2. Negative aspects of communication Meanings sent are not always meanings received. No two minds have identical filters/ storehouse of words, gestures/ facial expressions, any other symbol. Meaning is in the mind Not in the words/ symbols used Receiver looks for the meanings he intended.
3. (Contd) Symbols are imperfect (variation in speed/grace and style). Communicators vary in their ability to convey thoughts. (difficult to find/select symbols). No common symbols are similar in two cultures. (ok symbol, handshake,…. )
4. Barriers to communication Physical barriers Cross-cultural barriers. Semantic barriers (words/language) Psychological barriers Organizational barriers
9. Factors of relationship (7) Time: punctuality Monochronic Polychronic Space Odors Frankness Intimacy and relationships Values Expression of emotions
10. Time (punctuality) Monochronic - western planned use of time always meet deadlines on schedule Polychronic - relaxed being late is assumed to be busy slow progress in business
11. Space North Americans - space is their right maintain - two feet distance Arabians - close to each others South Americans - close to each others Others - (may) jostle
12. odors N Americans - neutralize body odors Some Asians - feel the presence by smelling (“Breath the breath” – an act of friendship)
13. Frankness Americans - explicit/blunt (high context culture) - share all background information Germans & Israleis- more blunt/sharp Asians - implicit/not to offend (low context culture) - extract limited background info (may appear evasive/roundabout) Chinese - abruptly end the call
14. Intimacy and relationship Social class exists in every culture View of superior – subordinate relationship changes Role of women is diff in high and low context culture Values differ
17. semantic (Language - most important and powerful tool of communication) Many words have multiple meanings eg – charge, check, ring, minute, wind, present,…
18. Semantic (contd) Different pronunciation while speaking eg – access : excess flour : flower cite : site week : weak
25. How to Overcome barriers Improve communication skills (very important as you go higher) By maintaining good working conditions (eg- soundproof room) - Physical barriers Careful use of language, words of clear meaning, simple sentences – semantic barriers Make conscious efforts , training,… - psychological barriers Streamline and strengthen the flow of communication
26. contd Effective listening Use proper medium and channels of communication Use appropriate language Create conducive environment Encourage open communication (MBWA – manage by walking around)