Primary Health Care

2. Learning objectives
• At the end of this session you will able to:
1. Shed light on PHC including Sudan situation
2. Define health, health care and disease
3. Describe dimension of health
4. Describe spectrum of health and disease
5. Illustrate health indicators
6. Appraise health care and analyze its levels.
7. To understand characteristics of health care.

3. The term ‘primary health care’ (PHC)
gained widespread currency following
the 1978.

4. The constitution of WHO and numerous Health
Assembly resolution have reaffirmed that health is:

5. PHC in Sudan

6.  “ Health is a state of complete Physical, mental &
social well being & not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity”. (WHO)
 Recent definition: health is a dynamic state of
complete physical, mental & social & spiritual well
being & not merely the absence of disease &
infirmity.(WHO)
Hans's Definition-
adaptation
Maslow's definition-
satisfaction of
physiological needs.

8. Includes perfect body functioning, physical fitness,
Activities of Daily Living (ADL), a state in which every
cell and every organ is functioning at optimum level,
and in perfect harmony with the rest of the body.

9. –Self-efficacy and self-esteem

10. Feeling as part of a greater spectrum of existence

11. Positive health
Better health
Freedom from disease
Unrecognized disease
Mild disease
Sever disease
Death

13. Should be valid, i.e., they should actually
measure what they are supposed to measure.
To be valid, it should be sensitive, i.e., they
should be sensitive to changes in the situation
concerned and should be specific, i.e., they
should reflect changes only in the situation
concerned.

14. Should be reliable or objective, i.e., the answers
should be the same if measured by different people
in similar circumstances;
Should be feasible, i.e., they should have the ability
to obtain data needed.
Should be relevant, i.e., they should contribute to the
understanding of the phenomenon of interest.

15. Classification of indicators

16. 1. Baseline indicators
2. Progress indicators
3. Evaluation indicators

17. 1. Evaluative indicators
2. Comparative indicators

18. Disease is the underlying defect or
malfunction within the organism.
Dis (mal), and ease (comfortable, wellness)

19. Disease may occur without illness.
Health and illness are mutually exclusive,
but health and disease are not.. Since
health and disease may coexist, one
cannot construct a continuum to show
their relationship. (Terris, 1975)

20. Disease
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
Invalidity

22. Characteristics of health care

23. 1. Primary care level
• the first level of contact of individuals,
families, or communities with the national
health system.
• Provides essential health care.
• Promotive, preventive, and curative care.

24. 2. Secondary care level
- The first referral level, deals with
more complex problems. Which
provides mainly curative and
rehabilitative services.
- Health facilities level includes
hospitals and rehabilitative centers.

25. 3. Tertiary care level
•More specialized level such as teaching
hospital and specialized hospital.

26. 1. Kamalam.S.2005, Essentials in Community Health Nursing Practice,
First edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Borther.
2. Clement.I.2009, Basic Concepts of Community Health Nursing, Second
edition, Bengalru: Jaypee Borther.
3. Analysis of the concepts of eight essential elements of PHC. Final
report of the international conference on PHC, Alma-Ata,1978. WHO,
Geneva,1978.
4. Spradley.B.W. 1996Community Health Nursing concepts and practice,
4th edition. USA:library of congress catologing.
5. Stone.S.C.1998, Comperhensive Community Health Nursing, 5th edition,
USA:Nancy. L.coon.
6. Suzan.G.J. PHC Components.NEJM. Accessed on www.nejm.com.2011