Dr. Curtis Young - Attracting And Protecting Pollinators
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Attracting And Protecting Pollinators - Dr. Curtis Young, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
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Dr. Curtis Young - Attracting And Protecting Pollinators
- 1. Attracting and Protecting Pollinators Curtis E. Young, Ph.D.,CCA OSU Extension, Van Wert County
- 2. Why Pollinators Matter • Annual value of insect pollinated crops according to a Cornell study: $29 billion per year. Roughly 80% of flowering plants need pollinators. • Some pollinators are in decline worldwide. For honey bees: 30% loss of hives each year between 2006-2011 in the United States. Beekeepers say 15% loss is acceptable. • "Colony Collapse Disorder" (CCD), appears to be due to multiple stressors (Varroa mites, Nosema and virus infection, nutrition, migratory beekeeping, pesticide exposure).
- 3. Honey production = $5 billion Pollination value = $200-500 billion worldwide Lautenbach, 2012, PLoS ONE USAID CIAFS, 2012
- 4. Consequences of Poor Pollination In Ohio insect-pollinated crops were valued at $216 million (2009)
- 5. Who are the Pollinators? Honey Bees
- 7. Order Hymenoptera • Honey Bees • Bumble Bees • Digger Bees • Orchard Bees • Metallic Bees (Sweat Bees) • Leafcutter Bees • Carpenter Bees • Common Characteristics – Skinny waists – Long Antennae – Ovipositor modified as a stinger • Rare Characteristics – Social Behavior – Honey Production
- 10. Three Broad Groups of Native Bees Photos: Steve Javorek (Ag Candada), Eric Mader, Elaine Evans Bumble Bees (social) Cavity-Nesting Bees (solitary) Ground-Nesting Bees (solitary)
- 11. Are there other Pollinators? • Order Coleoptera – Beetles • Order Diptera – Flies • Order Lepidoptera – Moths and Butterflies
- 12. Attracting Pollinators Honey bees forage four (plus) miles from home. Bumble bees can forage 6 miles or more. Smaller bees have a more narrow range.
- 13. Cover Crops and Pollinators • Grasses (Cereal Rye, Winter Wheat, Barley, Oats, Teff, etc.) – Of little or no attractiveness to pollinators • Legumes (Alfalfa, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Clovers, Vetch, Cowpea, etc.) – Low to High attractiveness to pollinators • Forbs/Broadleaves (Buckwheat, Brassicas, Canola, Sunflowers, etc.) – Low to High attractiveness to pollinators
- 15. Bees or Flies or Both?
- 20. Problems with Cover Crops for Pollinators • Many do not mature fast enough to be available to pollinators • Many only bloom for a short period of time – there would be a need for alternative sources of pollen and nectar • Grasses do next to nothing for pollinators • Cover crops for pollinators are better in long term crops – orchards, vineyards, field edges, lanes, berry patches, etc.
- 22. BMPs to Protect Pollinators Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
- 23. Observing Pollinators and Pollinator Plants Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Know which pollinators are foraging, the plants they’re working (including weeds), and active times of day.
- 24. Read the Label Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
- 26. Seed Planting Dust Issues Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org • Modern planters use a vacuum system to move seeds. • Treated seeds require talc in planter to ensure uniform planting. • Used talc is exhausted with air during and after planting, often contaminating weeds, trees and shrubs in flower. • Talc replacements: wax and graphite substitutes
- 27. Soil, dust + dandelions + honey bees = Bee Kills Contaminated dust can kill individual bees outright or be taken back to the colony.
- 28. Formulation Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Dusts and microencapsulated formulations can pose high risk to pollinators. Granular formulations are best for bees!
- 29. Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org If a pesticide does not have extended residual toxicity (ERT <8 hours), it can be applied after evening foraging is complete without harming pollinators that visit the next day. Time of Day
- 30. Avoiding Drift Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org • Establish buffers • Watch weather • Calibrate • Shut off sprayer or nozzles for gaps, turns or near water.
- 31. Drift onto Plants or Crop in Bloom
- 32. Contamination of Ground Cover Plants Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
- 33. Residues, Particles or Dust Taken Back to Colony
- 35. Ohio Pesticide Law No person shall: • Apply pesticides which are hazardous to honey bees when pollinating insects are actively working; • Application of calyx sprays on fruits & similar applications may be made. Ohio Apiary Law • Register all apiaries annually by June 1.
- 36. IPM First Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Carefully diagnose the pest problem, consider all options and select the best combination of options to minimize risk to pollinators.
- 37. Avoiding Drift Joseph LaForest, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Be mindful of drift onto surrounding plants attractive to pollinators.
- 38. Choose the Least Toxic Chemical • Toxicity Category I, “highly toxic to bees” • Acute Contact LD50 is less than or equal to 2 micrograms per bee. • Toxicity Category II, “toxic to bees” • LD50 is less than 11 but greater than 2 micrograms per bee. • Toxicity Category III, ”relatively nontoxic” • the LD50 of the pesticide is greater than 11 micrograms per bee. • No bee caution statement is required on the label.