Intermediary metabolism BIOCHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES
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This document discusses intermediary metabolism, specifically: 1) The respiratory quotient and how it varies based on the fuel source, from 0.6 for alcohol to 1 for carbohydrates. 2) The citric acid cycle, which is both catabolic and anabolic and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It generates GTP and reduces NADH, FADH2, and ubiquinone. 3) Oxidative decarboxylation and substrate-level phosphorylation provide energy during the citric acid cycle.
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Intermediary metabolism BIOCHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES
- 2. Rspiratory quotient • Alcohol 0.6 • Fat 0.7 • Protein 0.8 • Carbohydrate 1 • For a mixed diet it is between 0.7 and 1, often around 0.82–0.85. • When the rate of utilization of fat increases in relation to carbohydrates, RQ falls. This happens in diabetes mellitus, when utilization of carbohydrate is reduced. The RQ is lowest when ketolysis is very active
- 3. Citirc acid cycle amphibolic pathway • BOTH CATABOLIC & ANABOLIC • OCCURS IN MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX • EXCEPT SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE IN MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE PART OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (COMPLEX II)
- 8. TCA CYCLE 4 DEHYDROGENASE • ISOCITRATE DEHROGENASE • ALPHA KETO GLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE • SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE FADH2 • MALATE DEHYDROGENASE 1 SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION • SUCCINATE THIOKINASE PRODUCTION OF GTPOXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLA TION
- 12. ACETYL CoA IS COMPLETELY OXIDISED IN TCA CYCLE NOT GLUCONEOGENIC
- 13. OXALOACETATE IS A CATALYST FAT IS BURNT IN FLAME OF CARBOHYDRATE
- 14. FUMARATE FROM ARGINOSUCCINATE ENTERS IN TO TCA CYCLE
- 15. 1 2 3 5 VITAMINS IN TCA CYCLE COENZYME VITAMIN TCA CYCLE ENZYME THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE (TPP) B1 α KETO GLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE B3 • ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE • α KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE • MALATE DEHYDROGENASE FAD B2 SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE CoA B5
- 17. ANAPLEUROTIC FILLING UP REACTIONS INTERMEDIATE DEPLETED BY REPLENISHED BY OXALOACETATE Aa SYNTHESIS PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE MAJOR ANAPLEROTIC ENZYME SUCCINYL CoA HEME SYNTHESIS FROM PROPIONYL CoA BY CARBOXYLASE & METHYL MALONYL CoA MUTASE OXALOACETATE , FUMARATE GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM AA
- 18. REGULATION OF TCA CYCLE
- 20. Malonate is a competeitive inhibitor
- 22. ACETYL CoA & NADPH ARE UTILISED FOR FA SYNTHESIS
- 25. FLUROACETATE ACONITASE ARSENITE α KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE HIGH NH3 α KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE MALONATE SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE MALONATE IS COMPETETITIVE INHIBIITOR
- 26. • Fat in adipose tissue is largest reservoir of energy • Glycogen is the first main provider of energy
- 27. Fed Fasting Starving Brain Glucose Glucose Ketone bodies RBC Glucose Glucose Heart Fatty acids Fatty acids Ketone bodies Liver Glucose Fatty acids Aa Muscles Glucose Fatty acids Fatty acids Ketone bodies Adipose tissue Glucose Fatty acids Fatty acids Ketone bodies
- 32. Immediate energy system Anerobic glycolytic system Aerobic or oxidative system Source of energy Stored ATP & creatine phosphate Glucose or glycogen Glucose /glycogen or FA Energy production Very fast Fast Slow Peak 0-30 sec 20-180 sec >3min Limiting factor Depletion of ATP creatine phosphate Lactic acid accumulation Glycogen depletion Used in Short sprints Longer sprints Endurance events Ball games
- 34. Aa One carbon group produced Glycine Methylene Serine Methylene Tryptophan Formate Histidine Formimino Methionine ` Methyl Folate is the carrier of one carbon grup