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4. Temperature-induced phase transformation of an SMA without mechanical loading Phase transformation in a NiTi SMA as “seen” by Differential Scanning Calorimeter. M s : Martensite starting temperature M f : Martensite finishing temperature A s : Austenite starting temperature A f : Austenite finishing temperature

6. Two phenomena in SMA

7. SMA Stress Strain Temperature Phase Diagram. Stress vs. Temperature diagram with SMA phases

9. Ferromagnetic SMA Martensitic Alloys “ Natural” SMA Ferromagnetic Alloys The location of magnetic SMAs in the len-shape region formed by the overlap of SMAs and ferromagnetic alloys FSMA candidates: Ni 2 MnGa, Fe-Pd, Fe 3 Pt CoNiAl …

10. Ferromagnetic SMA (FSMA): background Temperature, External Stress, Magnetic Field Martensitic Transformation Change of Physical Properties and Lattice Parameters (large strain) Shape Memory Effect (SME), Superelasticity (SE) Martensite phase Austenite phase Temperature ( T ) Magnetic Field ( H ) Stress (  )

13. Magnetic field induced redistribution of the twin variants The magnetic moments without the external field The rotation of the magnetic moments within the twins The redistribution of the twin variants A simplified presentation of the MSM effect in a single crystalline actuating element.

14. Comparisons of magnetic field actuating mechanisms

16. FSMA Actuator Control System The structure of a commonly used MSM actuators. The opposing forces against the MSM element are spring force F spring and external force F ext , while the MSM element itself generates MFI force F mag . The FSMA Actuator Control System

17. FePd (thin) spring actuator FePd and Fe coil spring (the same size and dimensions) Spring constant: FePd=0.29N/mm, Fe=0.84N/mm (3times)

18. FSMA Actuator AdaptaMat A063-3 MSM Actutor Actuator A-1 2000 in a tensile test machine. The diameter of the actuator is 260mm and the height 90mm

19. Linear Motor The actuator can be driven faster/slower (average 70mm/s) and in bigger/smaller steps (accuracy <1μm). http://www.adaptamat.com/demos/

21. Shrinking actuators using a FSMAs material.