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Young adulthood
- 3. Emerging Adulthood
Three criteria most people use for adulthood:
Accepting responsibility for oneself
Making independent decisions
Becoming financially independent
Emerging adulthood—transitional time
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 4. Health Status
in Young Adulthood
Most young adults are healthy (95%)
Accidents are the leading cause of death
However, too many:
Overweight
Exercise too little
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- 5. Genetic Influences on Health
Many disorders have roots in genetics:
Obesity
Some cancers – lung, prostate, and breast
High cholesterol
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- 7. Diet and Nutrition
Proper Diet
Limited saturated fats
Limited red or processed meats
5 fruits and 5 vegetables each day
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 9. Risks to Health
in Young Adulthood
Obesity/overweight
Infrequent physical activity
Smoking
Alcohol use or abuse
Especially risky during college years
Use or abuse of other substances
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- 10. Drug Use by Age
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- 11. Indirect Influences on Health
SES and race/ethnicity
Relationships
Social Integration
Social Support
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- 13. Sexual and Reproductive Issues
Behavior and attitudes
Almost all U.S. adults have had sexual relations before
marriage,
Variety in sexual activities is common.
Casual sex is fairly common, especially on college campuses.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 14. Premenstrual
Syndrome (PMS)
Physical and emotional discomfort two weeks prior
to menstruation
Symptoms:
Fatigue and headaches
Swelling and tenderness of breasts
Bloating, nausea, cramps
Anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 15. STDs
Half of all adults have had an STD by age 24.
Highest rates are among teens and young adults.
Number of people living with HIV has risen worldwide.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 16. Infertility
Inability to conceive a baby after 12 months of
trying
Experienced by 7% of U.S. couples
Most common cause – low sperm count
In women, common causes include:
Failure to produce ova or abnormal ova
Mucus in the cervix
Endometriosis
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 17. Box 13.1 Assisted
Reproduction Technology
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
In vitro maturation (IVM)
Artificial insemination
Ovum transfer
Surrogate motherhood
Legal and ethical issues
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 18. Cognition in Adulthood:
Reflective Thinking
Active and persistent consideration of
information or beliefs
Questioning supposed facts
Emerges between 20
and 25 years
Cortical regions with enriched myelination
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- 19. Postformal Thought
Ability to deal with:
Uncertainty and inconsistency
Contradiction
Imperfection and compromise
Draws on:
Intuition
Emotion
Logic
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- 20. Components of
Postformal Thought
Shifting gears
Problem definition
Process-product shift
Pragmatism
Multiple solutions
Awareness of paradox
Self-referential thought
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- 21. Emotional Intelligence (EI)
The ability to recognize and deal with one’s own
feelings and the feelings of others
Self-awareness
Self-management
Social awareness
Relationship management
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 22. Culture and Moral Reasoning
Kohlberg’s moral dilemmas
Examples of cultural bias:
Buddhist monks score low because of their principles of
nonviolence and cooperation.
The premise of the dilemma is unbelievable to Chinese
villagers.
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- 23. Gender and Moral Reasoning
Gilligan found Kohlberg’s dilemmas gender-
biased.
Favor masculine justice views over feminine
compassion
Other research has not found gender bias.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 24. Box 13.2 Faith across the Lifespan
Fowler’s model
1. Intuitive-projective faith
2. Mythic-literal faith
3. Synthetic conventional faith
4. Individuative-reflective faith
5. Conjunctive faith
6. Universalizing faith
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- 25. The College Transition
U.S. college enrollment at record high
38% of all 18- to 24-year-olds
Mostly due to increasing numbers of females
56% of undergraduates
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- 26. Adjusting to College
Key Factors to Adjustment:
Financial support
Emotional support
Adaptability
High aptitude and problem solving skills
Engaged in studies and social environment
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- 27. Cognitive Growth in College
Thinking progresses from:
Rigidity Flexibility Freely chosen commitments
Ultimately, commitment
within relativism
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- 28. Community College & Occupational
Education
37% of undergraduates are enrolled in 2-year community
colleges.
Students tend to be older, female, from minority or low
income families, and independent of their parents.
A significant proportion are enrolled to enhance job skills.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 29. Completing College
Only 1 out of 4 who start college has a degree
within 5 years
Completing college depends upon:
Motivation and aptitude
Ability to work independently
Social integration and support
Fit between school and student
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 30. Cognitive Growth at Work
Substantive Complexity of Work
The degree of thought and independent judgment required
A person’s flexibility in coping with cognitive demands
Spillover Hypothesis
Cognitive gains from work carry over to nonworking hours
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- 31. Combining Work and School
Working part-time can help students
organize their time and learn work
habits.
But, more than 15-20 hours per week
can have a negative impact.
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- 33. Some Measures to Ease
School-to-Work Transition
Improve dialogues between schools and employers.
Make school and work schedules compatible.
Increase availability of part-time work.
Let employers design work-study programs.
Improve training of vocational counselors.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 35. Influences on Paths to Adulthood
Gender
Academic ability
Early attitudes toward education
Expectations in late adolescence
Social class
Ego development
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- 36. Recentering
Stage 1 — Still embedded in family of origin
Stage 2 — Connected to family, but moving toward serious
commitments and gaining resources to support them
Stage 3 — Independence from family of origin, with
increased commitment to career, partner and possibly
children
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 38. Developing Adult
Relationships with Parents
One measure of how successfully emerging adults handle
becoming autonomous is their ability to remain connected
with parents.
Parents and children seem to get along best when normative
life course is followed.
Failure to launch—adult children who continue to live with
parents
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 40. Erikson’s
Normative Stage Model
Intimacy versus isolation
Young adults must make commitments to
others or face isolation and self-absorption
Resolution of this stage results in virtue of
‘love’
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- 41. Valiant’s
Four Patterns of Adaptation
Adaptive Mechanisms:
Mature
Immature
Psychotic
Neurotic
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- 42. Levinson’s Stage Model
Life Structure
The underlying pattern of a person’s life at a
given time
Eras and phases
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- 43. Normative Studies of Women
Women may face different psychological and
environmental constraints in forming life structures than
men do.
Women’s transitions tend to take longer.
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- 44. Criticisms of
Normative-Stage Models
Generalizability
Small and limited samples
Effects of societal events specific to cohorts
Economic depression of the 1930s
Economic expansion after WWII
Developmental tasks
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- 45. Timing-of-Events Model
The course of development depends on when
events occur in people’s lives
Normative life events
‘On time’ or ‘Off time’
Social Clock
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- 47. Evaluating Five-Factor Model
Research has found gradual, systematic change in
personality throughout adulthood, not continuity.
Five-factor model is based on subjective ratings –
may lack validity.
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- 48. Typological Models
Personality affects and reflects:
Attitudes
Values
Beliefs
Social interactions
Use interviews, self-reports, clinical assessments
and behavior ratings
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- 49. Typological Models:
Three Personality Types
Ego-resilient
Overcontrolled
Undercontrolled
3 Types differ in:
Ego-resiliency: Adaptability under stress
Ego-control: Self control
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- 51. Friendship in Young Adulthood
Center on work and parenting activities
Sharing of confidences and advice
Young singles rely on friendship for social needs
Women have social needs
met by friends more than men
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- 52. Sternberg’s
Triangular Subtheory of Love
Three Elements of Love:
1. Intimacy
Emotional element
Involves self-disclosure
2. Passion
Motivational element
Translates physiological arousal into sexual desire
3. Commitment
Cognitive element
Decision to love and stay with the beloved
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 54. Gay and Lesbian
Relationships
About 40-60% of gay men and 45-80% of lesbians
are in romantic relationships
Differences between gay/lesbian relationships and
heterosexuals ones
• More likely to negotiate household choice
• Resolve conflicts in more positive atmosphere
• Less stable, due to lack of institutional supports
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 55. Legalizing Same-Sex Marriages
World:
Netherlands first to legalize, 2001
Belgium, 2003
16 European countries have recognized same-sex unions.
U.S.
Vermont first state to recognize civil unions
Massachusetts first to legalize same-sex marriage 2003
California Supreme Court strikes down gay marriage ban in 2008
Legislation pending in several other states
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 56. Cohabitation
Unmarried couples who are involved in a
sexual relationship and live together
Wide international variation
More than 83% of French women before age 45
years
Less than 5% of Polish women
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- 58. Cohabitation in the USA
Appears to be in transition
4 percent of U.S. households
Over half of U.S. couples who marry live together first
Higher divorce rates among previous cohabiters
May reflect people’s traits, rather than the experience of
cohabitation itself
– Meaning of cohabitation is different for older couples
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 59. Benefits of Marriage
Division of labor
Economic security
Commitment, friendship
Opportunity for emotional growth
New sources of identity and self-esteem
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- 60. Entering Matrimony
Historically mates chosen by matchmakers
Only in modern times do people choose mates based on
love
Typical marrying age has increased in industrialized
countries
Men: 27 years
Women: 25 years
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 62. Marital Satisfaction
Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people.
Those in unhappy marriages are less happy than unmarried or
divorced people.
Factors affecting satisfaction:
Expectations
Economic resources
Equal decision-making
Non-traditional gender attitudes
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 64. Factors in
Marital Success or Failure
Partners’ happiness with the relationship
Sensitivity to each other
Validation of each other’s feelings
Communication
Conflict management skills
Age at marriage
College graduates
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 65. Having Children in
Developing Countries
Overpopulation and hunger are problems.
Important to recognize need to limit family size
Division of labor has changed.
More mothers now work for pay
Age at first child varies by ethnicity and race.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 66. Men & Women:
Involvement in Parenthood
Both have a mixture of feelings.
Excitement, anxiety, responsibility
Mothers are more involved than fathers in
children’s lives.
Married women complain of more housework and
marital conflict
Involved fathers tend to be more satisfied with
their lives.
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- 67. Marital Satisfaction &
Parenthood
Marital satisfaction declines during childrearing years,
especially infanthood
Mothers who saw themselves as unable to cope with
demands of motherhood were dissatisfied
Fathers most involved with children were more satisfied with
their lives
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 69. Drawbacks of
Dual-Earner Families
Possible rivalry between spouses
Extra demands on time and energy
Anxiety and guilt about meeting children’s
needs
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- 70. Domestic Work:
Effects on Marriage
Dual-income families take diverse forms
Wives’ earnings accounted for an average of 35% of
family income
Perception of inequality of roles contributes to
marital instability
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- 71. Divorce
Average marriage that ends in divorce does so after 7-8
years.
1 in 5 U.S. adults has been divorced.
Rates twice as high as 1960
Peak in early 1980s
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- 72. Possible Reasons for Divorce
Incompatibility and lack of emotional support
Younger women said, lack of career support
Spousal abuse
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- 73. Box 14.1 Intimate Partner Violence
Victims are predominantly young, poor, less educated,
divorced or cohabiting
Three types of violence
Situational couple violence
Emotional abuse
Intimate terrorism
Shelters and law enforcement support
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- 74. Adjusting to Divorce
Divorce tends to reduce long-term well-being
Men: Negative effects on health
Disruption of parent-child relationships
Loss of emotional support
Discord with former spouse
Economic hardship
Women more likely to live in poverty post-divorce
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
- 75. Remarriage and Stepparenthood
One-third of U.S. marriages are remarriages for
both bride and groom.
One-fourth of stepfamilies are formed by
cohabitation.
Many families adjust and create
a nurturing atmosphere.
© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc