2. ABSTRACT
Ubiquitous personal content transfer in a heterogeneous environment includes
both global infrastructure based communications and local
infrastructure less transfer, which leads to a hybrid networking
environment. The MIP/NEMO standard can support ubiquitous
content transfer, but is inefficient for local content transfer.
Infrastructure less communication using ad hoc mode is often utilized
by individual users to transfer local content, but it can not support
device mobility. In this paper, a scheme based on a PDE is proposed
to implement ubiquitous content transfer in a hybrid networking
environment. It can improve performance by combining the virtues of
MIP/NEMO and the advantages of ad hoc mode.
It aims to accelerate commercialization of ubiquitous services with
targeted innovations aimed at removing the barriers to deployment and
adoption .
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3. INTRODUCTION
Wireless technologies continue to develop rapidly and have led to the widespread use
of wireless communication systems. These systems are now enabling the delivery of
multimedia experiences that provide rich content to individual users. Content is the
information required by or related to an individual user. Lots of different types of
content are transferred with current wireless technologies, such as peer-to-peer file
streaming, audio/video-on-demand or online gaming. Users can employ content for
work, enjoy content for entertainment or share content for convenience.
In the future, such ubiquitous and pervasive services could produce
increased revenue for service providers, telecommunication operators and
technology manufacturers. The Virtual Centre of Excellence in Mobile & Personal
Communications (Mobile VCE) , which aims to solve technical problems facing the
industry for the future wireless era, has started a project – Ubiquitous Service .
1/24/2013 3

4. TWO CHALLENGES FOR UBIQUITOUS
COMMUNICATION
 The heterogeneous networking environment with differing
network coverage and access technologies.
 One individual user owns multiple personal devices, each of
which may have multiple wireless interfaces. They can connect to
each other with short-range technology. The coexistence of
infrastructure-based and infrastructure-less communication leads to a
hybrid networking environment
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5. HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT
MULTIPLE WIRELESS NETWORKS
Service Provider/Content Source
Wi-Fi UMTS
User
Bluetooth
Service Provider/
Content Source
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6. HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT:
WPAN
AP BS
User
Bluetooth
WPAN
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7. A FRAMEWORK FOR A UBIQUITOUS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Service Provider/
Content Source
Wi-Fi UMTS
The user moves
with the WPAN
User User
Bluetooth
Service Provider/WPAN WPAN
Content Source
7

8. PERSONAL DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENT
(PDE)
Root PAA
Root PCM
Root DME
Fixed Network
Local PAA Local PAA Local PAA
Local PCM Local PCM Local PCM
Local DME Local DME Local DME
Household Personal Area Office
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9. ANALYSIS OF LOCAL DIRECT COMMUNICATION
Local Direct Communication is analyzed with different approaches
in two scenarios:
Intra-WPAN
Inter-WPANs.
It is assume that every personal device in a WPAN is a
VMN with multiple wireless interfaces.
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10. SCENARIO A: INTRA-WPAN
Intra-WPAN communication
without contacting remote entities
(pure ad hoc mode), supporting
IP backbone
receiver devices that move from
inside to outside the WPAN (from
pure ad hoc mode to global transfer
mode) Global content transfer
Receiver
device moves
out of
Pure Ad hoc WPAN
content transfer
WPAN WPAN
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11. STANDARD MIP/NEMO MODE
IN SCENARIO A
• Pure Ad-hoc mode: does not support mobility
• MIP/NEMO mode with Routing Optimization (RO) :
MNHA
4. Tunnelled by MNHA
3. Data Packets
MRHA
IP Backbone
Drawbacks: 2. Tunnelled by MR
HA dependency
High delay and cost 5. Tunnelled by MRHA
BS/AP
MR connectivity
MR
7. BU 6. Left tunnelled data packets
1. Data Packets
8. BACK
CN MN
NEMO-based WPAN
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12. SCENARIO B: INTER-WPAN’S
• WPAN’s of two individual users communicate with each
other directly, without contacting remote entities. Mobility is
also required.
Close
physical
proximity
WPAN1 WPAN2
Local Area
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13. STANDARD MIP/NEMO MODE IN SCENARIO B
• Pure Ad-hoc mode: does not support mobility
• MIP/NEMO mode with RO:
MNHA
4. Tunnelled by MNHA
3. Data Packets
MR1HA MR2HA
IP Backbone
5. Tunnelled by MR2HA
BS/AP BS/AP
2. Tunnelled by MR1
8. BU
MR1 MR2 6. Left tunnelled data packets
1. Data Packets 11. BACK
9. BU 7. BU
10. BACK 12. BACK
CN 8. BACK MN
closely located
NEMO-based WPAN1 NEMO-based WPAN2
Local Area 13

14. SUMMARY OF EXISTING SCHEMES IN
UBIQUITOUS COMMUNICATIONS
Based on the above analysis, no existing scheme can fully
satisfy the requirements of ubiquitous content transfer
combining local direct and global mobile communications.
Support “Home Agent Delay “Mobile Router
Schemes “continuous dependency” and Cost connectivity”
communication” not required not required
with mobility
Pure Ad hoc × √ low √
Standard √ × high ×
MIP/NEMO
Integration of √ × high ×
MANET and
MIP/NEMO
MANEMO √ × high ×
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15. PDE-BASED SCHEME FOR COMBINING LOCAL DIRECT
AND GLOBAL MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
In this section, a PDE-based scheme is proposed for ubiquitous
content transfer combining local direct and global mobile
communications.
Extended Functions of the DME
Personal-device-based URI Personal-area-based URI
HoA and multiple CoAs of The personal device where
this personal device the Local DME works
Extended URI mappings of the DME
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16. THE LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE DME
The personal-device-based URI and personal-area-based URI also act as
logical interfaces. The local DME can send corresponding information of IP
addresses to communication entities that can also query the local DME using these
URIs.
Personal Devices
register
DID and uMNP
Equipment
Mapping Table Location Register Security Register
Register
(in Root DME)
Extended
Mapping Table DME
Personal-based
Personal-device-
URI (global and
based URI
local area)
Communication
HAs of MRs Entities (personal and
non-personal devices),
1/24/2013 PCM and PAA 16

17. PDE-BASED SCHEMES
SCENARIO A: INTRA-WPAN
required content transfer
PAA
URI of the source and destination devices
DME
Extended
Location
request URI Mapping
PCM Register
using Table
Interfaces URI
and routing Multiple CoAs
selection
HoA
Initiation Instructions
(IBU and HoA)
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CN PDE-based Scheme process 17

18. PDE-BASED SCHEME IN SCENARIO A
CN MR (Local PCM) MN
1. IBU
2. IBACK
3. Data Packet
transferred in the
local area MN moves
4. BU
5. BACK
6. Data Packet via MR
and then IP backbone 18

19. SCENARIO B: INTER-WPANS
CN MR1 (Local PCM1) MR2 (Local PCM2) MN
1. address request
2. address reply
3. ACK
4. IBU
5. IBACK
6. Data Packet via MR1 and MR2
in the local area
MN moves
7. BU
8. BACK
9. Data Packet via MR1
and then IP backbone 19

20. PDE-based Scheme has a number of Advantages:
Continuous Communications with Mobility
HA independency
Low delay and cost
MR connectivity not required (Stand-alone mobile
networks supported)
Selection of transfer modes
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21. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
• Average Establishment delay (ted) and Cost (C):
the average delay and cost for a CN to get the
MN’s CoA so as to establish the transfer with
Routing Optimization (RO).
Wireless Wireless latency
bandwidth Wired bandwidth
Wired latency
Average Establishment Delay
t P / Bwl Lwl ( P / Bw Lw ) ( d x -y 1)
m
t (( Pk H k ) / Bwl Lwl (( Pk H k ) / Bw Lw ) ( d k 1))
k 1
Session length
Session rate Establishment Cost
Average
n 1 λ S E ( S ) (t D t BU )
'
K K
C n (( Pi H i ) di ) (( P j H j) d j)
'
i 1 j K 1

22. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Parameter Settings
PD 0~1500 bytes dMR-MRHA 6
PS 100 bytes dMRHA-MNHA 1
Bwl 2 Mbps dMR1-MR1HA 6
Bw 100 Mbps dMR1HA-MNHA 1
Lwl 2 ms dMNHA-MR2HA 1
Lw 0.5 ms dMR2HA-MR2 6
H 40 bytes dMR1HA-MR2HA 1
E(S) 20 dMR1HA-RP 1
λS 2
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23. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Simulation result to show the performance improvement of
delay and cost
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24. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
This work only considers the NEMOBS protocol that does not support MRs’ routing
optimization (RO). The RO support of NEMO is still under development by the IETF
working group. The proposed mechanisms based on NEMO could usefully be
extended to support RO for MRs if an extended NEMO protocol is published by IETF.
This proposes mechanisms to implement vertical handoff for WPANs aimed at keeping
ongoing ubiquitous communications continuous in a heterogeneous environment,
but does not focus on this handoff’s duration time. This is because the major objective
was to Practically implement such ubiquitous communications, which are seldom
considered in other research, so the handoff duration was simply determined by the
MIP/NEMO basic support protocols used in the proposed mechanisms. Future work
should include research aimed at reducing the handoff time to optimize the mechanisms
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25. CONCLUSION
The work presented in this thesis has addressed the technical barriers to implementing
ubiquitous communications for individual users with their WPANs. An individual user should
not be considered as a single terminal but as a WPAN that moves accompanying this user.
The major challenges are from the heterogeneous environment composed of not only multiple
wireless networks but also dynamic changes of the WPAN. Ubiquitous communications
require that content should be efficiently and continuously transferred to individual users
across various wireless networks outside WPANs and via different personal devices inside
WPANs, wherever users move. These have been addressed by a framework proposed in this
thesis, based on which two main issues were researched.
We have proposed a PDE-based scheme combining the virtues of standard
MIP/NEMO mode and the advantages of pure ad hoc mode. This not only can enable a
mobile user to achieve ubiquitous personal content transfer but also has a higher performance
in such a hybrid networking environment
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26. REFERENCES
[1]V. Devarapalli, R. Wakikawa, A. Petrescu and P. Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO)
Basic Support Protocol," Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 3963, Jan. 2005.
[2] J. McNair and F. Zhu, "Vertical handoffs in fourth-generation multinetwork environ-
ments," IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 8-15, Jun. 2004.
[3] MobileVCE, Virtual Centre of Excellence in Mobile & Personal Communications,
[4] IEEE Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specification for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), IEEE, 2002.
[5] IEEE Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) Specifications, IEEE, 1999.
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