The various ways to enter international market are exports, licensing , franchising, JVs and M&A.

1. ENTRY INTO INTERNATIONAL
MARKETS
BY VIJYATA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
RANCHI WOMEN’S COLLGE
RANCHI UNIVERSITY

2. International
Market Entry
Strategies
Without
any
additional
Investment
Full pledged
Investment in
Production &
Marketing
Investments in Marketing
arrangements , No investment in
Production
DIRECT
EXPORTS
INDIRECT
EXPORTS
LICENSING
CONTRACT
MANUFACTURING
ASSEMBLY
FRANCHISING
JOINT
VENTURE
STRATEGIC
ALLIANCE
M & A
Fig: Foreign Market Entry Modes

3. EXPORTING
The company can export the product from home
base, without any marketing or production or
organization overseas. When cost of production and
infrastructural problems are higher while volume of
foreign market is low , export is preferred.
EXPORTING
INDIRECT
EXPORTING
DIRECT
EXPORTING

4. Indirect exporting
When the firm delegates the task of selling
goods abroad to an outside agency , it is
called INDIRECT EXPORTING.
Intermediaries like merchant exporters,
export houses etc present in domestic
market assist in fetching foreign buyers

5. Indirect exporting - Why and Why not?
WHY ??
-Domestic middleman expert in foreign market knowledge
and local documentation process make exporting easy for a
new or less experienced exporter
-In case export houses/merchant work on commission basis,
there is incentive for them expand sales
WHY NOT ??
- Loss of control over the branding, name and reputation of
the product and firm

6. Direct Exporting
When the manufacturing firm itself performs
the task of selling goods abroad rather than
entrusting it to any outside agency it is called
Direct Exporting.
Home based export or international marketing
or a sales subsidiary established in overseas
market takes care of the export /sales activity

7. Direct exporting - Why and Why not?
Why?
-More control over the selling and marketing activities
-higher margins due to less or non involvement of
intermediaries
Why Not ?
- Requires greater degree of expertise and experience in
foreign trade
- Suitable of companies having large volume of exports

8. LICENSING
Under Licensing , the local firm (Licensee) obtains
license (written permission) from a foreign firm
(Licensor) to use the latter’s patents, trademarks ,
copyrights , technology , know-how or marketing
skills in consideration for a fee called royalty.
A manufacturer chooses licensing when:
1. Capital is scarce
2. Import restrictions discourages direct entry
3. The country is sensitive to foreign ownership

9. Elements of Licensing
License is a contract and must have these
elements:
i. Product and Territorial coverage
ii. Length of contract , quality control
iii. Grant back and cross- licensing
iv. Royalty rate and structure
v. Choice of currency
vi. Choice of law

10. Licensing – Why and Why not?
Why Licensing :
- Very flexible and allows easy entry into foreign market without
immediate investment
- Lower risk for business takeovers or govt. interventions because
the local person manages the business in the foreign country.
Licensing Why not ?
- Non-performance of the of the Licensee or the marketing of
substandard quality of products by licensee will effect the business
and image of licensor

11. FRANCHISING
Franchising is a special form of Licensing in which a
parent company (the franchisor) grants another
independent company (the Franchisee) the right to
do business in prescribed manner. The franchisor
makes total marketing programme available to the
franchisee.
• Another common form of franchising is where
the franchisor supplies an important ingredient
for the finished product.

12. 3 Forms of Franchising
• Manufacturer- Retailer systems (eg.-
Automobile dealership)
• Manufacturer – Wholesaler System (eg.-Soft
drink company with its bottlers)
• Service Firm – Retailer System ( eg. – Fast
Food outlets)

13. CONTRACT MANUFACTURING
Under contract manufacturing , a company
arranges to have its products manufactured or
assembled by an independent local company
on a contractual basis as per specification
while it retains the responsibility of marketing
the product.
Contract Manufacturing is also called
OUTSOURCING

14. Contract Manufacturing - Why and
Why not?
Advantages of Contract Manufacturing :
- No commitment of resources for setting up production facilities
abroad
- Production cost may be reduced due to lower cost of production
Disadvantages of Contract Manufacturing :
- The local party gains experience in marketing , and in course of
time may pose a threat to the parent company(potential
competitor)
- Less control over manufacturing and profit on manufacturing.

15. ASSEMBLY
Under assembly strategy ,most of the
components or ingredients are produced
domestically and the finished product is
assembled in the foreign country.
Assembly usually involves heavy use of
labour rather than extensive investment in
capital outlays or equipment.

16. ASSEMBLY- Why ?
Assembly is advisable when :
There are economies of scale in the manufacture
of parts and components
Assembly operations are labour intensive and
labour is cheap in foreign country.
Gives the company cost advantage and helps in
employment generation in local country.

17. JOINT VENTURE
If the company which wants to enter foreign
market sets up an enterprise in collaboration
with a local firm in the host country. The two
firms share the ownership and control of joint
venture .
Generally , the multinational provides the
capital and technology whereas day-to-day
management is taken care by local firm.

18. JOINT VENTURE
Ways to create JVs:
a) The firm may buy equity in a local
company
b) The local firm may acquire equity in an
existing foreign firm
c) The foreign firm and the local firm may
jointly form a new company.

19. Joint Venture - Why and Why not?
Advantages of JV
- Potentially greater returns from equity participation as
opposed to royalties
- Greater control over production and marketing
- Risk diversification and sharing with local partners
Disadvantages of JV
- Potential risk of breach of trust between partners
- Both the companies should have something definite to
offer.

20. STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
In strategic alliances the two partners contribute a fixed
amount of resources and venture develops on its own .
In an alliance, two firms pool their resources directly in a
collaboration that goes beyond the limits of JVs.
Forms of strategic alliances:
Technology – based alliances
Production – based alliances
Distribution – based alliances

21. Strategic Alliances - benefits
• Strategic alliances enable companies to
increase productivity and profitability by avoiding
unnecessary fragmentation of resources and
duplication of investment and effort.
• The company reduces competitive advantage by
forming strategic alliances with existing or
potential competitors

22. MERGER & ACQUISITION
M&A is not only entry but also expansion strategy.
In merger, international business firm absorbs
one or more enterprises abroad by purchasing
assets and taking over liabilities of those enterprises
on payment of an agreed amount.
In Acquisition, the international business firm
may also take over the management of an existing
company abroad by taking the controlling stake in
the equity of that company at a predetermined price.

23. MERGER & ACQUISITION
• M&A provides easy access to new
technology or a patent right
• M&A helps in reducing the competition
• But, deficiencies in evaluation of the
companies during acquisition may lead
to losses for acquiring firm

24. ENTRY STRATEGY ANALYSIS
Each entry strategy has to be analysed on these following
parameters:
1. Expected Sales (company market share and total
potential size of the market in that market)
2. Costs (manufacturing and administrative cost )
3. Extent of investment in assets (investments made in
conjunction with entry/exit into the new market)
4. Profitability (depending on assets deployed, expected
sales and cost incurred)
5. Risk factors (credit and non credit risks)

25. FACTORS
EFFECTING
ENTRY
DECISIONS
FIRM
FACTOR
INDUSTRY
FACTORS
LOCATION
FACTORS
VENTURE
SPECIFIC
FACTORS

26. FACTORS AFFECTING ENTRY DECISIONS
Firm Factors
• International Experience
• Core Competencies
• National culture of home country
• Corporate culture
• Firm strategy, goals and motivation

27. FACTORS AFFECTING ENTRY DECISIONS
Industry Factors
• Industry Globalization
• Industry Growth rate
• Technical intensity of industry

28. FACTORS AFFECTING ENTRY DECISIONS
Location Factors
 Extent of scale / location economics
 Country risk
 Cultural distance
 Knowledge of local market
 Potential of local market

29. FACTORS AFFECTING ENTRY DECISIONS
Venture – specific Factors
 Value of firm assets risked in foreign location
 Extent to which know-how involved in the venture is
informal
 Costs of making/ enforcing contracts with local partners
 Size of planned foreign venture
 Intent to conduct research and development with local
partners

30. Thank you !!!
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