[系列活動] 文字探勘者的入門心法

1. Quick Tour of Text Mining Yi-Shin Chen Institute of Information Systems and Applications Department of Computer Science National Tsing Hua University yishin@gmail.com

2. About Speaker 陳宜欣 Yi-Shin Chen ▷ Currently •  清華大學資訊工程系副教授 •  主持智慧型資料工程與應用實驗室 (IDEA Lab) ▷ Education •  Ph.D. in Computer Science, USC, USA •  M.B.A. in Information Management, NCU, TW •  B.B.A. in Information Management, NCU, TW ▷ Courses (all in English) •  Research and Presentation Skills •  Introduction to Database Systems •  Advanced Database Systems •  Data Mining: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications 2 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

3. Research Focus from 2000 Storage Index Optimization Query Mining DB @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 3

4. Free Resources ▷ 免費數據 •  不管公網、私網，能合法下載的資料都是好物 4 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

5. Past and Current Studies ▷ Location identification ▷ Interest identification ▷ Event identification ▷ Extract semantic relationships ▷ Unsupervised multilingual sentiment analysis ▷ Keyword extraction and summary ▷ Emotion analysis ▷ Mental illness detection Text Processing @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 5

6. Text Mining Overview 6 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

7. Data (Text vs. Non-Text) 7 World Sensor Data Interpret by Report Weather Thermometer, Hygrometer 24。C, 55% Location GPS 37。N, 123 。E Body Sphygmometer, MRI, etc. 126/70 mmHg World To be or not to be.. human Subjective Objective @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

8. Data Mining vs. Text Mining 8 Non-text data •  Numerical Categorical Relational •  Precise •  Objective Text data •  Text •  Ambiguous •  Subjective Data Mining •  Clustering •  Classification •  Association Rules •  … Text Processing (including NLP) Text Mining @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview Preprocessing

9. Preprocessing in Reality 9

10. Data Collection ▷ Align /Classify the attributes correctly 10 Who post this message Mentioned User Hashtag Shared URL

11. Language Detection ▷ To detect an language (possible languages) in which the specified text is written ▷ Difficulties •  Short message •  Different languages in one statement •  Noisy 11 你好現在幾點鐘 apa kabar sekarang jam berapa ? 繁體中文 (zh-tw) 印尼文 (id)

12. Wrong Detection Examples ▷ Twitter examples 12 @sayidatynet top song #LailaGhofran shokran ya garh new album #listen 中華隊的服裝挺特別的，好藍。。。 #ChineseTaipei #Sochi #2014冬奧授業前の雪合戦w http://t.co/ d9b5peaq7J Before / after removing noise en - id it - zh-tw en - ja

13. Removing Noise ▷ Removing noise before detection •  Html file -tags •  Twitter - hashtag, mention, URL 13 meta name=twitter:description content=觸犯法國隱私法〔駐歐洲特派記者胡蕙寧、國際新聞中心／綜合報導〕網路搜尋引擎巨擘Google8日在法文版首頁（www.google.fr）張貼悔過書 .../ 觸犯法國隱私法〔駐歐洲特派記者胡蕙寧、國際新聞中心／綜合報導〕網路搜尋引擎巨擘Google8日在法文版首頁（www.google.fr）張貼悔過書 ... 英文 (en) 繁中 (zh-tw)

14. Data Cleaning ▷ Special character ▷ Utilize regular expressions to clean data 14 Unicode emotions ☺, ♥… Symbol icon ☏, ✉… Currency symbol €, £, $... Tweet URL Filter out non-(letters, space, punctuation, digit) ◕‿◕ Friendship is everything ♥ ✉ xxxx@gmail.com I added a video to a @YouTube playlist http:// t.co/ceYX62StGO Jamie Riepe (^|s*)http(S+)?(s*|$) (p{L}+)|(p{Z}+)| (p{Punct}+)|(p{Digit}+)

15. Japanese Examples ▷ Use regular expression remove all special words •  うふふふふ(*^^*)楽しむ！ありがとうございます^o^ アイコン、ラブラブ(-_-)♡ •  うふふふふ楽しむありがとうございますアイコンラブラブ 15 W

16. Part-of-speech (POS) Tagging ▷ Processing text and assigning parts of speech to each word ▷ Twitter POS tagging •  Noun (N), Adjective (A), Verb (V), URL (U)… 16 Happy Easter! I went to work and came home to an empty house now im going for a quick run http://t.co/Ynp0uFp6oZ Happy_A Easter_N !_, I_O went_V to_P work_N and_ came_V home_N to_P an_D empty_A house_N now_R im_L going_V for_P a_D quick_A run_N http://t.co/Ynp0uFp6oZ_U

17. Stemming ▷ @DirtyDTran gotta be caught up for tomorrow nights episode ▷ @ASVP_Jaykey for some reasons I found this very amusing 17 •  @DirtyDTran gotta be catch up for tomorrow night episode •  @ASVP_Jaykey for some reason I find this very amusing RT @kt_biv : @caycelynnn loving and missing you! we are still looking for Lucy love miss be look

18. Hashtag Segmentation ▷ By using Microsoft Web N-Gram Service (or by using Viterbi algorithm) 18 #pray #for #boston Wow! explosion at a boston race ... #prayforboston #citizenscience #bostonmarathon #goodthingsarecoming #lowbloodpressure → → → → #citizen #science #boston #marathon #good #things #are #coming #low #blood #pressure

19. More Preprocesses for Different Web Data ▷ Extract source code without javascript ▷ Removing html tags 19

20. Extract Source Code Without Javascript ▷ Javascript code should be considered as an exception •  it may contain hidden content 20

21. Remove Html Tags ▷ Removing html tags to extract meaningful content 21

22. More Preprocesses for Different Languages ▷ Chinese Simplified/Traditional Conversion ▷ Word segmentation 22

23. Chinese Simplified/Traditional Conversion ▷ Word conversion •  请乘客从后门落车　→　請乘客從後門下車 ▷ One-to-many mapping •  @shinrei 出去旅游还是崩坏　→　@shinrei 出去旅游還是崩壞游 (zh-cn) → 游|遊 (zh-tw) ▷ Wrong segmentation •  人体内存在很多微生物　→　內存:　人體記憶體在很多微生物 →　存在:　人體內存在很多微生物 23 內存|存在

24. Wrong Chinese Word Segmentation ▷ Wrong segmentation •  這(Nep) 地面(Nc) 積(VJ) 還(D) 真(D) 不(D) 小(VH) http://t.co/QlUbiaz2Iz ▷ Wrong word •  @iamzeke 實驗(Na) 室友(Na) 多(Dfa) 危險(VH) 你(Nh) 不(D) 知道(VK) 嗎 (T) ? ▷ Wrong order •  人體(Na) 存(VC) 內在(Na) 很多(Neqa) 微生物(Na) ▷ Unknown word •  半夜(Nd) 逛團(Na) 購(VC) 看到(VE) 太(Dfa) 吸引人(VH) !! 24 地面|面積實驗室|室友存在|內在未知詞: 團購

25. Back to Text Mining Let’s come back to Text Mining 25 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

26. Data Mining vs. Text Mining 26 Non-text data •  Numerical Categorical Relational •  Precise •  Objective Text data •  Text •  Ambiguous •  Subjective Data Mining •  Clustering •  Classification •  Association Rules •  … Text Processing (including NLP) Text Mining @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview Preprocessing

27. Landscape of Text Mining 27 World Sensor Data Interpret by Report World devices 24。C, 55% World To be or not to be.. human Non-text (Context) Text Subjective Objective Perceived by Express Mining knowledge about Languages Nature Language Processing Text Representation; Word Association and Mining @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

28. Landscape of Text Mining 28 World Sensor Data Interpret by Report World devices 24。C, 55% World To be or not to be.. human Non-text (Context) Text Subjective Objective Perceived by Express Mining content about the observers Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

29. Landscape of Text Mining 29 World Sensor Data Interpret by Report World devices 24。C, 55% World To be or not to be.. human Non-text (Context) Text Subjective Objective Perceived by Express Mining content about the World Topic Mining , Contextual Text Mining @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

30. Structure of Information Extraction System 30 local text analysis lexical analysis name recognition partial syntactic analysis scenario pattern matching discourse analysis Co-reference analysis inference template generation document extracted templates

31. Basic Concepts in NLP 31 This is the best thing happened in my life. Det . Det . NN PNPre . Verb VerbAdj Lexical analysis (Part-of Speech Tagging) Noun Phrase Prep Phrase Prep Phrase Noun Phrase Sentence Syntactic analysis (Parsing) This? (t1) Best thing (t2) My (m1) Happened (t1, t2, m1) Semantic Analysis Happy (x) if Happened (t1, ‘Best’, m1) Happy Inference (Emotion Analysis) @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

32. Basic Concepts in NLP 32 This is the best thing happened in my life. Det . Det . NN PNPre . Verb VerbAdj String of Characters This? Happy This is the best thing happened in my life. String of Words POS Tags Best thing Happened My life Entity Period Entities Relationships Emotion The writer loves his new born baby Understanding (Logic predicates) Entity Deeper NLP Less accurate Closer to knowledge @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

33. NLP vs. Text Mining ▷ Text Mining objectives •  Overview •  Know the trends •  Accept noise @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 33 ▷ NLP objectives •  Understanding •  Ability to answer •  Immaculate

34. Basic Data Model Concepts Let’s learn from giants 34 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

35. Data Models ▷ Data model/Language: a collection of concepts for describing data ▷ Schema/Structured observation: a description of a particular collection of data, using the a given data model ▷ Data instance/Statements @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 35 Using a model Using ER Model World Schema that represents the World Car PeopleDrive

36. E-R Model ▷ Introduced by Peter Chen; ACM TODS, March 1976 •  https://www.linkedin.com/in/peter-chen-43bba0/ •  Additional Readings →  Peter Chen. English Sentence Structure and Entity-Relationship Diagram. Information Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, Elsevier, May 1983, Pages 127-149 →  Peter Chen. A Preliminary Framework for Entity-Relationship Models. Entity-Relationship Approach to Information Modeling and Analysis, North- Holland (Elsevier), 1983, Pages 19 - 28 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 36

37. E-R Model Basics -Entity ▷ Based on a perception of a real world, which consists •  A set of basic objects ⇒ Entities •  Relationships among objects ▷ Entity: Real-world object distinguishable from other objects ▷ Entity Set: A collection of similar entities. E.g., all employees. •  Presented as: @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 37 Animals Time People This is the best thing happened in my life. Dogs love their owners. Things

38. E-R: Relationship Sets ▷ Relationship: Association among two or more entities ▷ Relationship Set: Collection of similar relationships. •  Relationship set are presented as: •  The relationship cannot exist without having corresponding entities @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 38 actionAnimal People action Dogs love their owners.

39. High-Level Entity ▷ High-level entity: Abstracted from a group of interconnected low-level entity and relationship types @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 39 Alice loves me. This is the best thing happened in my life. Time People action Alice loves me This is the best thing happen My life

40. Word Relations Back to text 40 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

41. Word Relations ▷ Paradigmatic: can be substituted for each other (similar) •  E.g., Cat dog, run and walk ▷ Syntagmatic: can be combined with each other (correlated) •  E.g., Cat and fights, dog and barks → These two basic and complementary relations can be generalized to describe relations of any times in a language 41 Animals Act Animals Act @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

42. Mining Word Associations ▷ Paradigmatic •  Represent each word by its context •  Compute context similarity •  Words with high context similarity ▷ Syntagmatic •  Count the number of times two words occur together in a context •  Compare the co-occurrences with the corresponding individual occurrences •  Words with high co-occurrences but relatively low individual occurrence 42 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

43. Paradigmatic Word Associations John’s cat eats fish in Saturday Mary’s dog eats meat in Sunday John’s cat drinks milk in Sunday Mary’s dog drinks beer in Tuesday 43 Act FoodTime Human Animals Own John Cat John’s cat Eat Fish In Saturday John’s --- eats fish in Saturday Mary’s --- eats meat in Sunday John’s --- drinks milk in Sunday Mary’s --- drinks beer in Tuesday Similar left content Similar right content Similar general content How similar are context (“cat”) and context (“dog”)? How similar are context (“cat”) and context (“John”)? → Expected Overlap of Words in Context (EOWC) Overlap (“cat”, “dog”) Overlap (“cat”, “John”) @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

44. Vector Space Model (Bag of Words) ▷ Represent the keywords of objects using a term vector •  Term: basic concept, e.g., keywords to describe an object •  Each term represents one dimension in a vector •  N total terms define an n-element terms •  Values of each term in a vector corresponds to the importance of that term ▷ Measure similarity by the vector distances 44 Document 1 season timeout lost wi n game score ball pla y coach team Document 2 Document 3 3 0 5 0 2 6 0 2 0 2 0 0 7 0 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 0 3 0

45. Common Approach for EOWC: Cosine Similarity ▷ If d1 and d2 are two document vectors, then cos( d1, d2 ) = (d1 • d2) / ||d1|| ||d2|| , where • indicates vector dot product and || d || is the length of vector d. ▷ Example: d1 = 3 2 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 d2 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 d1 • d2= 3*1 + 2*0 + 0*0 + 5*0 + 0*0 + 0*0 + 0*0 + 2*1 + 0*0 + 0*2 = 5 ||d1|| = (3*3+2*2+0*0+5*5+0*0+0*0+0*0+2*2+0*0+0*0)0.5 = (42) 0.5 = 6.481 ||d2|| = (1*1+0*0+0*0+0*0+0*0+0*0+0*0+1*1+0*0+2*2) 0.5 = (6) 0.5 = 2.245 cos( d1, d2 ) = .3150 → Overlap (“John”, “Cat”) =.3150 45 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

46. Quality of EOWC? ▷ The more overlap the two context documents have, the higher the similarity would be ▷ However: •  It favor matching one frequent term very well over matching more distinct terms •  It treats every word equally (overlap on “the” should not be as meaningful as overlap on “eats”) 46 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

47. Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) ▷ Since not all objects in the vector space are equally important, we can weight each term using its occurrence probability in the object description •  Term frequency: TF(d,t) →  number of times t occurs in the object description d •  Inverse document frequency: IDF(t) →  to scale down the terms that occur in many descriptions 47 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

48. Normalizing Term Frequency ▷ nij represents the number of times a term ti occurs in a description dj . tfij can be normalized using the total number of terms in the document •  𝑡 𝑓↓𝑖𝑗 = 𝑛↓𝑖𝑗 /𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒  ▷ Normalized value could be: •  Sum of all frequencies of terms •  Max frequency value •  Any other values can make tfij between 0 to 1 •  BM25*: 𝑡 𝑓↓𝑖𝑗 = 𝑛↓𝑖𝑗 ×(𝑘+1)/ 𝑛↓𝑖𝑗 + 𝑘  48 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

49. Inverse Document Frequency ▷ IDF seeks to scale down the coordinates of terms that occur in many object descriptions •  For example, some stop words(the, a, of, to, and…) may occur many times in a description. However, they should be considered as non-important in many cases •  𝑖 𝑑𝑓↓𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑁/ 𝑑 𝑓↓𝑖  +1) →  where dfi (document frequency of term ti) is the number of descriptions in which ti occurs ▷ IDF can be replaced with ICF (inverse class frequency) and many other concepts based on applications 49 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

50. Reasons of Log ▷ Each distribution can indicate the hidden force •  Time •  Independent •  Control 50 Power-law distribution Normal distribution Normal distribution @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

51. Mining Word Associations ▷ Paradigmatic •  Represent each word by its context •  Compute context similarity •  Words with high context similarity ▷ Syntagmatic •  Count the number of times two words occur together in a context •  Compare the co-occurrences with the corresponding individual occurrences •  Words with high co-occurrences but relatively low individual occurrence 51 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

52. Syntagmatic Word Associations John’s cat eats fish in Saturday Mary’s dog eats meat in Sunday John’s cat drinks milk in Sunday Mary’s dog drinks beer in Tuesday 52 Act FoodTime Human Animals Own John Cat John’s cat Eat Fish In Saturday John’s *** eats *** in Saturday Mary’s *** eats *** in Sunday John’s --- drinks --- in Sunday Mary’s --- drinks --- in Tuesday What words tend to occur to the left of “eats” What words to the right? Whenever “eats” occurs, what other words also tend to occur? Correlated occurrences P(dog | eats) = ? ; P(cats | eats) = ? @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

53. Word Prediction Prediction Question: Is word W present (or absent) in this segment? 53 Text Segment (any unit, e.g., sentence, paragraph, document) Predict the occurrence of word W1 = ‘meat’ W2 = ‘a’ W3 = ‘unicorn’ @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

54. Word Prediction: Formal Definition ▷ Binary random variable {0,1} •  𝑥↓𝑤 ={█1𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡@0𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡   •  𝑃( 𝑥↓𝑤 =1)+ 𝑃( 𝑥↓𝑤 =0)=1 ▷ The more random 𝑥↓𝑤  is, the more difficult the prediction is ▷ How do we quantitatively measure the randomness? 54 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

55. Entropy ▷ Entropy measures the amount of randomness or surprise or uncertainty ▷ Entropy is defined as: 55 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 log 1 log, 1 11 1 = ×−=⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ×= ∑ ∑∑ = == n i i n i ii n i i in pwhere pp p pppH ! • entropy = 0 easy • entropy=1 • difficult0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Entropy(p,1-p) @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

56. Conditional Entropy Know nothing about the segment 56 Know “eats” is present (Xeat=1) 𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡  =1) 𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡  =0) 𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 =1| 𝑥↓𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 =1 ) 𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 =0| 𝑥↓𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 =1 ) 𝐻 ( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 )=− 𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 =0)× 𝑙 𝑜𝑔↓2 (𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡  =0))− 𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 =1)× 𝑙 𝑜𝑔↓2 (𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 =1)) 𝐻 ( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 | 𝑥↓𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 =1 )=− 𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 =0| 𝑥↓𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠  =1 )× 𝑙 𝑜𝑔↓2 (𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 =0| 𝑥↓𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 =1 ))− 𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡  =1| 𝑥↓𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 =1 )× 𝑙 𝑜𝑔↓2 (𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡 =1| 𝑥↓𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 =1 )) @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview ( ) ( ) ( )( )∑∈ == n Xx xXYHxpXYH

57. Mining Syntagmatic Relations ▷ For each word W1 •  For every word W2, compute conditional entropy 𝐻( 𝑥↓𝑤1 | 𝑥↓𝑤2  ) •  Sort all the candidate words in ascending order of 𝐻( 𝑥↓𝑤1 | 𝑥↓𝑤2  ) •  Take the top-ranked candidate words with some given threshold ▷ However •  𝐻( 𝑥↓𝑤1 | 𝑥↓𝑤2  ) and 𝐻( 𝑥↓𝑤1 | 𝑥↓𝑤3  ) are comparable •  𝐻( 𝑥↓𝑤1 | 𝑥↓𝑤2  ) and 𝐻( 𝑥↓𝑤3 | 𝑥↓𝑤2  ) are not →  Because the upper bounds are different ▷ Conditional entropy is not symmetric 57 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

58. Mutual Information ▷ 𝐼(𝑥; 𝑦)= 𝐻(𝑥)− 𝐻(𝑥|𝑦 )= 𝐻(𝑦)− 𝐻(𝑦|𝑥 ) ▷ Properties: •  Symmetric •  Non-negative •  I(x;y)=0 iff x and y are independent ▷ Allow us to compare different (x,y) pairs 58 H(x) H(y) H(x|y) H(y|x) I(x;y) @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview H(x,y)

59. Topic Mining Assume we already know the word relationships 59 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

60. Landscape of Text Mining 60 World Sensor Data Interpret by Report World devices 24。C, 55% World To be or not to be.. human Non-text (Context) Text Subjective Objective Perceived by Express Mining knowledge about Languages Nature Language Processing Text Representation; Word Association and Mining @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

61. Topic Mining: Motivation ▷ Topic: key idea in text data •  Theme/subject •  Different granularities (e.g., sentence, article) ▷ Motivated applications, e.g.: •  Hot topics during the debates in 2016 presidential election •  What do people like about Windows 10 •  What are Facebook users talking about today? •  What are the most watched news? 61 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

62. Tasks of Topic Mining 62 Text Data Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic n Doc1 Doc2 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

63. Formal Definition of Topic Mining ▷ Input •  A collection of N text documents 𝑆={ 𝑑↓1 , 𝑑↓2 , 𝑑↓3 ,… 𝑑↓𝑛 } •  Number of topics: k ▷ Output •  k topics: { 𝜃↓1 , 𝜃↓2 , 𝜃↓3 ,… 𝜃↓𝑛 } •  Coverage of topics in each 𝑑↓𝑖 : { 𝜇↓𝑖1 , 𝜇↓𝑖2 , 𝜇↓𝑖3 ,… 𝜇↓𝑖𝑛 } ▷ How to define topic 𝜃↓𝑖 ? •  Topic=term (word)? 63 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

64. Tasks of Topic Mining (Terms as Topics) 64 Text Data Politics Weather Sports Travel Technology Doc1 Doc2 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

65. Problems with “Terms as Topics” ▷ Not generic •  Can only represent simple/general topic •  Cannot represent complicated topics →  E.g., “uber issue”: political or transportation related? ▷ Incompleteness in coverage •  Cannot capture variation of vocabulary ▷ Word sense ambiguity •  E.g., Hollywood star vs. stars in the sky; apple watch vs. apple recipes 65 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

66. Improved Ideas ▷ Idea1 (Probabilistic topic models): topic = word distribution •  E.g.: Sports = {(Sports, 0.2), (Game 0.01), (basketball 0.005), (play, 0.003), (NBA,0.01)…} •  √: generic, easy to implement ▷ Idea 2 (Concept topic models): topic = concept •  Maintain concepts (manually or automatically) →  E.g., ConceptNet 66 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

67. Possible Approaches for Probabilistic Topic Models ▷ Bag-of-words approach: •  Mixture of unigram language model •  Expectation-maximization algorithm •  Probabilistic latent semantic analysis •  Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model ▷ Graph-based approach : •  TextRank (Mihalcea and Tarau, 2004) •  Reinforcement Approach (Xiaojun et al., 2007) •  CollabRank (Xiaojun er al., 2008) 67 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

68. Bag-of-words Assumption ▷ Word order is ignored ▷ “bag-of-words” – exchangeability ▷ Theorem (De Finetti, 1935) – if ( 𝑥↓1 , 𝑥↓2 , …, 𝑥↓𝑛 ) are infinitely exchangeable, then the joint probability p( 𝑥↓1 , 𝑥↓2 , …, 𝑥↓𝑛 ) has a representation as a mixture: ▷ p( 𝑥↓1 , 𝑥↓2 , …, 𝑥↓𝑛 )=∫↑▒𝑑𝜃𝑝(𝜃) ∏𝑖=1↑𝑁▒𝑝( 𝑥↓𝑖 |𝜃 )  for some random variable θ@ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 68

69. Latent Dirichlet Allocation ▷ Latent Dirichlet Allocation (D. M. Blei, A. Y. Ng, 2003) Linear Discriminant Analysis ∏∫ ∏∑ ∫ ∏∑ ∏ = = = = ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ = ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ = = M d d k N n z dndnddnd k N n z nnn nn N n n dzwpzppDp dzwpzppp zwpzppp d dn n 1 1 1 1 ),()()(),( ),()()(),()3( ),()()(),,,()2( θβθαθβα θβθαθβα βθαθβαθ w wz @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 69

70. LDA Assumption ▷ Assume: •  When writing a document, you 1.  Decide how many words 2.  Decide distribution(P = Dir( 𝛼) P = Dir( 𝛽))) P = Dir( 𝛽)))) 3.  Choose topics (Dirichlet) 4.  Choose words for topics (Dirichlet) 5.  Repeat 3 •  Example 1.  5 words in document 2.  50% food 50% cute animals 3.  1st word - food topic, gives you the word “bread”. 4.  2nd word - cute animals topic, “adorable”. 5.  3rd word - cute animals topic, “dog”. 6.  4th word - food topic, “eating”. 7.  5th word - food topic, “banana”. 70 “bread adorable dog eating banana” Document Choice of topics and words @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

72. Related Work – Topic Model (LDA) 72 ▷ I eat fish and vegetables. ▷ Dog and fish are pets. ▷ My kitten eats fish. Sentence 1: 14.67% Topic 1, 85.33% Topic 2 Sentence 2: 85.44% Topic 1, 14.56% Topic 2 Sentence 3: 19.95% Topic 1, 80.05% Topic 2 LDA Topic 1 0.268 fish 0.210 pet 0.210 dog 0.147 kitten Topic 2 0.296 eat 0.265 fish 0.189 vegetable 0.121 kitten @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

73. Possible Approaches for Probabilistic Topic Models ▷ Bag-of-words approach: •  Mixture of unigram language model •  Expectation-maximization algorithm •  Probabilistic latent semantic analysis •  Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model ▷ Graph-based approach : •  TextRank (Mihalcea and Tarau, 2004) •  Reinforcement Approach (Xiaojun et al., 2007) •  CollabRank (Xiaojun er al., 2008) 73 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

74. Construct Graph ▷ Directed graph ▷ Elements in the graph →  Terms →  Phrases →  Sentences 74 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

75. Connect Term Nodes ▷ Connect terms based on its slop. 75 I love the new ipod shuffle. It is the smallest ipod. Slop=1 I love the new ipod shuffle itis smallest Slop=0 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

76. Connect Phrase Nodes ▷ Connect phrases to •  Compound words •  Neighbor words 76 I love the new ipod shuffle. It is the smallest ipod. I love the new ipod shuffle itis smallest ipod shuffle @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

77. Connect Sentence Nodes ▷ Connect to •  Neighbor sentences •  Compound terms •  Compound phrase @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 77 I love the new ipod shuffle. It is the smallest ipod. ipod new shuffle it smallest ipod shuffle I love the new ipod shuffle. It is the smallest ipod.

78. Edge Weight Types 78 I love the new ipod shuffle. It is the smallest ipod. I love the new ipod shuffleitis smallest ipod shuffle @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

79. Graph-base Ranking ▷ Scores for each node (TextRank 2004) 79 ythe = (1− 0.85) + 0.85 *(0.1× 0.5 + 0.2 × 0.6 + 0.3× 0.7) the new love is 0.1 0.2 0.3 Score from parent nodes 0.5 0.7 0.6 ynew ylove yis damping factor @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview ∑ ∑∈ ∈ +−= )( )( )()1()( i jk VInj j VOutV jk ji i VWS w w ddVWS

80. Result 80 the 1.45 ipod 1.21 new 1.02 is 1.00 shuffle 0.99 it 0.98 smallest 0.77 love 0.57 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

81. Graph-based Extraction •  Pros →  Structure and syntax information →  Mutual influence •  Cons →  Common words get higher scores 81 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

82. Summary: Probabilistic Topic Models ▷ Probabilistic topic models): topic = word distribution •  E.g.: Sports = {(Sports, 0.2), (Game 0.01), (basketball 0.005), (play, 0.003), (NBA,0.01)…} •  √: generic, easy to implement •  ?: Not easy to understand/communicate •  ?: Not easy to construct semantic relationship between topics 82 Topic? Topic= {(Crooked, 0.02), (dishonest, 0.001), (News, 0.0008), (totally, 0.0009), (total, 0.000009), (failed, 0.0006), (bad, 0.0015), (failing, 0.00001), (presidential, 0.0000008), (States, 0.0000004), (terrible, 0.0000085),(failed, 0.000021), (lightweight, 0.00001),(weak, 0.0000075), ……} @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

83. Improved Ideas ▷ Idea1 (Probabilistic topic models): topic = word distribution •  E.g.: Sports = {(Sports, 0.2), (Game 0.01), (basketball 0.005), (play, 0.003), (NBA,0.01)…} •  √: generic, easy to implement ▷ Idea 2 (Concept topic models): topic = concept •  Maintain concepts (manually or automatically) →  E.g., ConceptNet 83 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

84. NLP Related Approach: Named Entity Recognition ▷ Find and classify all the named entities in a text. ▷ What’s a named entity? •  A mention of an entity using its name. →  Kansas Jayhawks •  This is a subset of the possible mentions... →  Kansas, Jayhawks, the team, it, they ▷ Find means identify the exact span of the mention ▷ Classify means determine the category of the entity being referred to 84

85. Named Entity Recognition Approaches ▷ As with partial parsing and chunking there are two basic approaches (and hybrids) •  Rule-based (regular expressions) →  Lists of names →  Patterns to match things that look like names →  Patterns to match the environments that classes of names tend to occur in. •  Machine Learning-based approaches →  Get annotated training data →  Extract features →  Train systems to replicate the annotation 85

86. Rule-Based Approaches ▷ Employ regular expressions to extract data ▷ Examples: •  Telephone number: (d{3}[-. ()]){1,2}[dA-Z]{4}. →  800-865-1125 →  800.865.1125 →  (800)865-CARE •  Software name extraction: ([A-Z][a-z]*s*)+ →  Installation Designer v1.1 86

87. Relations ▷ Once you have captured the entities in a text you might want to ascertain how they relate to one another. •  Here we’re just talking about explicitly stated relations 87

88. Relation Types ▷ As with named entities, the list of relations is application specific. For generic news texts... 88

89. Bootstrapping Approaches ▷ What if you don’t have enough annotated text to train on. •  But you might have some seed tuples •  Or you might have some patterns that work pretty well ▷ Can you use those seeds to do something useful? •  Co-training and active learning use the seeds to train classifiers to tag more data to train better classifiers... •  Bootstrapping tries to learn directly (populate a relation) through direct use of the seeds 89

90. Bootstrapping Example: Seed Tuple ▷ Mark Twain, Elmira Seed tuple •  Grep (google) •  “Mark Twain is buried in Elmira, NY.” →  X is buried in Y •  “The grave of Mark Twain is in Elmira” →  The grave of X is in Y •  “Elmira is Mark Twain’s final resting place” →  Y is X’s final resting place. ▷ Use those patterns to grep for new tuples that you don’t already know 90

91. Bootstrapping Relations 91

92. Wikipedia Infobox ▷ Infoboxes are kept in a namespace separate from articles •  Namespce example: Special:SpecialPages; Wikipedia:List of infoboxes •  Example: •  92 {{Infobox person |name = Casanova |image = Casanova_self_portrait.jpg |caption = A self portrait of Casanova ... |website = }}

93. Concept-based Model ▷ ESA (Egozi, Markovitch, 2011) Every Wikipedia article represents a concept TF-IDF concept to inferring concepts from document Manually-maintained knowledge base 93 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

94. Yago ▷ YAGO: A Core of Semantic Knowledge Unifying WordNet and Wikipedia, WWW 2007 ▷ Unification of Wikipedia WordNet ▷ Make use of rich structures and information •  Infoboxes, Category Pages, etc. 94 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

95. Mining Concepts from User-Generated Web Data ▷ Concept: in a word sequence, its meaning is known by a group of people and everyone within the group refers to the same meaning 95 Pei-Ling Hsu, Hsiao-Shan Hsieh, Jheng-He Liang, and Yi- Shin Chen*, Mining Various Semantic Relationships from Unstructured User-Generated Web Data, Journal of Web Semantics, 2015 Sentenced-based Keyword-based Arcle-based @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

96. Concepts in Word Sequences ▷ Word sequences are likely meaningless and noise à A word sequence as a candidate to be a concept →  About noun •  A noun •  A sequence of noun •  A noun and a number •  An adjective and a noun →  Special format •  A word sequence contains “of” 96 e.g., Basketball e.g., Christmas Eve e.g., 311 earthquake e.g., Desperate housewives e.g., Cover of harry potter www.apple.com appleipod, nano ipod southernfood.about.comaboutodapplecrisprbl50616a buy @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

97. Concept Modeling •  Concept: in a word sequence, its meaning is known by a group of people and everyone within the group refers to the same meaning. → Try to detect a word sequence that is known by a group of people. 97 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

98. Concept Modeling •  Frequent Concept: •  A word sequence mentioned frequently from a single source. 98 Menoned number is normalized in each data source apple apple apple apple apple apple apple, companies color, of, ipod, nano, 1gb ipod ipod, nano apple apple apple @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

99. Concept Modeling ▷ Some data sources are public, sharing data with other users. ▷ These data sources with frequently seen word sequences. à  These data sources provide concepts with higher confidence. ▷ Confident Value: every data source has a confident value ▷ Confident concept: a word sequence is from data sources with higher confident values. 99 apple inc. ipod, nano apple inc. ipod, nano apple apple apple www.apple.com appleipod, nano ipod apple apple apple @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

100. Opinion Mining How people feel? 100 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

101. Landscape of Text Mining 101 World Sensor Data Interpret by Report World devices 24。C, 55% World To be or not to be.. human Non-text (Context) Text Subjective Objective Perceived by Express Mining content about the observers Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

102. Opinion ▷ a subjective statement describing a person's perspective about something 102 Objective statement or Factual statement: can be proved to be right or wrong Opinion holder: Personalized / customized Depends on background, culture, context Target @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

103. Opinion Representation ▷ Opinion holder: user ▷ Opinion target: object ▷ Opinion content: keywords? ▷ Opinion context: time, location, others? ▷ Opinion sentiment (emotion): positive/negative, happy or sad 103 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

104. Sentiment Analysis ▷ Input: An opinionated text object ▷ Output: Sentiment tag/Emotion label •  Polarity analysis: {positive, negative, neutral} •  Emotion analysis: happy, sad, anger ▷ Naive approach: •  Apply classification, clustering for extracted text features 104 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

105. Text Features ▷ Character n-grams •  Usually for spelling/recognition proof •  Less meaningful ▷ Word n-grams •  n should be bigger than 1 for sentiment analysis ▷ POS tag n-grams •  Can mixed with words and POS tags →  E.g., “adj noun”, “sad noun” 105 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

106. More Text Features ▷ Word classes •  Thesaurus: LIWC •  Ontology: WordNet, Yago, DBPedia •  Recognized entities: DBPedia, Yago ▷ Frequent patterns in text •  Could utilize pattern discovery algorithms •  Optimizing the tradeoff between coverage and specificity is essential 106 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

107. LIWC ▷ Linguistic Inquiry and word count •  LIWC2015 ▷ Home page: http://liwc.wpengine.com/ ▷ 70 classes ▷ Developed by researchers with interests in social, clinical, health, and cognitive psychology ▷ Cost: US$89.95 107

108. Emotion Analysis: Pattern Approach ▷ Carlos Argueta, Fernando Calderon, and Yi-Shin Chen, Multilingual Emotion Classifier using Unsupervised Pattern Extraction from Microblog Data, Intelligent Data Analysis - An International Journal, 2016 108 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

109. Collect Emotion Data 109 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

110. Collect Emotion Data Wait! Need Control Group 110 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

111. Not-Emotion Data 111 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

112. Preprocessing Steps ▷ Hints: Remove troublesome ones o  Too short →  Too short to get important features o  Contain too many hashtags →  Too much information to process o  Are retweets →  Increase the complexity o  Have URLs →  Too trouble to collect the page data o  Convert user mentions to usermention and hashtags to hashtag →  Remove the identification. We should not peek answers! 112 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

113. Basic Guidelines ▷ Identify the common and differences between the experimental and control groups •  Analyze the frequency of words →  TF•IDF (Term frequency, inverse document frequency) •  Analyze the co-occurrence between words/patterns →  Co-occurrence •  Analyze the importance between words →  Centrality Graph 113 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

114. Graph Construction ▷ Construct two graphs •  E.g. →  Emotion one: I love the World of Warcraft new game J → Not-emotion one: 3,000 killed in the world by ebola I of Warcraft new game WorldLove the 0.9 0.84 0.65 0.12 0.12 0.53 0.67 J 0.45 3,000 world b y ebola the killed in 0.49 0.87 0.93 0.83 0.55 0.25 114 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

115. Graph Processes ▷ Remove the common ones between two graphs •  Leave the significant ones only appear in the emotion graph ▷ Analyze the centrality of words •  Betweenness, Closeness, Eigenvector, Degree, Katz →  Can use the free/open software, e.g, Gaphi, GraphDB ▷ Analyze the cluster degrees •  Clustering Coefficient GraphKey patterns 115 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

116. Essence Only Only key phrases →emotion patterns 116 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

117. Emotion Patterns Extraction o The goal: o  Language independent extraction – not based on grammar or manual templates o  More representative set of features - balance between generality and specificity o  High recall/coverage – adapt to unseen words o  Requiring only a relatively small number – high reliability o  Efficient— fast extraction and utilization o  Meaningful - even if there are no recognizable emotion words in it 117 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

118. Patterns Definition o Constructed from two types of elements: o  Surface tokens: hello, J, lol, house, … o  Wildcards: * (matches every word) o Contains at least 2 elements o Contains at least one of each type of element Examples: 118 Pattern Matches * this * “Hate this weather”, “love this drawing” * * J “so happy J”, “to me J” luv my * “luv my gift”, “luv my price” * that “want that”, “love that”, “hate that” @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

119. Patterns Construction o Constructed from instances o An instance is a sequence of 2 or more words from CW and SW o Contains at least one CW and one SW Examples 119 SubjectWords love hate gift weather … Connector Words this luv my J … Instances “hate this weather” “so happy J” “luv my gift” “love this drawing” “luv my price” “to me J “kill this idiot” “finish this task” @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

120. Patterns Construction (2) o Find all instances in a corpus with their frequency o Aggregate counts by grouping them based on length and position of matching CW 120 Instances Count “hate this weather” 5 “so happy J” 4 “luv my gift” 7 “love this drawing” 2 “luv my price” 1 “to me J” 3 “kill this idiot” 1 “finish this task” 4 Connector Words this luv my J … Groups Cou nt “Hate this weather”, “love this drawing”, “kill this idiot”, “finish this task” 12 “so happy J”, “to me J” 7 “luv my gift”, “luv my price” 8 … … @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

121. Patterns Construction (3) o Replace all the SWs by a wildcard * and keep the CWs to convert all instances into the representing pattern o The wildcard matches any word and is used for term generalization o Infrequent patterns are filtered out 121 Connector Words this got my pain … Pattern Groups Cou nt * this * “Hate this weather”, “love this drawing”, “kill this idiot”, “finish this task” 12 * * J “so happy J”, “to me J” 7 luv my * “luv my gift”, “luv my price” 8 … … … @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

122. Ranking Emotion Patterns ▷ Ranking the emotion patterns for each emotion •  Frequency, exclusiveness, diversity •  One ranked list for each emotion SadJoy Anger 122 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

123. Contextual Text Mining Basic Concepts 123 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

124. Context ▷ Text usually has rich context information •  Direct context (meta-data): time, location, author •  Indirect context: social networks of authors, other text related to the same source •  Any other related text ▷ Context could be used for: •  Partition the data •  Provide extra features 124 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

125. Contextual Text Mining ▷ Query log + User = Personalized search ▷ Tweet + Time = Event identification ▷ Tweet + Location-related patterns = Location identification ▷ Tweet + Sentiment = Opinion mining ▷ Text Mining +Context → Contextual Text Mining 125 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

126. Partition Text 126 User y User 2 User n User k User x User 1 Users above age 65 Users under age 12 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Data within year 2000 Posts containing #sad @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

127. Generative Model of Text 127 I eat fish and vegetables. Dog and fish are pets. My kitten eats fish. eat fish vegetables Dog pets are kitten My and I )|( ModelwordP Generation Analyze Model Topic 1 0.268 fish 0.210 pet 0.210 dog 0.147 kitten Topic 2 0.296 eat 0.265 fish 0.189 vegetable 0.121 kitten )|( )|( DocumentTopicP TopicwordP @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

128. Contextualized Models of Text 128 I eat fish and vegetables. Dog and fish are pets. My kitten eats fish. eat fish vegetables Dog pets are kitten My and I Generation Analyze Model Year=2008 Location=Taiwan Source=FB emotion=happy Gender=Man ),|( ContextModelwordP @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

129. Naïve Contextual Topic Model 129 I eat fish and vegetables. Dog and fish are pets. My kitten eats fish. eat fish vegetables Dog pets are kitten My and I Generation Year=2008 Year=2007 ∑ ∑= = === Cj Ki jij ContextTopicwPContextizPjcPwP ..1 ..1 ),|()|()()( Topic 1 0.268 fish 0.210 pet 0.210 dog 0.147 kitten Topic 2 0.296 eat 0.265 fish 0.189 vegetable 0.121 kitten Topic 1 0.268 fish 0.210 pet 0.210 dog 0.147 kitten Topic 2 0.296 eat 0.265 fish 0.189 vegetable 0.121 kitten How do we estimate it? → Different approaches for different contextual data and problems

130. Contextual Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (CPLAS) (Mei, Zhai, KDD2006) ▷ An extension of PLSA model ([Hofmann 99]) by •  Introducing context variables •  Modeling views of topics •  Modeling coverage variations of topics ▷ Process of contextual text mining •  Instantiation of CPLSA (context, views, coverage) •  Fit the model to text data (EM algorithm) •  Compare a topic from different views •  Compute strength dynamics of topics from coverages •  Compute other probabilistic topic patterns @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 130

131. The Probabilistic Model 131 ∑ ∑ ∑∑∑∈ ∈ === = D D ),( 111 ))|()|(),|(),|(log(),()(log CD Vw k l ilj m j j n i i wplpCDpCDvpDwcp θκκ •  A probabilistic model explaining the generation of a document D and its context features C: if an author wants to write such a document, he will –  Choose a view vi according to the view distribution 𝑝( 𝑣↓𝑖 |𝐷, 𝐶 ) –  Choose a coverage кj according to the coverage distribution 𝑝( 𝑘↓𝑗 |𝐷, 𝐶 ) –  Choose a theme θ↓𝑖𝑙  according to the coverage кj –  Generate a word using θ↓𝑖𝑙  –  The likelihood of the document collection is: @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

132. Contextual Text Mining Example 1 Event Identification 132 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

133. Introduction ▷ Event definition: •  Something (non-trivial) happening in a certain place at a certain time (Yang et al. 1998) ▷ Features of events: •  Something (non-trivial) •  Certain time •  Certain place 133 content temporal location user location @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

134. Goal ▷ Identify events from social streams ▷ Events contain these characteristics 134 Event What WhenWho •  Content •  Many words related to one topic •  Happened time •  Time dependent •  Influenced users •  Transmit to others Concept-Based Evolving Social Graphs @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

135. Keyword Selection ▷ Well-noticed criterion •  Compared to the past, if a word suddenly be mentioned by many users, it is well-noticed •  Time Frame – a unit of time period •  Sliding Window – a certain number of past time frames 135 time tf0 tf1 tf2 tf3 tf4 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

136. Keyword Selection ▷ Compare the probability proportion of this word count with the past sliding window 136

137. Event Candidate Recognition ▷ Concept-based event: all keywords about the same event •  Use the co-occurrence of words in tweets to connect keywords 137 Huge amount of keywords connected as one event boston explosion confirm prayerbombing bostonmarathon threat iraq jfk hospital victim afghanistan bomb america @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

138. Event Candidate Recognition ▷ Idea: group one keyword with its most relevant keywords into one event candidate ▷  How do we decide which keyword to start grouping? 138 boston explosion confirm prayerbombing bostonmarathon threat iraq jfk hospital victim afghanistan bomb america @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

139. Event Candidate Recognition ▷ TextRank: rank importance of each keyword •  Number of edges •  Edge weights (word count and word co-occurrence) 139 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕= 𝒄 𝒐𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓( 𝒌 𝟏, 𝒌 𝟐)/ 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕( 𝒌 𝟏)  Boston Boston marathon 49438 21518 16566/49438  16566/21528  @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

140. Event Candidate Recognition 1.  Pick the most relevant neighbor keywords 140 boston explosion prayer safe 0.08 0.07 0.01 thought 0.05 marathon 0.13 Normalized weight @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

141. Event Candidate Recognition 2.  Check neighbor keywords with the secondary keyword 141 boston explosion prayer thought marathon 0.1 0.026 0.006 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

142. Event Candidate Recognition 3.  Group the remaining keywords as one event candidate 142 boston explosion prayer marathon Event Candidate @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

143. Evolving Social Graph Analysis ▷ Bring in social relationships to estimate information propagation ▷ Social Relation Graph •  Vertex: users that mentioned one or more keywords in the candidate event •  Edge: the following relationship between users 143 Boston marathon explosion bomb Boston marathon Boston bomb Marathon explosion Marathon bomb @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

144. Evolving Social Graph Analysis ▷ Add in evolving idea (time frame increment): graph sequences 144 tf1 tf2 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

145. Evolving Social Graph Analysis ▷ Information decay: •  Vertex weight, edge weight •  Decay mechanism ▷ Concept-Based Evolving Graph Sequences (cEGS): a sequence of directed graphs that demonstrate information propagation 145 tf1 tf2 tf3 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

146. Methodology – Evolving Social Graph Analysis ▷ Hidden link – construct hidden relationship •  To model better interaction between users •  Sample data 146 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

147. Evolving Social Graph Analysis ▷ Analysis of cEGS •  Number of vertices(nV) →  The number of users mentioned this event candidate •  Number of edges(nE): →  The number of following relationship in this cEGS •  Number of connected components(nC) →  The number of communities in this cEGS •  Reciprocity(R) →  The degree of mutual connections is in this cEGS 147 Reciprocity = 𝑛 𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠/𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠  @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

148. Event Identification ▷ Type1 Event: One-shot event •  An event that receives attention in a short period of time →  Number of users, number of followings, number of connected components suddenly increase ▷ Type2 Event: Long-run event •  An event that attracts many discussion for a period of time →  Reciprocity ▷ Non-event 148 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

149. Experimental Results ▷ April 15, “library jfk blast bostonmarathon prayforboston pd possible area boston police social explosion bomb bombing marathon confirm incident” 149 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Reciprocity Days in April Users,Followings,Connected Components Number of users Number of followings Number of connected components Reciprocity Hidden link reciprocity

150. Contextual Text Mining Example 2 Location Identification 150

151. Twitter and Geo-Tagging ▷ Geospatial features in Twitter have been available •  User’s Profile location •  Per tweet geo-tagging ▷ Users have been slow to adopt these features •  On a 1-million-record sample, 0.30% of tweets were geo-tagged ▷ Locations are not specific 151 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

152. Our Goal ▷ Identify the location of a particular Twitter user at a given time •  Using exclusively the content of his/her tweets 152 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

153. Data Sources ▷ Twitter Dataset •  13 million tweets, 1.53 million profiles •  From Nov. ‘11 to Apr. ’12 ▷ Local Cache •  Geospatial Resources •  GeoNames Spatial DB •  Wikiplaces DB •  Lexical Resources •  WordNet ▷ Web Resources 153 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

154. Baseline Classification ▷ We are interested only in tweets that might suggest a location. ▷ Tweet Classification •  Direct Subject •  Has a first person personal pronoun – “I love New York” →  (I, me, myself,…) •  Anonymous Subject →  Starts with Verbs – “Rocking the bar tonight!” →  Composed of only nouns and adjectives – “Perfect day at the beach” •  Others 154 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

155. Rule Generation ▷ By identifying certain association rules, we can identify certain locations ▷ Combinations of certain verbs and nouns (bigrams) imply some locations •  “Wait” + “Flight” → Airport •  “Go” + “Funeral” → Funeral Home ▷ Create combinations of all synonyms, meronyms and hyponyms related to a location ▷ Number of occurrences must be greater than K ▷ Each rule does not overlap with other categories 155 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

156. Examples 156 Airport Airfield plan es Contr ol Towe r Gate s Airli ne Helicop ter Check- in Helipa d Fl y Heliport Hyponyms : Airfield is a kind of airport Meronyms : Gates is a part of airport Restaurant Gym Wa it Flig ht @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

157. N-gram Combinations ▷ Identify likely location candidates ▷ Contiguous sequences of n-items ▷ Only nouns and adjectives ▷ Extracted from Direct Subject and Anonymous Subject categories. 157 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

158. Tweet Types ▷ Coordinates •  Tweet has geographical coordinates ▷ Explicit Specific •  “I Love Hsinchu” →  Toponyms ▷ Explicit General •  “Going to the Gym” →  Through Hypernyms ▷ Implicit •  “Buying a new scarf” - Department Store •  Emphasize on actions 158 Identified through a Web Search @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

159. Country Discovery ▷ Identify the user’s country ▷ Identified with OPTICS algorithm ▷ Cluster all previously marked n-grams ▷ Most significant cluster is retrieved •  User’s country 159

160. Inner Region Discovery ▷ Identify user’s Hometown ▷ Remove toponyms ▷ Clustered with OPTICS ▷ Only locations within ± 2 σ 160 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

161. Inner Region Discovery 161 •  Identify user’s Hometown •  Remove toponyms •  Clustered with OPTICS •  Only locations within ± 2 σ •  Most Representative cluster – Reversely Geocoded – Most representative cityCoordinates Lat: 41.3948029987514 Long : -73.472126500681 Reverse Geocoding @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

162. Web Search ▷ Use web services ▷ Example : •  “What's the weather like outside? I haven't left the library in three hours” •  Search: Library near Danbury, Connecticut , US 162

163. Timeline Sorting 163 9AM “I have to agree that Washington is so nice at this time of the year” 11AM “Heat Wave in Texas” @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

164. Tweet A : 9AM “I have to agree that Washington is so nice at this time of the year” Tweet B : 11AM “Heat Wave in Texas” Tweet A Tweet B(Tweet A) – X days (Tweet B) + X days @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 164

165. Location Inferred ▷ Users are classified according to the particular findings : •  No Country (No Information) •  Just Country •  Timeline →  Current and past locations •  Timeline with Hometown →  Current and past locations →  User’s Hometown →  General Locations 165 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

166. General Statistics @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview 166

167. Some Remarks Some but not all 167 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

168. Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process 168 Data Cleaning Data Integration Databases Data Warehouse Task-relevant Data Selection Data Mining Pattern Evaluation

169. Always Remember ▷ Have a good and solid objective •  No goal no gold •  Know the relationships between them 169 @ Yi-Shin Chen, Text Mining Overview

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