is dominant
One allele is recessive
Dominant = more influential & controls the gene

Ex. Dominant brown eye gene and recessive blue eye gene can
result in hazel eyes
Carrier
Person with a gene that is not expressed (recessive gene)
Dominant - Recessive
Eye Color
Recessive genes
Most recessive genes are NOT harmful
However, some can be
Color blindness, allergies, diseases, learning disabilities
Especially if that recessive gene is located on the X-gene
X-Linked (mother)
Male = XY; Female = XX
Sons have more of a chance to express the recessive gene in
their phenotype
20x more boys are color-blind than girls
Chromosomal & Genetic Problems
More or Fewer than 46 chromosomes
Women’s age

5 to 10% conceptions
1% of born
Abortion, miscarriage
Stillborn, or die within first few days
Chromosomal and Genetic Problems
Down syndrome
Called trisomy-21 because the person has three copies of
chromosome 21
Distinct characteristics (facial shape, hearing problems, muscle
weakness, intellectual dev.)
Fragile X syndrome
Caused by more than 200 repetitions of one triplet on one gene
Most common form of inherited form of inherited mental
retardation
Sickle-cell trait
Offers some protection against malaria
African carriers are more likely than non-carriers to survive
Cystic fibrosis
More common among people with northern European ancestors
Carriers may have been protected against cholera
Genetic Counseling
Consultation & Testing
Recommended for the following:
Family genetic conditions

Previous stillbirths or abortions
Infertile couples
Couples of same ethnic group, esp. relatives
Women over 35 & men over 40
Controversial
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National
Drug Threat
Assessment
Summary
DEA-DCT-DIR-002-15
2014
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2014 National Drug Threat Assessment Summary
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Drug Enforcement Administration
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This product was prepared by the DEA’s Strategic Intelligence
Section. Comments and
questions may be addressed to the Chief, Analysis and
Production Section,
at [email protected]
November 2014
DEA-DCT-DIR-002-15
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From the
Administrator..........................................................................
................................................................iii
Scope and
Methodology...........................................................................
.............................................................1
Overview................................................................................
.......................................................................................1
Controlled Prescription
Drugs......................................................................................
.........................................3
Heroin....................................................................................
........................................................................................9
Methamphetamine....................................................................
............................................................................19
Cocaine...................................................................................
....................................................................................23
Marijuana................................................................................
...................................................................................25
Synthetic Designer
Drugs......................................................................................
...............................................31
Outlook...................................................................................
....................................................................................37

Appendix A:
Maps.......................................................................................
...........................................................39
Appendix B:
Tables.....................................................................................
...........................................................45
Appendix C: Glossary of
Acronyms................................................................................
.................................51
Table of Contents
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Respectfully,
Michele M. Leonhart
Administrator
Drug Enforcement Administration
From the Administrator
I am pleased to present the 2014 National Drug Threat
Assessment Summary, a strategic assessment of the threats
posed to our communities by transnational criminal
organizations and the illicit drugs they distribute throughout the
United States. This annual assessment provides policymakers,
law
enforcement personnel, and prevention and treatment specialists
with relevant strategic drug intelligence to assist in formulating
counterdrug policies, establishing law enforcement priorities,
and
allocating resources.
The Drug Enforcement Administration produces the National
Drug Threat Assessment in partnership with local, state, tribal,
and federal agencies. To accurately depict a national-level
perspective of the drug issues facing the United States, the
report integrates the most recently available reporting from law
enforcement and intelligence agencies with the most current
data from public health agencies regarding national substance
abuse indicators. This report also draws on information from
more than 1,200 local, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement
partners who provided input for the assessment.
During the past year, the counterdrug community celebrated

a number of achievements, including the arrest of Joaquin “El
Chapo” Guzman, one of the leaders of the Sinaloa Cartel. These
successes signify major progress in our shared fight against
transnational organized crime, violence, and drug trafficking.
Despite these accomplishments, we still have significant
areas of concern within our country, including the threats
from prescription drug abuse, increased heroin overdoses,
marijuana legalization, and the continued dominance of
Mexican
transnational criminal organizations in the US illicit drug
market.
My thanks to all participating agencies and organizations for
your contributions to this vital report. Your views and opinions
continue to be important and help us to best meet the needs
of the law enforcement, intelligence, prevention, and treatment
provider communities, as well as shape drug policies. I look
forward to collaborating on future initiatives that will protect
our
national security interests abroad and at home.
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Scope and Methodology
The 2014 National Drug Threat Assessment
(NDTA) Summary addresses emerging
developments related to the trafficking and
use of primary illicit substances of abuse and
the nonmedical use of controlled prescription
drugs (CPDs). In the preparation of this
report, DEA considered quantitative data
from various sources (seizures, investigations,
arrests, drug purity or potency, and drug
prices; law enforcement surveys; laboratory
analyses; and interagency production
and cultivation estimates) and qualitative
information (subjective views of individual
agencies on drug availability, information on
the involvement of organized criminal groups,
information on smuggling and transportation
trends, and indicators of changes in smuggling
and transportation methods).
The 2014 NDTA Summary uses information
provided by 1,226 state and local law
enforcement agencies through the 2014
National Drug Threat Survey (NDTS). At a
95 percent confidence level, the 2014 NDTS
results are within 2.59 percentage points of
the estimates reported. NDTS data used in this

report do not imply that there is only one drug
threat per state or region or that only one drug
is available per state or region. A percentage
given for a state or region represents the
proportion of state and local law enforcement
agencies in that state or region that identified
a particular drug as their greatest threat or as
available at low, moderate, or high levels.
Overview
The threat from CPD abuse is persistent and
deaths involving CPDs outnumber those
involving heroin and cocaine combined.
The economic cost of nonmedical use of
prescription opioids alone in the United
States totals more than $53 billion annually.
Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs),
street gangs, and other criminal groups,
seeing the enormous profit potential in CPD
diversion, have become increasingly involved
in transporting and distributing CPDs. The
number of drug overdose deaths, particularly
from CPDs, has grown exponentially in the
past decade and has surpassed motor vehicle
crashes as the leading cause of injury death in
the United States. Rogue pain management
clinics (commonly referred to as pill mills)
also contribute to the extensive availability of
illicit pharmaceuticals in the United States. To
combat pill mills and stem the flow of illicit
substances, many states are establishing new
pill mill legislation and prescription drug
monitoring programs (PDMPs).

Heroin abuse and availability are increasing,
particularly in the eastern United States. There
was a 37 percent increase in heroin initiates
between 2008 and 2012. Increased demand
for heroin is largely being driven by a subset
of CPD abusers switching to heroin because
heroin is more available and less expensive.
Further, some OxyContin® abusers switched
to heroin after the reformulation of that drug
made it more difficult to abuse.
Many cities and counties across the United
States, particularly in the Northeast and
Midwest, are reporting increasing heroin
overdose deaths. Some areas are also
reporting overdoses due to heroin tainted
with fentanyl or fentanyl being sold as heroin.
Fentanyl is much stronger than heroin and can
cause even experienced abusers to overdose.
Several drug data sources indicate that
methamphetamine availability is increasing
in the United States; however, drug
demand indicators are less certain. High
methamphetamine availability is directly
related to high levels of methamphetamine
production in Mexico; domestic production
remains low in comparison. The number
of methamphetamine laboratories seized
in Mexico has increased significantly since
2008, and methamphetamine seizures at the
Overview
Scope and Methodology

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Southwest Border increased more than three-
fold over the past five years. Mexico-produced
methamphetamine has extremely high purity
and potency levels. In 2012, purity levels1
averaged close to 90 percent, while prices
remained low and stable.
Cocaine availability rebounded slightly in
2013 compared to 2012. However, it remains
stable at historically low levels throughout
most domestic markets along the East Coast.
These lower levels constitute a new normal
in comparison to pre-2007 levels when US
markets had high levels of cocaine availability
with low prices and high purity. Since 2007
cocaine availability levels in the United States
have fluctuated slightly but continued at
consistently lower levels than prior to 2007.
Marijuana is the most commonly abused drug
in the United States. High availability levels are
due to large-scale marijuana importation from
Mexico, as well as increasing domestic indoor
grows and an increase of marijuana cultivated
in states that have legalized marijuana or
passed state-approved “medical marijuana”2
initiatives. More people use marijuana than
all other illicit drugs combined, and there has
been an increase in the medical consequences

associated with marijuana abuse nationwide.
There was a 62 percent increase in marijuana-
related emergency department visits between
2004 and 2011. Marijuana-related visits were
second only to cocaine in 2011, and nearly
matched the number of cocaine-related
emergency department visits.
The abuse of marijuana concentrates
(“wax,” “butane honey oil,” etc.) is increasing
throughout the United States. These
concentrates can be abused using e-cigarettes
or consumed in edibles, and have significantly
higher tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels than
leaf marijuana. In 2013, the THC content of
leaf marijuana averaged 12.55 percent, while
the THC content of marijuana concentrates
averaged 52 percent, with some samples
testing over 80 percent. Highly flammable
butane gas is used to extract the THC from the
marijuana leaf, and has resulted in explosions,
injuries, and deaths.
The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids (“K2,”
“Spice,” “Herbal Incense”) and synthetic
cathinones (“bath salts”) remain a concern, as
these drugs are still available in convenience
stores, head shops, gas stations, and online.
Additionally, synthetic designer drugs being
sold as “Molly” have become increasingly
available and are sold as a substitute for
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
1 Purity refers to the ratio of a drug to the additives,
adulterants, and/or contaminates it contains. Potency is the

ability for the drug to produce euphoria or a “high”.
2 When the term “medical marijuana” is used in this publication
it is exclusively in reference to state-approved “medical
marijuana”. Marijuana is a Schedule I substance under the
Controlled Substance Act with no accepted medical use in
the United States.
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Controlled Prescription Drugs (CPDs)
The threat from CPD abuse is persistent. The
annual economic cost of nonmedical use
of prescription opioids in the United States
was estimated at more than $53 billion in
2011, the most recent data available; lost
productivity and crime account for most (94%)
of these costs. Nationally, 21.5 percent of law
enforcement agencies responding to the 2014
NDTS reported CPDs as the greatest drug
threat, up from 9.8 percent in 2009. (See Table
B1 in Appendix B.) Additionally, 90.6 percent of
law enforcement agencies surveyed indicated
that CPD availability ranges from moderate to
high.
Opioid analgesics, or pain relievers, are the
most common type of CPD abused. The
most common opioid CPDs are oxycodone
(OxyContin®, Roxicodone®, Percocet®),

hydrocodone (Vicodin®, Lorcet®, Lortab®),
oxymorphone (Opana®), and hydromorphone
(Dilaudid®). According to the National Seizure
System (NSS), nearly 1.2 million dosage units
of oxycodone were seized by law enforcement
in 2013, up 535 percent from 2012. (See Table
B2 in Appendix B.) Further, there was a 100
percent increase in hydrocodone seizures from
2012 (41,668 dosage units) to 2013 (83,448
dosage units). Law enforcement officers seized
1,363 dosage units of hydromorphone in 2013,
down from 1,570 in 2012.
Demand and treatment data indicate the
abuse of CPDs is a continuing and significant
problem. According to the National Survey
on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), while the
number of people reporting current non-
medical use has increased, the statistical rate
of current users has remained relatively steady
over the past several years.
• NSDUH data indicate that in 2012,
6.8 million people aged 12 or older
were current nonmedical users of
psychotherapeutic drugs, 11.5 percent
higher than the number of users (6.1
million) reported for 2011 (See Chart
1.) These 6.8 million users included 4.9
million users of pain relievers, 2.1 million
users of tranquilizers, 1.2 million users of
stimulants, and 270,000 users of
sedatives.3 The number of persons 12
and older who were current nonmedical
users of pain relievers in 2012 (4.9 million)

was statistically similar to the numbers
over the last 10 years.
• CPDs are increasingly the first drug
abused by initiates of illicit drug abuse.
In 2012, an estimated 2.9 million persons
aged 12 or older used an illicit drug for the
first time within the past 12 months. More
than 1 in 4 initiated with nonmedical use
of prescription drugs (26.0 %, including
17.0 % with pain relievers, 4.1 % with
tranquilizers, 3.6 % with stimulants, and
1.3 % with sedatives). (See Chart 2.) This
is second only to marijuana as the first
drug used by most abusers.
• According to the Drug Abuse Warning
Network (DAWN), the estimated number
of emergency department (ED) visits
for nonmedical use of pharmaceuticals
involving prescription opiates/opioids
increased 81 percent—94,448 to
170,939—between 2007 and 2011. The
number of ED visits in Minneapolis/St.
Paul/Bloomington and Phoenix showed
the greatest increase during that same
time period with 115.9 percent and 108.4
percent increases, respectively. (See Table
B3 in Appendix B.)
Controlled Prescription
Drugs (CPDs)
3 Numbers do not add up to 6.8 million because some survey
respondents likely admitted to using more than one type of
psychotherapeutic drug.

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Chart 1. Past Month Nonmedical Use of Types of
Psychotherapeutic Drugs
Among Persons Aged 12 or Older
2007 - 2012
(in Percent)
* Difference between this estimate and the 2012 estimate is
statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2012
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• Treatment data further reflect the
magnitude of the opioid abuse problem
in the United States. Treatment Episode
Data Set (TEDS) reporting indicates the
number of other (non-heroin) opiate-
related treatment admissions to publicly-
funded facilities increased 89 percent
from 2007 (98,909) to 2011 (186,986),
the latest year for which national-

level data is available. (See Table B4 in
Appendix B.) Further, the number of
treatment admissions for other opiates
in 2011 was greater than the number
of admissions for cocaine (143,827) and
for amphetamines (110,471). According
to TEDS, of the total number of abusers
admitted to publicly-funded facilities for
opiate-related treatment, over 60 percent
reported their frequency of use as daily.
Additionally, the number of admissions
for benzodiazepines has continually risen
since 2006 from 9,265 to 17,460 in 2011.
The number of drug overdose deaths,
particularly from CPDs, has grown
exponentially in the past decade and has
surpassed motor vehicle (MV) crashes as the
leading cause of injury death in the United
States. The number of drug poisoning deaths
now exceeds the number of deaths caused by
MV crashes in 29 states and Washington, DC.
• The National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS) indicated that mortality data from
2009 suggested a large decline in MV
crash deaths and a continued increase in
prescription drug overdoses, leading to
the conclusion that drug poisoning alone
now causes more deaths than MV crashes
in the United States.
• The NCHS further reported that nearly 90
percent of poisoning deaths were due to
drugs and that drug poisoning mortality
was due primarily to prescription drugs,

especially opioid painkillers.
Chart 2. First Specific Drug Associated with Initiation of Illicit
Drug Use
Among Past Year Illicit Drug Initiates Aged 12 or Older
2012
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2012
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• In 2010, West Virginia, a state with a
significant CPD abuse problem, had the
highest rate of drug overdose deaths (28.9
per 100,000 people). This is significantly
higher than the rate in 1999 when it was
4.1 per 100,000 people in the state.
• In 1999, no state had a drug overdose
death rate above 15.0 per every 100,000
residents. In 2010, four states had rates
over 20 per 100,000 residents, and 15
states had rates of 15 or higher per
100,000.
CPD abuse also contributes to increased
thoughts of suicide in the United States.
• A recent National Institute on Drug Abuse
(NIDA)-supported study indicated that

individuals who use prescription opiates
other than as ordered by a doctor are
more likely to consider suicide than those
who use these medications appropriately
or not at all. Both persistent users (those
who initiated use more than two years
ago with continued use in the past year)
and former users (those who initiated
use more than two years ago, with no
use in the past year) reported suicidal
thoughts at significantly higher rates than
individuals who had never used a non-
prescribed opioid medication.4 (See Chart
3.)
State Legislation Aimed at
Combatting Pill Mills
Rogue pain management clinics (commonly
referred to as “pill mills”) contribute to the
extensive availability of illicit pharmaceuticals
in the United States. Pill mill operations are
primarily cash-based businesses and are run
by operators who often don’t see patients or
perform any type of physical exam. It is not
uncommon to see lines of people waiting to
get into these pill mills.
Many states are establishing new legislation in
an effort to combat pill mills and stem the flow
of prescription drugs to abusers. Currently,
44 states and Washington, DC require that a
4 Individuals who reported past-year symptoms consistent
with a diagnosis of opioid dependence were more than

twice as likely as never-users to say that they had considered
self-destruction. The number of individuals who converted
suicidal thoughts into suicide attempts ranged from 7 to 19
percent, with no significant differences between groups.
Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Science of Drug
Abuse & Addiction
Chart 3. Percentage of Respondents Who Had Suicidal
Thoughts
During the Past 12 Months
* p<0.05
** p<0.01
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Never Users Former Users** Persistent
Users*
Recent-Onset
Users
Past-Year Users
with
Prescription

Opioid
Disorders*
3%
7%
11%
9%
23%
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patient receive a physical exam by a healthcare
provider, be screened for signs of substance
abuse and addiction, or have a bona fide
patient-physician relationship that includes a
physical exam prior to prescribing. The state
laws differ in their definition of the conditions
in which an exam is required and the
consequences for the physician for prescribing
without a required exam (in some states it
constitutes a criminal liability). Currently,
Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, South
Dakota, and Wyoming are the only states that
do not require a healthcare provider to conduct
the exam, the screening, or have a patient-
physician relationship.

• Thirty-two states have a law requiring
or permitting a pharmacist to require
identification (ID) prior to dispensing
a controlled substance. Some of these
states require customers to present an
ID at all times when obtaining controlled
substances, but some state laws limit
the presentation of an ID to only people
unknown to the pharmacists.
• Forty-six states and Washington, DC have
a pharmacy lock-in program under the
state Medicaid plan in which individuals
suspected of misusing controlled
substances must use a single prescriber
and pharmacy.
Prescription Drug Monitoring
Programs
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs
(PDMPs) are another tool used to reduce the
amount of illicit CPDs available for abuse.
PDMPs are state-run databases used to track
the amount of CPDs prescribed and dispensed
to patients. PDMPs can be used to quickly
identify rogue subscribers, inadvertent
prescribing, and “doctor shopping.” Currently,
49 states have an active PDMP. Missouri and
Washington, DC do not have active PDMPs,
although there is pending legislation for a
PDMP in Washington, DC.
State Prescription Drug Monitoring
Programs

PDMPs vary in each state as to the type of
information collected, who is allowed access
to the data and under what circumstances, the
requirements for use and reporting, including
timeliness of data collection, the triggers
that generate reports, and the enforcement
mechanisms in place for noncompliance.
Drug Quality and Security Act
In November 2013, the Federal Drug Quality
and Security Act (HR 3204) was signed
into law. The Act establishes a system to
track prescription drugs from the time
they are manufactured until they are sold
to the consumer. The Act calls for drug
manufacturers, repackagers, wholesale
distributors, and dispensers to maintain and
to issue key information about each drug’s
distribution history. Within four years of the
law’s establishment, prescription drugs are
to be serialized in a consistent way industry-
wide. This will allow for efficient tracking in
order to respond to recalls and notices of theft
and counterfeiting.
• Only 16 states have someform of
mandatory use of PDMPs for providers.
• Of these16 states, eighthave laws that
require the PDMP to be accessed before
the initial prescribing or dispensing of a
controlled substance.
• Of these16 states, six require accessing
the PDMP in limited situations, such as for

certain prescribers or specific drugs.
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Heroin
The threat posed by heroin in the United
States is increasing in areas across the country,
especially in the Northeast and North Central
regions. According to the 2014 NDTS, 29.1
percent of respondents reported heroin
was the greatest drug threat in their area.
This was more than any other drug except
methamphetamine (31.8 percent.) (See Table
B1 in Appendix B.) The Organized Crime and
Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) regions
with the largest number of respondents
ranking heroin as the greatest drug threat
were New England, Mid-Atlantic, Great Lakes,
and New York/New Jersey. (See Map A4 in
Appendix A.)

Heroin Source Areas
Four geographic source areas (South America,
Mexico, Southwest Asia, and Southeast Asia)
produce the world’s heroin supply. Since
1977, different regions have dominated the
US market. For the past 20 years, the US retail
heroin market has been roughly divided by the
Mississippi River, with Mexican black tar and
brown powder heroin dominating west of the
Mississippi and South American white powder
heroin more common in the East. Southwest
Asia, while the dominant supplier of most of
the world’s heroin markets, represents a small
portion of the US heroin market. Southeast
Asian heroin has rarely been encountered in
US markets in recent years. In 2012, heroin
from South America accounted for 51 percent
(by weight) of the heroin analyzed through
the DEA Heroin Signature Program. Heroin
from Mexico accounted for 45 percent and
Southwest Asia accounted for four percent.
(See Chart 4.)
South American, Southeast Asian, and
Southwest Asian heroin are white, off-white, or
tan powders, and are usually found in Eastern
US markets where white powder heroin is
Heroin
Chart 4. Source of Origin for US Wholesale-level Heroin
Seizures
1977 - 2012

Source: Heroin Signature Program
10 Unclassified
Unclassified
preferred. Mexican heroin traditionally is sold
in brown powder and black tar forms, and is
usually found in Western US markets.
Increasing Availability
Reporting from federal, state, and local law
enforcement agencies indicates heroin
availability is increasing throughout the nation.
According to the 2014 NDTS, 61.7 percent of
respondents said heroin availability was high
or moderate in their areas. In addition, 54.7
percent of respondents reported that heroin
availability was increasing and 53.8 percent
said that heroin demand was increasing.
Seizure data also indicate a substantial increase
in heroin availability in the United States.
According to NSS data, heroin seizures in the
United States increased 87 percent over five
years, from 2,540 kilograms in 2009 to 4,761
kilograms in 2013. (See Chart 5.) Traffickers
are also transporting heroin in larger amounts.
The average size of a heroin seizure in 2009
was 0.86 kilograms; in 2013, the average heroin
seizure was 1.56 kilograms.

Seizures at the Southwest Border are also rising
as Mexican TCOs increase heroin production
and transportation. Heroin seizures at the
border more than doubled over five years, from
2009 (846 kilograms) to 2013 (2,196 kilograms).
(See Chart 6.) During that time, the average
seizure size increased from 2.9 kilograms to 3.8
kilograms and the number of seizure incidents
increased from 295 incidents to 580 incidents.
Abusers Switching from CPDs to
Heroin
Increased demand for and abuse of heroin
is largely being driven by a subset of CPD
abusers switching to heroin. Treatment and
law enforcement officials across the nation
report increases in heroin abuse due to people
switching from CPDs. A recent NSDUH study
found that heroin abuse was 19 times higher
among those who had previously abused
pain reliever CPDs. The study also found that
four out of five recent heroin initiates had
previously abused pain reliever CPDs. While
the number of CPD abusers switching to
heroin abuse is a relatively small percentage
(an estimated 3.6%) of the total number of
CPD abusers, it represents a large percentage
of heroin initiates (79.5%). Those who switch
from abusing CPDs to abusing heroin do so
because of availability, price differences, and
the reformulation of OxyContin®, a commonly
abused prescription opioid.
Chart 5. US Heroin Seizures

2009 - 2013
Source: National Seizure System
11Unclassified
Unclassified
Reasons for CPD abusers to switch to abusing
heroin
• Decreasing availability of CPDs vs.
increasing availability of heroin
CPD availability in many areas has been curbed
by enforcement and legislative efforts against
illicit pill mills and unscrupulous physicians.
Implementation of PDMP databases …
Chapter 1: Introduction
CHDV 1400
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University of Los Angeles
Overview
Understanding Human Development
All kinds of people: Culture, Ethnicity, & Race

Science
Caution & Challenges
Human Development
Science of Human Development:
Seeks to understand how and why people change over time
3 crucial elements
Science, People, & Change
Multidisciplinary
Variety of academic disciplines
3
The Scientific Method
5 STEPS:
CURIOSITY
Based on a theory (set of ideas)
HYPOTHESIS (testable prediction)
TEST HYPOTHESIS
Empirical (observable) evidence
CONCLUSIONS (support hypothesis?)
REPORT Results (share)

4
6th STEP
REPLICATION
Repeating procedures & methods with different participants
Research is shared via conferences, publications, etc.
Big Bang Theory explains Scientific Method
5
Nature-Nurture Debate
Historic & ongoing debate
Nature: Genetic influence
Nurture: Environment influence
How much are we influenced by nature and nurture? Not which
Nature always affects nurture
Nurture always affects nature
6
3 DOMAINS

Biosocial: biology, neuroscience, and medicine
Body, genes, nutrition, health
Cognitive: psychology, linguistic, education
Memory, language, thought
Psychosocial: economics, sociology, & history
Emotions, social skills, friends
PG. 7 (10th ed.)
Speaking babies
- maturation of brain, vocal cords
Brain can link objects to words
People to talk to them
Developmentalists study everyone: All kinds of people
Difference-equals-deficit error
Belief that being different means you are lacking.
Misbelief & fallacy
Human tendency to jump to conclusions
E.g. sexual orientation
Social construction
Idea built & constructed by society
Not based on objective reality
Powerful & affects human thought
Example: Culture, Ethnicity, & Race
Misuse & leads to DEDE

Social Constructions
Culture: System of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors,
expectations that persist overtime
Family, community, college
Ethnicity/Ethnic Group: People whose ancestors were born in
the same region (nationality) and who often share a language,
culture and religion
Race: Categorizes people via physical features (outward
appearances).
Socioeconomic status
SES (“social class”)
Income, occupation, education, residence
SES affects every aspect of development.
How? Why?
Critical Period
A time when something must occur to ensure normal dev.
E.g.
Human embryo grows arms and legs, hands and feet, toes and
fingers all within 28 to 54 days after conception
Anti nausea drug (Thalidomide) after day 54 okay, but not

before
After that, it’s too late
Humans never grow new limbs
Critical Periods are rare
12
Sensitive Period
A time where certain dev. occurs more easily & may be difficult
later.
Example: Language
If children do not start speaking b/n ages 1 to 3, grammar may
be impaired later.
13
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Ecological-Systems Approach
Microsystem
Immediate surroundings
Exosystem
Local institutions
Macrosystem
Large context
Mesosystem

Interaction b/n other systems
Chronosystem
Time, historical context
Historical Change
Cohort
Group of people who share similar life experiences
Technology, war, cultural shifts, etc.
Plasticity
Like plastic, human traits can be molded
Yet, still maintain a certain identity
Hope & Realism
People can change over time but new behavior depends partly
on what already has happened
Example: Child physically abused may grow into a loving
parent
Dynamic Systems
Human development is:
Ongoing
Ever-changing

Connected to all other parts
Scientific Method
Methods of testing the hypothesis
Observation
Unbiased
Natural or laboratory
Experiment
What causes what
Surveys
Large population
Questionnaires, phone interviews, US Census
Experimentation
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV)
Affects the DV
Variable that can have an effect
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV)
Depends on the IV
Variable that may change as a result
SMOKING CIGARETTES & THE RISK OF CANCER
IV = Smoking Cigarettes
DV = Cancer

Experimentation
Experimental group
Gets the treatment
Control group
Does not get tx
Space Jam
Cross-sectional Research
Quick/Least Expensive
Group of people of same age are compared with another group
of people of another age
Collect data once & compare groups
Example: Comparing 2 and 5 year olds on obesity
May be missing information
Longitudinal
Collecting data on the same person over a long period of time
Example: Studying the long term effects of child abuse on
adolescent emotional development
What are some drawbacks?

Cohort-sequential
Cross-sectional + Longitudinal
Studying several groups of people of different ages and
following them over many years
Caution & Challenges
Misinterpreting Correlations
Depending too heavy on numbers
Ignoring ethics
Correlation
Correlation is NOT causation
Correlation indicates a relationship
Positive: both variables increase or decrease
Negative: one variable increase, the other decreases
Zero: no connection
Example:
From Birth to 9
(+) Age and height
(-) Age and napping
(0) Age and # of toes
Quantity & Quality
Quantitative Data

Numbers, percentages
Qualitative Data
Interviews, narratives
Ethics
Code of Ethics
Set of moral rules researchers must follow
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Group ensuring research follows guidelines
Chapter 5: The first 2 years – Biosocial
Development
CHDV 1400
California State University, Los Angeles
Alma Villanueva, MA
Overview
BODY CHANGES
SLEEP
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
PERCEIVING & MOVING
SURVIVING IN GOOD HEALTH

Body Size
4 months – weight 2x
12 months – weight 3x
Slows down after the first year
Weight is mostly fat
3
Percentile
# that indicates rank compared to other similar people of same
age
0 to 100
50th percentile– Average
Why is it useful?
Failure to Thrive : Serious medical condition in early infancy
insufficient weight gain or inappropriate weight loss)
4

Importance of Sleep
Good sleep
Normal brain development
Emotional regulation
Learning
Academic success
Psychological adjustment
Sleep deprivation
Poor health
Physical or psychological problems
5
Sleep
15 to 17 hours/day
Hours decrease with maturity
Full-term & well-fed babies sleep more
6
REM
½ newborns sleep is REM
Rapid Eye Movement
Flickering eyes & rapid brain waves

Indicates dreaming
Until about 3 mos.
7
Brain Development
Newborn skull size - disproportionately large
By 2 y/o – almost 75% of adult weight
Head circumference measurement
Head-sparing – protects the brain’s dev. during malnutrition
Brain
Development
Neurons- nerve cell
Most are created prenatally
Far more than infant will need
Important in processing brain messages
Where are they located?
Brain stem
automatic responses
(heartbeat, breathing, temperature)
Mid-brain
emotions/memory

Cortex
70% of neurons
Outer layers of the brain
Thinking, feeling, & sensing
Prefrontal Cortex
Most prolonged development
Virtually inactive in infancy
Gradual growth
Planning
Impulse control
Anticipation
Brain Cells
Each Neuron contains 1 Axon & Many Dendrites
Axons – Sends electrochemical signal to dendrites of another
neuron
Dendrites – Receives electrochemical signals from an axon of
another neuron
Synapses – the way of communication b/n 2 neurons (axon &
dendrite)
Neurotransmitters carry information for the axons to send

Brain Development
Transient Exuberance
Huge increase of dendrites
5 fold increase birth – 2years
Temporary
Pruning
Unused connections atrophy & die
Environment is important
Experience
Experience-expectant brain functions
Brains need and expect certain basic common experiences
Must occur for normal brain development
People to see, things to grab, etc.
Experience-dependent brain functions
Brain functions depend on particular experiences
Might happen
Culture and family specific
Additional skills developed over the life span (that the brain
does not expect)
e.g. making an igloo
Harming the Brain
Lack of stimulation
Over stimulation
Stress

Shaken Baby Syndrome
Breaks neural connections
Preventing SBS
Severe social deprivation
Genie Wiley
Sensation & Perception
At birth, sensation (detecting a stimulus) is apparent
See, hear, smell, taste, touch
Vision last to mature
Perception (making sense of it) comes a bit later with exp.
Requires cognition
Movement
What is the growth pattern for a human being?
Gross Motor Skills
Large body movements
Arms, legs
Crawling (8 – 10 mo.)
Environment

Not all infants crawl – isn’t a must
Walking
3 factors to walk
Muscle strength
Brain maturation with the motor cortex
Practice
9 monthsStep when held10 monthsStand momentarily12
monthsWalk unassisted
Fine Motor Skills
Small body movements
Hands, fingers, toes
Picking up a coin, drawing, feeding
6 months – stare and grab wanted object
1 year – pincer movement & self feeding
Surviving in Good Health: Immunization
Between 1950 & 2010, about 2 billion children died before age
5
Immunization: Protection against disease via antibodies

Dramatic Success
Small pox
Polio
Measles
Problems w/ immunization
Parents afraid of side effects
Risk of disease > risk of side effects
No access to rural areas
2 to 3 million children die/year
Nutrition
“Breast is Best”
Colostrum – thick, high-calorie fluid at birth
Sterile & Body Temp.
Iron, Vitamins & nutrients
Digestible
Protects from diseases, obesity, diabetes, & heart disease
Breast is best
Preterm babies
Milk adjust with age (quality)
Milk adjust in quantity to demand
Add digested food about 6 months

World Health Organization (WHO) recommends continued
breastfeeding up to 2 years but at least 12 months
Malnutrition
Protein-calorie malnutrition
Infant doesn’t get enough food
Severe illness, weight loss, death
Stunting
Failure to grow normal height due to chronic malnutrition
Wasting
Severely underweight due to chronic malnutrition
Chapter 2: Theories
CHDV 140
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University of Los Angeles
Overview
What theories do
Grand Theories
Newer Theories
What theories contribute

Developmental Theory
Provides a framework for explaining patterns & problems of
development
Developmental Theory
What do theories do?
Produce hypotheses
Generate discoveries
Offer guidance
Facts & Norms
Norm: An average or usual event
Reflects biological & social pressures
Deviations are not necessarily deficits
Theories are NOT facts
Never true or false
Never good or bad
Grand Theories
Psychoanalytic
Behaviorism
Cognitive
Psychoanalytic Theory
Inner drives
Deep motives
Unconscious
Childhood

Sigmund Freud 1856 – 1939
Austrian physician
Patients with mental illness
Dreams, fantasies, uncensored thoughts
Early childhood is crucial
8
Psychosexual Stages
Children derive erotic pleasure from diff. body parts in each
stage
Satisfaction in each stage needed
BIRTH – 1 ORALTONGUE, LIPS & GUMSSUCKING &
FEEDING1 – 3 ANALANUSTOILET TRAINING &
EXPELLING FECES3 – 6 PHALLICPENISGENITAL
STIMULATION (BOYS VS. GIRLS)6 – 11
LATENCYLATENTFOCUS ON SCHOOL
&SPORTSADOLESCENCEGENITALGENITALSSEXUAL
STIMULATION
Conflicts
Each stage has potential conflicts
How people deal with them, determines personality patterns
Conflicts rooted in childhood show in adulthood

Example:
Erik Erikson 1902 – 1994
Freud’s follower
Stressed family and culture
–not sexual urges
Psychosocial Stages
People experience a conflict in each
Resolution to crisis depends on person & environment
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
AUTONOMY VS. SHAME & DOUBT
INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION
INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR
BEHAVIORISM
Conditioning & Social Learning
“Why don’t we make what we can observe the real field of
psychology? Let us limit ourselves to things that can be
observed, and formulate laws concerned only with those... We
can observe behavior – what the organism does or says.”
John B. Watson
John B. Watson 1878 – 1958

Argued if psychology was true science, we should examine only
what we see & measure
Not the hidden urges & thoughts
“ Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own
specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take
any one at random and train him to become any type of
specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief
and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his
ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so
have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it
for many thousands of years. [Behaviourism (1930), p. 43] ”
Behaviorism
Studying observable behavior
Aka Learning Theory
Describes how people learn & develop habits
Learning happens in small increments
Conditioning – Process where responses become linked to a
specific stimuli
S – R (stimulus-response) conditioning
Ivan Pavlov 1849 – 1936
Dog Experiment
Classical conditioning: Learning process when a meaningful
stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus
Bell Sound – Neutral
Food – Meaningful
food & play
White Coat Syndrome- U.S 80+

B.F. Skinner 1904 – 1990
Operant Conditioning
Learning process when a particular action is followed by
rewards or punishments
Rewards (pleasant consequence) = repeated action
Punishment (unpleasant consequence) = does not repeat
Operant Conditioning
Rewards & punishments depends on the child
Asking to leave the classroom may be a reward
Reinforcement – consequences that increase the frequency of a
particular action
Each person responds differently to reinforcements &
punishments
The difference between classical and operant conditioning Vid
Social Learning Theory
An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence of
other people
People learn through observation & imitation of others, not just
reinforcements
Modeling: the central process of learning – observing the
actions of others & copying them
Self-Efficacy – Belief in one’s abilities to achieve success
Learned from watching others succeed
Cognitive Theory
Piaget & Information Processing

Focusing on changes in people’s thoughts
Our thoughts shape our attitude, beliefs, and behaviors
Jean Piaget 1896 – 1980
First major cognitive theorist
How children think is more important than what they know
Cognitive Theory
Cognitive Equilibrium – a state of mental balance
Humans seek it and intellectually advance
When people experience new things, they may be confused
(disequilibrium)
Equilibrium
To seek equilibrium, people cognitively adapt
Assimilation – new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old
ideas
Accommodation – old ideas are restructured to include new
experiences (people adjust)
Example
Your friend did something completely unexpected
(disequilibrium)
You can assimilate & decide they didn’t mean it – they must be
upset or I must have seen the wrong thing
OR you can accommodate & change your view of your friend
Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentBirth – 2 SensorimotorSenses
& Motors; Learning is active2 – 6 PreoperationalMagical &

poetic thinking; use language; egocentric6 – 11 Concrete
OperationalLogical, interpret objectively; limited to concrete
thought (what they see)12 – adulthood Formal Operational
Abstract & hypothetical; reason analytically
Information Processing Theory
Newer version of cognitive theory
Inspired by computers & its efficiency
Not a single theory but a framework characterized by many
research programs
Information Processing
Cognition begins with input picked up by the 5 senses,
processed by the brain, stored in memory and finishes off with
an output
Focus on relationship b/n one person’s thinking & another’s.
Older theories
European-American Men
Outdated
Limitations in technology & perspective
Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky & beyond
Humans develop from the dynamic interaction with their
surrounding society
Culture is an integral part of everyday dev.

Lev Vygotsky (1896 – 1934)
Pioneer of sociocultural perspective
Observed how cultures influenced children
Focused on how child learns from the community
Sociocultural Theory
Apprenticeship in thinking – cognition developed w/ skilled
members of society
Guided Participation – process of learning from others who
guide & teach
ZPD
Zone of Proximal Development
The skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to
acquiring BUT cannot yet master without help
Example: Riding a bicycle
The Universal Perspective:
Humanism & Evolution
We are one species, sharing universal impulses & needs
Humanism: stresses that all humans have a potential for GOOD
& all have the same basic needs (regardless of culture, gender,
etc.)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1. Physiological – food, water, air, warmth
2. Safety – protected from death/injury

3. Love & belonging – friends, family, community, religion
4. Esteem – respected by community & self
5. Self-actualization – become oneself – fulfilling unique
potential while appreciating all of humanity
Evolution Theory
Darwin
2 basic drives = Survival & Reproduction
These needs shape life
Selective Adaptation – genes needed for survival are selected &
over time, more prevalent
Eclectic Perspective
Most developmentalist adapted this idea
Apply aspects of various theories of development, not picking
one
Chapter 6: First 2 Years (COGNITIVE)
Alma Villanueva, M.A
Overview
Piaget

Memory
Language
Theories of Language
PIAGET
Infants are ACTIVE learners
Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Period (birth-2 years)
3 stages
broken into 6 sub-stages
3
Primary Circular Reactions – (SELF)
Stage 1 (birth – 1 month)
REFLEXES – helps infant understand the world
Sucking, grasping, staring, listening
Stage 2 (1 – 4 months)
FIRST ACQUIRED ADAPTATIONS
Intentionality
Grabbing bottle to suck

4
Secondary Circular Reactions (OBJECTS & PEOPLE)
MAKING INTERESTING SIGHTS LAST
Repeat actions with pleasing responses
NEW ADAPTATION & ANTICIPATION
Means to an end
Goal-directed behavior
Object Permanence
Realization that objects exist even when no longer seen
About 8 months, infants can understand this concept (Piaget)
Further researched needed
5
Tertiary Circular Reactions
NEW MEANS THROUGH ACTIVE EXPERIMENTATION
“Little scientists”
Act

NEW MEANS THROUGH MENTAL COMBINATIONS
Think about consequences
Deferred Imitation- copying behavior seen hours or even days
earlier
Example
6
Compare infants to computers
Habituation (getting accustomed to an experience after repeated
exposure) correlates w/later cognitive ability
2 aspects of cognition:
Affordances (input) & Memory (output)
Affordances
People perceive objects differently
Environment Affords (offers) many opportunities
Ball, Chair?
How do the affordances of our textbook differ from someone
who is 1 mos., 12 mos., and 20y/o?

Affordance
What affordances are perceived and acted upon?
Sensory awareness
Immediate motivation
Current development
Past experience
Visual Cliff
False illusion
Experience and age will affect which affordance is perceived
Fear, no fear?
Visual Cliff
Movement & People
Infants are attracted to 2 affordances:
DYNAMIC PERCEPTION
Primed to focus on movement & change
PEOPLE PREFERENCE
Universal – fascinated by people
Voice recordings of their mothers vs. strangers (happy)

7 mos- match recordings to mother & stranger
3mos only to mothers
Smile 2x fast, longer, & more brightly
Memory
Experience & brain maturation
Memory is linked with language & words
Infants lack exp. & words
Memory fades
Crib mobile experiment
Memory
Reminder session aided memory
Could remember after two wks
Information may be stored, but processing time to retrieve
information is important
What develops in the first 2 years?
Language
Universal sequence
Language begins with sound

Infants learn prenatally
Newborns prefer mom’s language over unheard
Language
N
Child-directed speech
“Motherese”
Baby talk
High-pitched, Simple, Repetitive
Babbling
6 – 9 months
Repetition of certain syllables
Ba-ba-ba
Native language
First words
6- 15 month olds understand more than what they can
communicate

Language
Holophrase
Single word that is used to express a whole meaning
“DADA?”
“DADA!”
Intonation
Variation of tone & pitch
A lot of intonation early on
Recognize native intonation & adjust pitch
Naming Explosion
Sudden increase in vocabulary, begins around 18 mos
Grammar
Word order- all the methods that language uses to communicate
meaning
Theories of Language
3 types of theories
Theory 1: Infants Need to be TAUGHT

Behaviorists
Operant conditioning
3 core ideas
Parents are expert teachers
Frequent repetition is instructive
Well- -spoken children
Infants Need to be TAUGHT
How much will a child learn to speak?
Depends on parent-child response
More talkative mother = more talkative child
Theory 2: Social Impulses Foster Infant Language
Social-pragmatic Theory
Humans are social beings
Infants learn for 1 reason = communication
Learning from TV?
Theory 3: Infants Teach THEMSELVES
Language is innate

Experience Expentact
Noam Chomsky
Young children all master basic grammar – same age
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Mental structure enabling human to learn language
Grammar, vocab, intonation
Hybrid Theory
Which of the 3 are correct?
All of them
Each theory valid for some aspects of language
Term Paper: Students will write a short (2-3 page) paper. This
will provide students the opportunity to develop academic
writing skills and to explore a course topic in more depth.
Details and guidelines are included at the end of the syllabus.
All papers must be turned in at the beginning of class on the due
date listed in the syllabus, otherwise it is considered 5% late.
Each additional day, the paper will have a 10% deduction.
Term Paper
This assignment will be completed in 3 parts:
(1) Draft, which is due week 4
(2) During week 11th students must bring in their work to have
it peer reviewed (worth 5pts)
(3) Final TermPaper due week 12th.

Goal: The purpose of this paper is to be aware of the current
issues involved in child and adolescent development and
incorporate it with course material. Students will have a chance
to use critical thinking and analysis while creatively developing
a possible alternative to the issue.
Instructions:
a. Search for a current (within the past year) news article about
a story or issue involving infants, children, or adolescents. E.g.
Childhood obesity, Teenage pregnancy, Infant physically abused
by guardian, etc.
b. Ask yourself, how does this story influence a child’s
biosocial, cognitive, or psychosocial development (the 3
sections of our book)? You will pick ONE area to focus on.
· Biosocial – physical, brain, motor skills, health, nutrition, etc.
· Cognitive – memory, intelligence, language, thinking, etc.
· Psychosocial – emotional, relationships, family, friends, play,
etc.
Draft
a. Pick a news article & bring it to class
b. Type a 1-paragraph summary of the article (double space)
c. Indicate which area you will relate the article to: biosocial,
cognitive, or psychosocial.
Term Paper
You will type a 5-paragraph essay:
1. Introduction – hook, background, & thesis statement
2. Summary of news article
3. Relation to course material (biosocial, cognitive, or
psychosocial)
· Must include terms/vocabulary used in the textbook or lecture
· Must discuss at least one theory/theorist
4. Possible solution(s) to the issue
· Be creative & develop a plausible solution to resolve or
prevent this problem.

5. Conclusion
Format:
· Double spaced, 12 size font, Times New Roman,
· APA Title page, 1”margins, header, & reference page (no
abstract needed)
Running head: CHILD DEVELOPMENT 1
CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2
CHDV Draft Paper
Kenia Trujillo
Child Development
Professor
Alma Villanueva
September 16, 2016
Introduction
Healthy development is very crucial to the growth of all
infants. The life of children revolves around their caregivers or
parents. Parents and caregivers are the sources of safety, love,
security, nurturance, support and understanding for children. It
is the right of every child to get a safe life free from abuse. In

this paper, we shall review an article on child abuse by parents
and the influence of the story to a child’s psychological
development.
It was the 6th of July in South Australia where a biological
father and stepmother were arrested for frequently abusing their
young girl and boy (Candice Prosser, 2016). The children were
bitten, tied in trees, locked out of the house, put under cold
conditions such as under cold showers and the girl raped by the
father. These abuses by the parents created an environment of
fear and degradation for the two children. The trauma they
caused to these kids cannot be erased.
Child abuse does not end the time the abuse ends, it is long
lasting and can severely affect daily development. Child abuse
encroaches upon the trust at the core of a child’s relationship
with the world. The moment this relationship becomes betrayal,
a damaging scheme or customary main beliefs develops. This
negative core schema often affects a person’s ability to create
and endure important affections throughout life. Physical child
abuse leads to unhappy life in the future. It may cause isolation
or social disconnection from friends leading to an increased risk
of living alone. Also child, abuse can result in behavioral health
effects such as suicidal behavior and the augmented likelihood
of drug abuse. Depression, low self-esteem, and aggressive
behaviors are believed to be influenced by child abuse. These
effects lead to poor development as psychological development
is concerned.
Due to the increased abuse, psychological development of
infants has been affected. To solve this problem, several
strategies should be laid down. Such include intervening to
reduce harm and abuse, strengthening economic supports,
enhancing parental skills and providing quality care and
education. Most abuse is caused by parents being unable to
provide for their children. These are some of the strategies can
help solve the problem of child abuse leading to a healthier
child development.
Conclusion

In conclusion, child development is paramount to every
child’s future. It is imperative for the society to establish a
framework of prevention strategies, to prevent child abuse so
that psychological development in children can be enhanced.
References
Candice Prosser (2016), Children locked in cages, tied to trees,
assaulted by parents, court told
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-06/children-locked-
in-cages,-tied-to-trees,-raped court hears/7574428

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