2. -:Introduction:-
Antimicrobial:- the substances derived from natural or
synthetic sources that kills or inhibit the growth of micro-
organism such as bacteria, fungi, protozoas
Germicides:- a group of drugs that are able to inhibit the
growth, development or leads to death of microorganisms in
the environment surrounding the patient or on the surface
of the body.
ď Specially agents which inhibits or kills microbes on
contact
ď They have low margin of safety
ď Non-systemic use
ď Non selective Antimicrobial agents
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3. GermicidesGermicides
ANTISEPTICS DISINFECTANTS
ANTISEPTICS:-ANTISEPTICS:- (Anti=(Anti= against; septicas â emitting a fetid
smell)
ďChemical substances which are used to destroy, inhibit
pathogenic bacteria (not the spores) on animate (living)
surface such as skin, eye, mucous membranes(as in mouth
washes).
ď1879- Lister- Father of âAntiseptic surgeryâ
ďThey falls under â Drug Control Agency of the Governmentâ
4. DISINFECTANTS
⢠Chemical substances or germicides which are use to destroy
or inhibit the growth of pathogenic vegetative bacteria (not
their spores) on inanimate(non-living) surface such as
glassware's or surgical instruments.
e.g.- Formaldehyde, phenol, ethyl alcohol, soaps.
ď They falls under âControl of Environmental protection
agency of the Governmentâ
ď They process âconcentration dependent killingâ
ď Antiseptics & Disinfectant are often added to easily
available every day utilities like soaps,toothpastes,mouth
wash, after saving lotion.
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5. -:Some ancillary terms:-
1.Sterilization:-
Definition:- freeing an article, a surface or a medium by
removing or killing all micro-organisms including
vegetative bacteria, Spores, fungi & viruses
ď usually sterilization is affected by autoclaving at 15lb
pressure of stream at 120o
C for atleast 30 min
[It is the ultimate goal of any infection control protocol]
ďOther methods also include-
o Infra-red(IR)-radiation,
o Ultraviolet(UV)-radiation
o Îł-radiation
6. 2. Decontamination:-
Marketed destruction of viable pathogenic organisms to a
level that will allow a healthy personâs natural
defenses to prevent any infection.
e.g.- Decontamination of water
3.Sanitisation:- reduction In microbial load from an
inanimate surface to a level set forth by public health
Department of Environmental Agency
ďś These levels are considered acceptable for the health of
the population
7. 4. Pasteurisation:-
Process of heating milk or other liquids or semisolids for
about 30 min at 60-80o
C which kills the non-
sporulating microorganism and prevents the growth of
food-borne pathogens for a specific period of time.
5.Preservation:-
To preserve the efficacy & to prevent the deterioration of
the drug formulation up to its expiry period.
A Preservatives may protect the drug from oxidation.
e.g.-Benzyl Alcohol(2%),Benzoic Acid & its salts (0.2%)
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8. -:-:IDEAL Antiseptics/DisinfectantIDEAL Antiseptics/Disinfectant:-:-
⢠High Efficacy:High Efficacy:
â Broad spectrum / sporicidal / kill all formsBroad spectrum / sporicidal / kill all forms
â Rapid onset / long duration actionRapid onset / long duration action
â Cidal not static
â Active in presence of blood, pus,exudates and
excreta
â No Resistance
⢠Non Toxic:Non Toxic:
â Non-irritating to tissues,should not delay healing.
â Non absorbable / No hypersensitivity
â Chemically stable.Chemically stable.
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9. IDEAL ANTISEPTICS :IDEAL ANTISEPTICS :
⢠Added Advantage:-
â Non-staining with agreeable color and odour
â Could be added to soaps
â Non corrosive.
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10. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
1. Oxidation of Bacterial protoplasm.
e.g.- KMn04, H202, Halogens
2.Denaturation of Bacterial Proteins & Enzyme
e.g.-Phenols, Chlorhexidine, Alcohol, Aldehyde
3.Detergent like action increasing permeability
of bacterial membrane
e.g.- Soaps,Cetrimide
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11. FACTORS MODIFYING ACTIONFACTORS MODIFYING ACTION
⢠TEMPERATURE AND pH.
⢠PERIOD OF CONTACT WITH MICROBES.
⢠NATURE OF MICROBES INVOLVED.
⢠SIZE OF INNOCULUM
⢠PRESENCE OF BLOOD,PUS,OR ORGANIC
MATTER.
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12. General Uses of Antiseptics/ Disinfectants
⢠Asepsis before injections:-
⢠Surgical Uses:-
â Asepsis before surgery
â Scrubbing
â Sterilization of the surgical instruments
⢠Cuts, wounds & Lacerations
⢠Disinfection of Hospital premises
⢠Water purification & domestic disinfection
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15. PHENOL DERIVATIVESPHENOL DERIVATIVES::
⢠PHENOL (CARBOLIC ACID):-
⢠One of the earliest used Antiseptics & still the standard for
comparing other germicides.
⢠Weak agents Static at- 0.2% Bactericidal at >1%,
⢠Poor action bacterial spore
⢠Protoplasmic poisonProtoplasmic poison
MOA:- Denatured bacterial protein (irritant/toxic to tissues)(irritant/toxic to tissues)
-Mild LA action- use as Antipruritic Preparation-Mild LA action- use as Antipruritic Preparation
USESUSES:: Disinfectant of Urine,faeces pus,sputum,antipruriticDisinfectant of Urine,faeces pus,sputum,antipruritic
preparation mouth wash.preparation mouth wash.
Side effectSide effect:-Buccal, esophageal, gastric burns, scars/strictures:-Buccal, esophageal, gastric burns, scars/strictures
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16. CRESOL (METHYL PHENOL):-
⢠X3 potent than Phenol / less damage to tissuesX3 potent than Phenol / less damage to tissues
⢠USES:-USES:- Disinfecting of utensils, Excreta, for washingDisinfecting of utensils, Excreta, for washing
hands, irrigation of root canals.hands, irrigation of root canals.
CHLOROXYLENOL(DETTOL):-
⢠Non-corrosive, Non-irritating to intact skin,Non-corrosive, Non-irritating to intact skin, No stain,No stain,
ďź 4.8% commercial use âDettolâ(9% terpinol+13% Alcohol)4.8% commercial use âDettolâ(9% terpinol+13% Alcohol)
ďź 6.25%- Instruments6.25%- Instruments
ďź Cream & Soap,Cream & Soap,
ďź Lubricating obstetric cream (1.4% ).Lubricating obstetric cream (1.4% ).
⢠USESUSES:-:-
Surgical Antiseptics , skin cream, mouth wash, soaps, woundsSurgical Antiseptics , skin cream, mouth wash, soaps, wounds
& cuts& cuts
24. HALOGENS:HALOGENS:-
⢠IODINE:
USES:USES: ((1:20,000 , SOLN KILL VEGETATIVE FORM- ANTISEPTIC1:20,000 , SOLN KILL VEGETATIVE FORM- ANTISEPTIC
USES)USES)
1.TINCTURE IODINE (2.5% IN ALCOHOL)1.TINCTURE IODINE (2.5% IN ALCOHOL)
2.MANDLâS THROAT PAINT2.MANDLâS THROAT PAINT (1.25% IN POT .IODIDE) FOR(1.25% IN POT .IODIDE) FOR
SORE THROAT.SORE THROAT.
3.COUNTER IRRITANT3.COUNTER IRRITANT
4. WATER PURIFICATION4. WATER PURIFICATION..
ADRsADRs:: CORROSIVE,BURNS,BLISTERS, RASHES, stain,CORROSIVE,BURNS,BLISTERS, RASHES, stain,
irritant, less duration of actionirritant, less duration of action
⢠To be kept in dark colored bottles.To be kept in dark colored bottles.
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39. ⢠2.PHENYL MERCURIC NITRATE2.PHENYL MERCURIC NITRATE::
USES: IN TINEA REMEDIES,ANORECTAL
PREPARATIONS, OTIC, OCULAR
PREPARATIONS & PRESERVATIVES.
MERBROMIN (Mercurochrome):
⢠BRIGHT RED, ORGANIC MERCURIAL.
⢠NON-IRRITATING & LESS TOXIC.
⢠USES: 1-2% FOR EYES AND SKIN
antiseptic.
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40. SILVER COMOUNDSSILVER COMOUNDS::
⢠ASTRINGENT & CAUSTIC.
⢠REACT WITH -SH,-COOH,-PO4,-NH2 PROTEINS.
⢠SILVER NITRATE (slow Ag release)SILVER NITRATE (slow Ag release)
⢠RAPIDILY KILLS MICROBES.
⢠USES: Opthalmia Neonatarum (1% soln.) SOLN.,
APTHOUS ULCER
⢠Demerits: black discoloration of tissues
SILVER SULFADIAZINE:
⢠No black discoloration.
⢠USES: AS OINTMENT IN BURNS / effective in
Pseudomonas inf..
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41. ZINC SALTSZINC SALTS::
⢠ASTRINGENT & MILD ANTISEPTICS.
⢠1.ZINC SULFATE: WATER SOLUBLE.
⢠USES: EYE & EAR DROPS, Mouth wash,
EYE WASH, FOR ACNE AND IMPETIGO,
Lotiocalamine (Zno + Calamine), Anti Perspirants.
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42. DYES:DYES:
⢠Complex organic substances derived from coal tar
⢠Gentian violet (crystal violet):
⢠Rosaniline dye.
⢠Active against staphylococci,gram +ve bacteria, fungi.
⢠Uses: alcoholic soln (0.5%) for furunculosis, bed sores,
chronic ulcers,infective eczema, thrush, ringworm.
⢠Demerits- poor efficacy against Gm-ve & in the
presence of pus, blue stain on skin
Briliant green :-rosaniline dye.
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43. ⢠Acridine Dyes: Acriflavin and Proflavin:
⢠Orange-yellow acridine dyes
⢠Active against gram + ve bacteria &gonococci.
⢠Sensitive to light & lose efficacy
⢠Effective in alk. pH
⢠Non irritant.
⢠Uses: chronic ulcers,wounds, burn dressings, Triple dye
lotion-gentian violet 0.25%+briliant green 0.25%+
acriflavin 0.1% for burns. Dressing in umbilical stump in
neonates.
⢠Demerits- to be stored in amber coloured bottles
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44. FURAN DERIVATIVES:FURAN DERIVATIVES:
⢠Nitrofurozone:
⢠Cidal for gram +ve & gram âve,aerobic
&anaerobic bacteria.
⢠Inhibits enzymes for carbohydrates metabolism.
⢠Use- Efficacious in burns,skin grafting.
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