3. What is a Personality ?
The word comes from the Latin
persona, meaning “mask.”
A person’s characteristic pattern
of thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors that is consistent
across time and situations
Relatively enduring underlying
dispositions that influence
behavior across situations
4. Nature vs. Nurture
Sociologists debate what determines
personality and social behavior.
Some argue that it is heredity – the
transmission of genetic characteristics from
parents to children.
Others suggest that the social environment –
contact with other people – determines
personality.
This debate is usually referred to in terms of
nature versus nurture, or inherited genes
versus environment and social learning.
5. Blending of factors…
Most social scientists assume that personality
and social behavior result from a blending of
heredity and social environmental influences.
They believe that environmental factors have
the greatest influence.
Heredity, birth order, parents, and cultural
environment are among the principal factors
that social scientists see influencing
personality and behavior.
6. Physical environment
Hot temperatures augment
aggression –
murders, rapes, riots and wifebeatings.
Onset of winds in Santa Ana
in California correlates with
increased crime, suicide and
industrial accidents.
7. Birth Order
Our personalities are
influenced by whether we
have
brothers, sisters, both, or
neither.
Children with siblings have
a different view of the world
than do children who have
siblings.
The order in which we are
born into our families also
influences our personalities.
8. Birth Order
People born first or last in a
family have a different
perspective than do people in
the middle.
Example: first born are likely to
be achievement oriented and
responsible.
Later born are more likely to be
better in social
relationships, affectionate, friend
ly, or rebels and risk-takers.
9. Parental Characteristics
Parents influence their childrens’
personalities. The age of the
parent can be a bearing on the
children’s development. (EX.
Younger vs. older)
Other parental characteristics like
level of education, religious
orientation, economic
status, occupation, and cultural
heritage can and often do influence
a child’s personality and their social
behavior.
10. Cultural Environment
Culture has a strong influence on
personality development. The cultural
environment determines the basic types
of personalities that will be found in a
society.
Each culture gives rise to a series of
personality traits – model personalities
– that are typical of members of that
society.
E.g. U.S. personalities are
competitive, assertiveness and
individualism.
E.g. Asian culture engenders
interdependency & collectivism
12. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
From Freud’s theory
which proposes that
childhood sexuality
and unconscious
motivations influence
personality
13. The Psychoanalytic
Perspective
Unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of
mostly unacceptable
thoughts, wishes, feelings and
memories
contemporary viewpointinformation processing of which
we are unaware
15. Homeopathic personalities
Each of homeopathic remedies (mostly
polychrest) has a unique personality – a unique
way of thinking, feeling and behaving.
A intellectual, Critical, Angry and Untidy, Sulphur.
A neat and tidy; anxious, restless and fearful
Arsenicum.
A gregarious, affectionate, excitable and fearful
Phosphorus.
16. Fixing medicines for people
A common mistake is to brand a patient as
Staphysagria patient or Pulsatilla patient.
Personalities change across life time.
A Natrum mur may change to Sepia or even to a
Phosphorus personality.