Dr. John Patience - Less Obvious Implications of Using Alternative Ingredients

“NOT SO OBVIOUS” OBVIOUS
CHALLENGES OF USING
ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENTS IN
PRACTICAL PIG DIETS

John F. Patience
Applied Swine Nutrition
Dept. of Animal Science
Iowa State University

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION

THINGS ARE NOT ALWAYS WHAT THEY SEEM


WHAT ARE THE “NSO” CHALLENGES?

1. Cost of energy and concentration of energy
2. Impact of ingredients on carcass and pork
quality
3. Variability of nutrient composition
4. Differences in physical characteristics
5. Other


THE ISSUE
The cost differential as of January 23, 2012
between a traditional corn-soy diet
and a multi-ingredient diet
is at least $15.00/ton
and could be as high as $25.00/ton
or about $5/pig to $8/pig sold!!


HOW IMPORTANT IS FEED CONVERSION?

Feed Conversion = 2.63 Feed Conversion = 2.93

0.49
Each feed conversion point is worth
0.47
Value per pig of 0.01 improvement

30 to 32 cents per pig at today’s feed costs
0.45
0.43
in feed conversion

0.41
0.39
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.27
0.25
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Average wean-to-finish feed cost, $/ton

GETTING DOWN TO BRASS TACKS

• Pigs do not have requirements for
ingredients, but rather energy and nutrients
Pigs around the
world
are successfully
raised to market
With little or no corn
or soybean meal
in their diet


EXAMPLE WEST. CANADIAN PIG DIETS
25 to 50 lb 75 to 150 lb Lactation

Wheat 16.77 36.63 30.28

Barley 12.92 15.00 10.00

Corn DDGS 20.00 15.00 20.00

Field peas 25.00 25.00 25.00

Soybean meal 18.09 - 5.75

Canola meal 3.50 5.00 5.00

Canola oil 0.50 0.50 0.32

Enzyme 0.04 0.04 0.04

Premix 0.40 0.40 0.40


EXAMPLE EUROPEAN PIG DIETS
35 to 55 lb 75 to 155 lb Lactation
Wheat 7.50 7.50 17.40
Barley 29.99 28.94 15.00
Corn 10.00 21.00 14.30
Triticale 5.60 - -
Bakery by-product 5.00
Wheat middlings 7.50 7.50 14.10
Wheat feed 15.00 17.50
Soybean meal 12.60 7.50 10.80
Canola meal 5.00 3.20 2.80
Soybeans - - 5.00
Sunflower meal - 4.00 -
Sugar beet pulp 2.00 - 3.00
Cane molasses - - 3.50
Soybean hulls - - 2.00
Linseed meal - - 2.00
Oil: Fish/soya/palm 1.84 0.23 0.55

Diets kindly provided by Mr. Mr. Hubert van Hees, Nutreco

FEEDING PROGRAM: PHILOSOPHY

Nutrient Nutrient
Requirements Supply

Feeding
Program

Pork Net Societal
Quality Income Sustainability

GETTING DOWN TO BRASS TACKS

• Pigs do not have requirements for ingredients,
but rather energy and nutrients
• The objective of pork production is financial
returns, not performance.
– Improved performance does not necessarily lead to
improved financial returns


“NOT SO OBVIOUS” ISSUE #1

• Energy is the most costly component of the
diet, and the cost of energy is rising.
– We used to take the cost of energy for granted.
Not anymore!
– Are we using diet energy most effectively and
efficiently?
– By-products tend to have lower energy content
than corn and soybean meal.


Ingredient, % Prices Energy Add protein/ Add minerals/
$/t only amino acids vitamins
Corn 220 54.93 47.65 47.01
Corn DDGS 190 30.00 25.58 27.68
Wheat midds 200 7.60 5.50 -
Soybean meal 300 - 13.50 14.19
Bakery product 230 7.50 7.50 7.50
l-Lysine HCl 2500 - 0.30 0.30
Limestone 50 - - 1.10
Salt 90 - - 0.45
Vitamin premix 1750 - - 0.15
Trace mineral premix 1000 - - 0.12
Phytase 5000 - - 0.08
AV-blend 900 - - 1.16
Cost, $ $210.24 $229.58 $244.00
86.2% 94.1% 100.0%
Diets formulated to meet 1) energy spec only, 2) energy & amino acid specs only, & 3) all nutrients

THE RISING COST OF DIETARY ENERGY

Ingredient Cost, ME, NE, Cost, Cost,
$/ton Mcal/lb Mcal/lb ¢/Mcal ME ¢/Mcal NE
Corn 220 1.55 1.20 7.1 9.2
Corn DDGS 190 1.52 1.08 6.3 8.8
Wheat middlings 200 1.38 0.99 7.2 10.1
Bakery by-product 230 1.68 1.35 6.8 8.5
Soybean meal 300 1.52 0.89 9.9 16.9
AV blend 900 3.72 3.35 12.1 13.4

When corn cost $2.50/bu, 1 Mcal ME cost 2.9¢. It now costs 7.1¢.


HOW DAILY ENERGY INTAKE IS DIVIDED
BETWEEN MAINTENANCE AND GAIN

Functions Gain ME intake, Kcal/d
Maintenance - 2,516 (34%)
Protein (lean) gain 138 g/d (16%) 1,460 (20%)
Fat gain 267 g/d (31%) 3,358 (46%)
Total 1.90 lb/d (862 g/d) 7,300 (100%)

Assume the diet contains 1,500 kcal ME/lb and 0.85% SID lysine. The pig weighs between
100 to 200 lb, is gaining about 1.9 lb/d (total growout ADG = 1.85 lb) and is eating 4.9 lb of
feed/day, giving a feed conversion of 2.58 (total feeder to finish growout FC is 2.85:1).


EFFECT OF CORN BRAN WITH DECLINING OR
CONSTANT NE ON F:G IN FINISHING PIGS

Declining NE Constant NE
P < 0.001 P = 0.67
4.0
3.5 a
3.0 bc b
c c c c
2.5
F:G

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 8 16 24
Corn bran level, %
APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Gutierrez et al., 2011

Body weight of weaned pigs was similar across
wheat classes, including CPS and durum

d7 d 14 d 21

28

24
Weight, lb

20

a ab ab ab b ab
16

12
Durum CPS-W CPS-R HRS HRW HW


IMPACT OF DIET ENERGY CONCENTRATION
ON AVERAGE DAILY GAIN, LB/D

Diet ME, Mcal/lb 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.55
Diet NE, Mcal/lb 1.02 1.05 1.09 1.12
Constant FI and wt 1.74 1.80 1.85 1.91
Constant FI and days 1.75 1.80 1.86 1.91
Constant wt, increasing FI 1.93 1.93 1.92 1.91


ON FEED EFFICIENCY

Diet ME, Mcal/lb 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.55
Diet NE, Mcal/lb 1.02 1.05 1.09 1.12
Constant FI and wt 3.03 2.91 2.82 2.73
Constant FI and days 2.94 2.87 2.79 2.73
Constant wt, increasing FI 2.98 2.89 2.81 2.73


ON FEED COST/PIG, $

Diet ME, Mcal/lb 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.55
Diet NE, Mcal/lb 1.02 1.05 1.09 1.12
Constant FI and wt $83.01 $82.57 $84.02 $85.45
Constant FI and days $73.58 $77.38 $80.90 $85.45
Constant wt, increasing FI $81.79 $81.74 $83.89 $85.45


Typically, we feed
pigs to achieve a
target growth rate, to
move pigs out of the
barn according to a
fill schedule

At what point do we
Typically, we feed accept that mainting
pigs to achieve a growth rate is too
target growth rate, to costly and less
move pigs out of the expensive diets
barn according to a supporting slower
fill schedule growth are more
profitable overall?


diet
• The impact of ingredients on carcass
composition


EFFECT OF FAT SOURCE AND LEVEL ON CARCASS
(JOWL) IV WHEN FED FROM 165 TO 290 LB
85
80.0a
80

75 IV = 74 72.6b
70.2c 70.3c
70
Iodine Value

66.3d 67.2d
65.4d
65

60

55

50

45

40
0 3 6 3 6 3 6
Tallow (IV = 41.9) CWG (IV = 66.5) Corn Oil (IV = 123.1)
Sex Pooled SEM P-Value
B G Trt Sex Trt Sex Source Level SXL
69.1 71.5 0.73 0.4 <.0001 0.0002 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Kellner et al., 2011


diet
• The impact of ingredients on carcass
composition
• Many alternative ingredients vary widely in
composition. Therefore, adoption of
alternative ingredients requires investment in
lab assays.


QUALITY CONTROL


NUTRIENT CONTENT OF 32 U.S. DDGS SOURCES
(100% DRY MATTER BASIS)

Nutrient Average Range
Dry matter, % 89.3 87.3-92.4
Crude protein, % 30.9 28.7-32.9
Crude fat, % 10.7 8.8-12.4
Crude fiber, % 7.2 5.4-10.4
Ash, % 6.0 3.0-9.8
Swine ME, kcal/lb 1,728 1,590-1,837
Lysine, % 0.90 0.61-1.06
Phosphorus, % 0.75 0.42-0.99
APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Source: Shurson

DE CONTENT OF 11 FIELD PEA SAMPLES

1800
DE (kcal/lb; 90% DM)

d
c,d c,d
b,c,d

1600 b,c b,c b,c
b,c
b

a a
1400

1200
Em Hi Ma Sp Ca Bo Da Or Vo Vi Mu
APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Variety

FEED EFFICIENCY OF PIGS
FED DE-CORRECTED DIETS

0.6
Feed efficiency (ADG/ADFI)

0.5 a a a a a
a a,b a,b
a,b a,b a,b
b
0.4

0.3

0.2
Em Hi Ma Sp Ca Bo Da Or Vo Vi Mu Con
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Variety

INTEGRATED QUALITY CONTROL
Ensure pig performance is
within the tolerance of your
targets: growth, carcass, etc
PIGS

MIXED Feed INCOMING
FEED Manufacturing INGREDIENTS

Ensure feed Ensure feed
delivered to the mixing is Confirm composition
pigs meets their achieving in terms of both
requirements for uniform mixture desirable &
daily nutrient according to the undesirable
intake formulation constituents


• Energy is the most costly component of the diet
• The impact of ingredients on carcass composition
• Variation in nutrient composition of alternative
ingredients
• The physical characteristics of different
ingredients may be different from those of corn
and soybean meal. Can you feed mixing and
delivery system handle this change?


Ingredients Density (lb/ft3)* Lb/4000 lb mixer (114 ft3) Index
Barley, ground 25 2,850 68
Canola meal 38 4,332 103
Corn DDGS 31 - 39 3,534 to 4,446 84 to 105
Corn, ground 37 4,218 100
Corn, bran 22 2,508 59
Corn gluten meal 42 4,788 114
Fish meal, Menhaden 40 4,560 108
Meat and bone meal 37 4,218 100
Oats 20 2,280 54
Peas 50 5,700 135
Soybean meal, ground 41 4,674 111
Soybean hulls 23 2,622 62
Meat and bone meal 45 5,130 122
Wheat, ground 38 4,332 103
Wheat middlings 20 2,280 54
Dicalcium phosphate 58 6,612 157
Limestone 85 9,690 230
*Source: Kammel, 1991

SUMMARY: HIDDEN CHALLENGES
• Many alternative ingredients are lower in
energy. Most effective use occurs if diet
energy can be lowered – but performance may
suffer
• Changes in carcass composition and quality
• Increased need for quality control
• Changes in diet bulk density affect feed
mixing, delivery and storage capacity


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ASN TEAM

Applied Swine Nutrition Team
Outside Iowa Machine Shed
Des Moines, IA
August, 2011


IOWA SWINE DAY 2012
WHAT Day devoted to sharing practical information on topics of interest to pork
producers
WHEN June 28, 2012
WHERE Scheman Hall, Iowa State University
WHO Pork producers (owner/operators, barn employees, contract growers, field
staff), affiliated industry personnel
TOPICS “nominated” by pork producers
1. PRRS
2. Biosecurity
3. Feed costs
4. Foaming pits
5. Pork exports
6. Ventilation
7. Risk management
8. Animal welfare
9. Human resources


Dr. John Patience - Less Obvious Implications of Using Alternative Ingredients

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