Floral biology and breeding techniques

2. Introduction
Botanical Description
Floral Biology
Anthesis and Pollination
Crossing techniques
CONTENTS

3. INTRODUCTION
 Origin: Indigenous to India
 Distribution: Africa, Far East,Burma, Sri
Lanka,China,
 In India under cultivation through out the
plains
and upto 6000 feet on the Himalayas
 Phaseolus aureus is its wild form

4. INDIA
 Area :2.5mha
 Poductionr:0.8mtonns
 Leading states: MadhyaPradesh,Maharastra,
UttarPradesh,AndraPradesh,Karnataka

5. NUTRITIVE VALUE
• Nutritional value per
100 g
• Energy 350 kcal
• Carbohydrates 62.62 g-
• Sugars 6.60 g-
• Dietary fiber 16.3 g
• Fat 1.15 g
• Protein23.86 g
• Vitamin C 4.8 mg

6. Botanical Description
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Vigna
Species: V. radiata
Chromosome number:2n=22

7. • Plant type: errect or semi errect herbaceous
annual
• Leaves:trifoliate, long petioles stipules with
basal appendages, ovate
• Pod:longer than black gram,short
hairs,seeds globular,wavy ridges on the
surface,hilum flat,
• Cotyledons:yellowish

8. VARIATIONS
• Seed colour :Seeds are either
green,black,brown,yellow
• Seed surface :Either dull or shining
• Flower color :light yellowish olive or olive yellow
• Pod colour :Ripe pods irony grey,olive grey or snuff
brown

9. Floral Biology

10. FLORAL BIOLOGY
• Infloroscence:Axillary raceme carrying ten to
twenty flowers on long penduncle
• Corolla:papilionaceous
• Petals :Five
• Sepals:Five

11. PETALS`
• Petals are five in number, three kinds of petals
1. Standard -1
2. Wings -2
3. Keels -2 joined(spirally coiled)

12. ANDROECIUM
• Male reproductive part stamen has got two
parts
1. Anther
2. Filament

13. GYNOECIUM
• Female reproductive part,made up of
1. Stigma
2. Style
3. Ovary

14. ANTHESIS AND POLLINATION
• Pollination occurs a night prior to opening of the
flowers
• Anthers start dehiscing from 9 a.m and
completely dehisced by 3 a.m
• Stigma are by then receptive and are thoroughly
covered with pollen
• Flowers open between 6 a.m and 8 a.m and
remain open till 11 a.m later they close between
2 p.m and 4 p.m

15. • Pollen shedding takes place long before the petals
open
• Cleistogamy occurs to an extent of 46%
• Pollination is effected in the bud stage on the night
previous to the opening of the flower

16. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES OF CROSSING
• Contact Method –Ragi
• Test tube method – Ragi, Rice
• Humphry and Tuller method –Cotton
• Shivashankar’s method –Pulse crops

17. SHIVASHANKAR’S METHOD
• Followed in pulse crops
• On the evening previous to the day of pollen shedding,
transverse cut is made in flower bud
• Facilitates removal of upper portion of the corolla like a
cap without causing injury to the gynoecium
• Anthers are clipped off automatically and remains inside
the corolla cap which is removed
• The stigma is then pollinated with desired pollen
on the next morning

19. VARIETIES
• Pusa Phalguni -IARI
• Pusa Dofasali -IARI
• F.S 68 -Hissar
• C 20 -IARI